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Dominik Kneer - Investitionsschutz und Menschenrechte

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Dominik Kneer

Investitionsschutz und Menschenrechte

Series: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Volume 9 2013

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„Investment protection is human rights protection.“ S. 23

„… „Investment protection is human rights protection.“ Vertreter eines transnationalen Unternehmens …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 325-344

„… Relationship between Investment Protection andHuman Rights, Journal of World Investment & Trade, Vol. 11 (2010 …” „… , [www.mpepil.com], Stand: 2008.Berman, Frank: The Relevance of the Law on Diplomatic Protection in Investment …” „… Protection and Security, in A. Reinisch (Hrsg.), Standards of Investment Protection, Oxford u.a., 2008, S …”

Menschenrechtsbindung des Investors im Investitionsschutz S. 144-157

„… ofInvestment Protection, in A. Reinisch (Hrsg.), Standards of Investment Protection, 2008, S. 9, 16 ff.450 C …” „… and reciprocal protection of investments betweenthe Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Republic of …” „… Protection of Investments von 1998: „“investment” means any kind of asset owned or controlled either directly …”

Erweiterung des gewohnheitsrechtlichen Mindeststandards S. 35-47

„… .), Standards of Investment Protection, 2008,S. 111, 113; H. Dickerson, Fn. 68 , paras. 17 ff.86 US Model BIT …” „… . Reinisch (Hrsg.), Standards of Investment Protection, 2008, S. 111, 129 f.;R. Dolzer/C. Schreuer …” „… Pakistan on the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investments): „Hereinafter referred to …”

Auswirkung auf einzelne investitionsrechtliche Schutzstandards S. 259-294

„… . Reinisch, Legality of Expropriations, in A. Reinisch(Hrsg.), Standards of Investment Protection, 2008, S …” „… Investorenschutz T. Waelde/A. Kolo, Environmental Regulation, Investment Protection and ?Regulatory Taking? in …” „… Investment Protection and Arbitration, 2008, S. 153, 160.B. Abschwächung des Investitionsschutzes durch …”

Rechtfertigende Pflichtenkollision S. 206-211

„… Reciprocal Promotion and Protection ofInvestments between the Kingdom of Spain and the United Mexican …” „… Investment Protection, 2008, S. 131 ff.663 Dies wird schon durch die Schranken des Rechts auf freie …” „… nationalization or expropriation of such an investment ("expropriation"), except:(a) for a public purpose;(b) on a …”

Öffnungsklauseln S. 305-314

„… . Meckenstock, Investment Protection and Human Rights Regulation, 2010, S. 131 f.1000 Hervorhebung im Original …” „… Konformitätsklausel; da es hier nur um die Zulässigkeit1007 Eingehend dazu C. Meckenstock, Investment Protection and …” „… , 2008, S. 39; C. Meckenstock, Investment Protection and Human RightsRegulation, 2010, S. 142.IV …”

Gewohnheitsrechtlicher Investorenschutz S. 24-35

„… vertraglichen Investitionsschutz C. Schreuer, Shareholder Protection in International Investment Law, inP …” „… .58 Agreement on encouragement and reciprocal protection of investments betweenthe Kingdom of the …” „… society, which is protection.“(Hervorhebung vom Verfasser).29 K. Doehring, Völkerrecht, 2004, § 18, Rn …”

Osmotische Vernetzung von Investitionsschutz und Menschenrechten S. 211-232

„… International Investment Law, 2008, S. 1049 ff.672 B. Simma/T. Kill, Harmonizing Investment Protection and …” „… Republic Concerning the Reciprocal Encouragement and Protection of Investments von 1991.703 ICSID …” „… Investment Protection and Human Rights, in A. Reinisch/U. Kriebaum (Hrsg.), TheLaw of International Relations …”

Einleitung S. 15-22

„… attract foreign investment, host States offer protection through bilateralinvestment treaties and host …” „… make no unilateral changes to investment conditions. But investor protections have expanded with little …” „… Risiken einer Auslandsinvestition M. Sornarajah, The International Law on Foreign Investment, 2010, S. 69 …”

Konfliktkonstellationen S. 165-206

„… International Investment Protection and Human Rights, in A. Reinisch/U. Kriebaum (Hrsg.), TheLaw of …” „… Interface between International Investment Protection and Human Rights, in A. Reinisch/U. Kriebaum (Hrsg …” „… protection of capital investments from both countries.”.580 Art. 4 Abs. 2 des BIT zwischen Deutschland und …”

Menschenrechtliche Schutzalternative für Investoren? S. 108-111

„… Schiedsentscheidung im Fall Metalclad „To attract foreign investment, host States offer protection through bilateral …” „… , The Concept of Property in Human Rights Law andInternational Investment Law, in S. Breitenmoser, u.a …” „… , 762.325 P. Nikken, Balancing of Human Rights and Investment Law in the Inter-American System of Human …”

Harmonisierende Auslegung S. 232-259

„… , in A. Reinisch (Hrsg.), Standards of Investment Protection, 2008,S. 111, 129 f.; vgl. dazu unten bei …” „… Konformitätswillen der Vertragsparteien zu unterstellen.783780 B. Simma/T. Kill, Harmonizing Investment Protection …” „… . Reinisch, Legality of Expropriations, in A. Reinisch(Hrsg.), Standards of Investment Protection, 2008, S …”

Einzelne Initiativen zur Unternehmensverantwortlichkeit S. 112-123

„… , Why LDCs Sign Treaties That Hurt Them: Explaining the Popularityof Bilateral Investment Treaties, VJIL …” „… auch multinational enterprises, MNEs). Eine allgemeinI.333 R. Suda, The Effect of Bilateral Investment …” „… andHuman Rights, 2006, S. 73 ff.; T. Weiler, Balancing Human Rights and InvestorProtection: A New Approach …”

Vertraglicher Investorenschutz S. 76-80

„… International Investment Law, 2012, S. 130 ff.; A. Reinisch (Hrsg.), Standards of InvestmentProtection, 2008, S …” „… protection of a collective interest of the group“.204Die Erweiterung gegenüber dem Kern an fundamentalen …” „… Wirtschaftsrecht,2011, § 23; R. Dolzer/C. Schreuer, Principles of International Investment Law,2012; J. Griebel …”

Regionale Menschenrechtsschutzabkommen S. 94-108

„… Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, einedeutsche Fassung ist abgedruckt in BGBl. 2002 II S …” „… Standards,EuGRZ, 1988, S. 333, 335.272 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental …” „… International Investment Law and Arbitration, 2009, S. 219, 234.III. Investitionsschutz durch …”

Auswirkung auf die Ausübung diplomatischen Schutzes S. 47-76

„… Investitionsrecht, 2008, S. 21; F. Berman, The Relevance of the Law onDiplomatic Protection in Investment …” „… Protection?,ZaöRV, 66 (2006), S. 351 ff.; F. V. Garcia Amador, State Responsibility,YBILC, Vol. II (1957), S. 112 ff …” „… importance of the rightsinvolved, all States can be held to have a legal interest in their protection;they …”

Investor als Menschenrechtsinhaber S. 80-89

„… Individualinteressen,Beiträge zum Transnationalen Wirtschaftsrecht, 93 (2010), S. 1, 8.217 UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2012 …” „… Angaben zum Sachverhalt auf L. Peterson, Human Rights and Bilateral Investment Treaties, 2009, S. 18 f.221 …” „… Investment Arbitration,in P. Dupuy/F. Francioni/ E. Petersmann (Hrsg.), Human Rights in …”

Rechtswahlklauseln S. 303-305

„… Recht R. Dolzer/C. Schreuer, Principles of International Investment Law, 2012, S. 288 ff. sowie oben bei …” „… measure otherwise consistent with this Treaty3.a)992 UNCTAD, Bilateral Investment Treaties 1995-2006 …” „… : Trends in Investment Rulemaking, 2007, S. 141 f.993 Vgl. speziell zum Zusammenhang von Investitionsschutz …”

Normkonflikte zwischen Investitions- und Menschenrechtsschutz S. 157-165

„… International Investment Arbitration, in P. Dupuy/F. Francioni/E. Petersmann (Hrsg.),Human Rights in …” „… International Investment Law and Arbitration, 2009, S. 82, 89.487 R. Suda, The Effect of Bilateral Investment …” „… Investment,MAI, im Jahre 1998 das Unvermögen der internationalen Staatengemeinschaft, im Bereich der …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845246673

Rainer Hofmann, Christian J. Tams - International Investment Law and General International Law

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Rainer Hofmann (ed.), Christian J. Tams (ed.)

International Investment Law and General International Law

Series: Schriften zur Europäischen Integration und Internationalen Wirtschaftsordnung

Volume 24 2011

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Kate Parlett Diplomatic Protection and Investment Arbitration S. 211-230

„… 211 Diplomatic Protection and Investment Arbitration Kate Parlett* A. Introduction Investment …” „… protection provisions in investment treaties, together with procedural provisions for the submission of …” „… has usurped, to a large extent, the role of diplomatic protection in relation to foreign investment …”

James Crawford Keynote Address: International Protection of Foreign Direct Investments: Between Clinical Isolation and Systematic Integration S. 17-28

„… 17 International Protection of Foreign Direct Investments: Between Clinical Isolation and …” „… investment protection with national sovereignty arose in acute form in the early 1950s. An important case is …” „… on the move to international investment law, because we tend to have short memories. So first I will …”

Stephan W. Schill International Investment Law and the Law of State Immunity: Antagonists or Two Sides of the Same Coin? S. 231-275

„… concern. See, for example, Bruno Simma and Theodore Kill, ‘Harmonizing Investment Protection and …” „… their protection seriously.17 In that regard, international investment law and the law of State …” „… to effective investment protection in the procedural framework of investor-State arbitration, one …”

Comments by Lars Markert International Investment Law and Treaty Interpretation – Problems, Particularities and Possible Trends S. 53-70

„… , which normally include the protection and promotion of investments. This aim has caused arbitral …” „… tribunals to single-sidedly focus on the protection of the investment in dispute and consequently give …” „… on the protection of investors could even endanger the overall aim of promoting investments; after …”

Steffen Hindelang Restitution and Compensation – Reconstructing the Relationship in Investment Treaty Law S. 161-200

„… view perceives investment treaties as institutionalising and reinforcing the law on the protection of …” „… , for example … in the case of rights under bilateral or regional investment protection agreements …” „… „Investments … shall enjoy constant protection and security in the territory of the other Contracting Party …”

Michael Waibel International Investment Law and Treaty Interpretation S. 29-52

„… is a treaty for the promotion and reciprocal protection of investments. According to the preamble it …” „… interpretation so as to favour the protection of covered investments.’42 This is a particularly noteworthy …” „… create favourable investment conditions. The dividing line between favouring broad investment protection …”

Rainer Hofmann, Christian J. Tams International Investment Law: Situating an Exotic Special Regime within the Framework of General International Law S. 9-16

„… investment law on the one hand and diplomatic protection and State immunity on the other. That investment …” „… Investment Law: in this volume, p. 201. 28 Parlett, Diplomatic Protection and Investment Arbitration: in …” „… 9 International Investment Law: Situating an Exotic Special Regime within the Framework of …”

Florian Franke The Custom of Necessity in Investor-State Arbitrations S. 121-160

„… drift apart. One such discrete area of international law is the law of investment protection which has …” „… international law regime of investment protection. In relation to the debate concerning the fragmentation of …” „… . At first glance, necessity also seems applicable in the international law of investment protection …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… Keynote Address: International Protection of Foreign Direct Investments: Between Clinical Isolation and …” „… Diplomatic Protection and Investment Arbitration 211 Stephan W. Schill International …” „… . Rainer Hofmann/ Prof. Dr. Christian J. Tams (Hrsg.) International Investment Law and General …”

Comments by Pavel Šturma International Investment Law and State Responsibility S. 111-120

„… disputes today, contain mostly substantive rules on treatment and protection of foreign investments, i.e …” „… 111 International Investment Law and State Responsibility Comments by Pavel Šturma* A …” „… . Introduction It was my honour and pleasure to take part in the Investment Law Conference in Frankfurt and to …”

Comments by Ursula Kriebaum Restitution in International Investment Law S. 201-210

„… for non-pecuniary remedies in investment protection treaties or the ICSID Convention? What has the …” „… bilateral or regional investment protection treaties. It follows that Articles 34-36 deal with reparation …” „… State. … It is also true in the case of rights under bilateral or regional investment protection …”

Antonios Tzanakopoulos Denunciation of the ICSID Convention under the General International Law of Treaties S. 75-94

„… Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of other States2 (‘ICSID Convention’ or …” „… ‘Convention’; ‘IC- SID’ or ‘Centre’ refers to the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment …” „… arbitration expressed in a Bilateral Investment Treaty (‘BIT’). These legal problems cannot be dealt with …”

Comments by Christoph Schreuer International Investment Law and General International Law – From Clinical Isolation to Systemic Integration? S. 71-74

„… beyond the simple protection of investments to the improvement of economic cooperation between States …” „… . The Tribunal in Amco v. Indonesia6 pointed out that investment protection was also in the longer …” „… 71 International Investment Law and General International Law – From Clinical Isolation to …”

Christina Knahr International Investment Law and State Responsibility: Conditions of Responsibility S. 95-110

„… claim that the protection granted to them in bilateral investment treaties (BITs), e.g. fair and …” „… 95 International Investment Law and State Responsibility: Conditions of Responsibility Christina …” „… field of international investment arbitration.3 It is the purpose of this contribution to address one …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845231259

Nico Basener - Investment Protection in the European Union

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Nico Basener

Investment Protection in the European Union

Series: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Volume 26 2017

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Investment protection in the European Union: the rise of potentially conflicting legal frameworks in the European Union S. 33-190

„… 33 Part I: Investment protection in the European Union: the rise of potentially conflicting legal …” „… frameworks in the European Union Addressing the question of investment protection in the EU requires to …” „… century. Based on an immanent necessity of investment protection since the very early existence of foreign …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-22

„… Protection in the European Union Nico Basener Considering EU law in investment arbitrations arising from …” „… Nico Basener Investment Protection in the European Union Considering EU law in investment …” „… Introduction 23 Part I: Investment protection in the European Union: the rise of potentially conflicting …”

Introduction S. 23-32

„… aspect of these agreements is the inclusion of an investment protection mechanism in both agreements.3 …” „… protect our economy, our people, our health.”4 The general concept of such investment protection …” „… investment protection mechanisms through IIAs. Predominantly the EU member states tried to foster …”

Conflicts between IIAs and EU Law in the extra-EU setting S. 335-498

„… legal order” has not yet been assessed in detail regarding investment protection. Tietje/Wackernagel …” „… investment protection standards with EU law.1246 In those proceedings, the Commission sought the member …” „… protection offered for investments under IIAs. Before assessing the consequences for a potential conflict of …”

Conclusion S. 503-512

„… competing and conflicting legal frameworks International investment protection in the EU is characterised …” „… . 1. Sub-Thesis (Chapter 1 and 2): Investment protection through IIAs was conceived as a …” „… counter-movement to several shortcomings in previously established investment protection mechanisms (such as the …”

Literature S. 513-548

„… America, 2009 Kleinheisterkamp, Jan: Investment Protection and EU law: The Intra- and Extra- EU Dimension …” „… - United States of America, 2008 Söderlund, Christer: Intra-EU BIT Investment Protection and the EC Treaty …” „… ]. Albania; The Netherlands. Agreement on Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investments between the …”

Outlook regarding the EU’s future investment policy S. 499-502

„… in-depth discussion regarding the future of investment protection within the EU. While this thesis …” „… 499 Part IV: Outlook regarding the EU’s future investment policy The previously demonstrated …” „… investment policy, especially through the conclusion of comprehensive trade agreements such as TTIP, CETA …”

Conflicts between EU Law and IIAs in the intra-EU setting S. 191-334

„… ), p. 111 f, who also refers to the mechanisms of investment protection as examples of such individuals …” „… international investment law, regarding the potential applicable laws and the influence of domestic laws on the …” „… protection standards, which will be treated at a later stage in the context of extra-EU IIAs (cf. infra Part …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845285719

Aikaterini Titi - The Right to Regulate in International Investment Law

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Aikaterini Titi

The Right to Regulate in International Investment Law

Series: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Volume 10 2014

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Limiting the scope of investment protection S. 35-40

„… regulate proper.Limiting the scope of investment protectionA line needs to be drawn between the right to …” „… regulate and limitations on atreaty’s investment protections. The distinction is discussed for two …” „… reasons.First, limitations on the scope of a treaty’s investment protections, such asoffering a restrictive …”

Index of treaties S. 339-374

„… the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan for the Promotionand Protection of Investments, signed in Amman, 28 …” „… the Promotion and Protection ofInvestments, signed in Ottawa, 26 September 2011, not in force …” „… Protection of Investment, signed in Tokyo, 14 June 2007, entered intoforce 31 July 2008 (Japan-Cambodia …”

Bibliography S. 305-330

„… . von (2008), Investment Protection in ExtraordinaryTimes: The Interpretation and Application of …” „… Treatment in InternationalInvestment Law, MJIL 33Cordero Moss, G. (2008), Full Protection and Security, in …” „… Reinisch, A. (ed.), Standardsof Investment Protection, NY: OUPCordonier Segger, M.-C., Gehring, M. W. and …”

Introduction S. 19-31

„… to regulatedrives into the heart of the international system of investment protection,since a …” „… Pakistan in 1959, investment promotion and protection havebeen a priority of international investment law …” „… protection, enshrined in an ever-increasing number of international investment agreements2. Against this …”

Arbitration as a perceived threat to state regulatory freedom S. 67-72

„… right to regulate is called toplay in the international edifice of investment protection, the present …” „… protections and has been placed in a unique position from which to formulate international investment law265 …” „… tension between investment protection and the states’ regulatory interests267, and, by the same token …”

The right to regulate and the preamble S. 115-122

„… ; Muchlinski, P. (2009b), The Framework of Investment Protection: The Content of BITs, in Sauvant, K. P. and …” „… arbitral jurisprudence.Next to routine pronouncements on investment encouragement and protection, the …” „… regulatory interests in the preamble586.A statement may be included to the effect that investment protection …”

General regulatory clauses and the public interest (‘General exceptions’ modelled after Article XX GATT or the right to regulate by subject: the public interest) S. 173-188

„… principles of investment protection’ and that therefore treatymakers when drafting the exception shouldensure …” „… general Schreuer, C. (2007), Investment Protection and International Relations, in Reinisch, A. and …” „… to find application inthe contingent standards. The investment protections and the chapeau …”

Developments at the collective level: the right to regulate and European investment agreements S. 62-66

„… policy objectives in the face of counterweighing investment protection obligations. This is eminently …” „… at the European Commissionfor focusing too strongly on investment protection when it ‘should …” „… negotiating directives for the ‘deep and comprehensive free trade areas’comprising investment protection with …”

Policy space as a remedy to a systemic imbalance S. 72-75

„… redress294. Chapter I has described some resultant symptoms, such as a weakening of investment protection …” „… Investment Compact Regional Roundtable on Bilateral Investment Treaties for the Protection and Promotion of …” „… interest in ensuring thehighest level of protection and legal certainty for its investment300. Ultimately …”

The right to regulate and the fair and equitable treatment, the minimum standard of treatment and full protection and security S. 143-148

„… Protectionand Security, in Reinisch, A. (ed.), Standards of Investment Protection, NY: OUP,p. 132, 136-137 …” „… minimumstandard of treatment and full protection and securityThe most important standard in investment arbitration …” „… .), Standards of Investment Protection, NY: OUP, p. 111, 118.741 Dolzer, R. and Schreuer, C. (2008), op cit., p …”

Conclusion S. 298-304

„… investment protection.VI. Conclusion303 …” „… of bilateral investment treaties and the concomitant weakeningof protections, although exceptional in …” „… character, do not fail to strike at theheart of investment protection and invite a rethinking of older – and …”

The right to regulate and expropriation S. 148-155

„… differences between the international protection of human rights and protectionsafforded under the investment …” „… exceptions encountered in its respect.Expropriation provisions are different to other investment protections …” „… ), International Protection of Foreign Direct Investments: Between Clinical Isolation and Systematic Integration …”

Positive language S. 104-111

„… Article 31(1)-(2) VCLT.531 See Chapter II, Limiting the scope of investment protection.A. Positive …” „… may dispose ofpositive language on regulatory interests incorporated in investment treaties.Strictly …” „… contracting party to ensure that investment activityin its territory is conducted in a manner sensitive to …”

Regulation in the public interest S. 99-103

„… Arbitration, NY: OUP; Kriebaum, U. (ed.), (2013),Aligning Human Rights and Investment Protection, TDM 10 (1 …” „… investment protection and human rights is the Piero Foresti and others v. South Africa,ICSID Case No. ARB(AF …” „… interest’490.Broadly speaking, essential security interests are public interests, and sois the protection …”

Clarifications and interpretative statements S. 42-45

„… construed […] to preclude a Partyfrom applying measures that it considers necessary for […] the protection …” „… interests andthe regulatory tasks of public authorities’.While EU Member State investment treaties have …” „… scope ofstandards of treatment127, a narrowing of the definition of investment and of122 E.g …”

WTO law, EU law and the European Convention on Human Rights S. 56-58

„… international investment law, the concept of regulatory freedom iswell-anchored in the realm of at least three …” „… – contrasted to a common laissez-faireliberalism of old generation investment treaties192 – attempts to …” „… . Regulatory exceptions in investment law are sometimes modelled on GATT provisions, with security exceptions …”

The right to regulate and the contingent standards of treatment: most-favoured-nation treatment and national treatment S. 126-143

„… : Recent Developments, in Reinisch, A. (ed.), Standards of Investment Protection, NY: OUP, p. 111, 118.741 …” „… goals or areas, thus taking into account the evolvingnature of investment law636 and obviating the need …” „… equitable treatment, the minimum standard oftreatment and full protection and security, free transfers of …”

The right to regulate: what’s in a name… S. 32-35

„… regulate proper.Limiting the scope of investment protectionA line needs to be drawn between the right to …” „… . W. and Staden, A. von (2008), Investment Protection in Extraordinary Times: The Interpretation and …” „… regulate and limitations on atreaty’s investment protections. The distinction is discussed for two …”

Introduction S. 216-219

„… policy from the fullscope of investment protections, as with exceptions that target the …” „… accordsbilatéraux de protection des investissements déjà signés entre pays de l’OCDE,ne doit notamment en aucun cas …” „… Agreement on Investment,Cornell Int’l L J 31; Henderson, D. (1999), The MAI Affair: a Story and its Lessons …”

The pre-modern-investment-world regime S. 53-56

„… scope of investment protection.190 Treaty of Amity and Commerce Between the United States and France of …” „… Pakistan stated with reference to Article 2 on protection against discriminatory treatment, that:‘Measures …” „… discrimination within the meaning of Article2.’183Even before the advent of modern investment treaties …”

Some developments at the bilateral level S. 58-61

„… Protection in the Canada-EU CETA, in Bungenberg, M., Reinisch, A.and Tietje, C. (eds), EU and Investment …” „… between them and how the right to regulate couldevolve or be interpreted within international investment …” „… the right to regulate is neither novelnor does it stand alone in international investment law …”

Exceptions versus reservations S. 50-52

„… ’ investment protection170. An internal EU document on the state of negotiations on the CETAleaked in late 2012 …” „… bnetwork.org/fileadmin/dateien/downloads/CETA_-_EU_leaked_investments_protection.pdf, section 7 para. 9.172 Newcombe, A. and Paradell, L. (2009), op cit., p. 482. See also Article …” „… investment chapters in FTAs with Canada, India and Singapore168 as wellas the directive for the …”

The fair and equitable treatment S. 276-281

„… substantive provisions for the protection of investments, since an interpretation which exaggerates the …” „… protection to be accorded to foreign investments may serve to dissuade host States from admittingforeign …” „… , theminimum standard of treatment and full protection and security.1507 Chapter VII, The right to regulate and …”

Essential security interests S. 206-211

„… to the definition of investment. See Chapter II, Limiting the scope of investment protection.1125 …” „… trade or economic partnership agreementswith investment chapters, as well as in probably most bilateral …” „… non-disclosure of information for the protection ofnational security, exceptions for international peace and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… … and what’s not in the nameB. 35Limiting the scope of investment protection1. 35Deference afforded at …” „… Studies in International Investment Lawedited byProfessor Dr. Marc Bungenberg, LL.M., Universität …” „… 09:19Aikaterini TitiThe Right to Regulate in International Investment LawNomosBUT_Titi_1062-1.indd 3 …”

Essential security interests and access to strategic industries S. 84-88

„… (2008b), Protection of ‘Critical Infrastructure’ and the Role of InvestmentPolicies relating to National …” „… interestsexception? An issue deeply entwined with investment liberalisation383, theprotection of strategic industries …” „… conjunction withp. 8.383 E.g. see UNCTAD (2011d), Investment for development: current policy challenges, Note …”

The right to regulate and provisions on compensation for losses S. 166-169

„… . Schreuer, C. (2012), The Protection of Investments in Armed Conflicts,TDM 9 (3), p. 9 et seq. See also …” „… widespread as otherinvestment protection standards, once inserted in a treaty they are generallyaccompanied …” „… Model BIT, which states, inter alia:‘1. Investors of one Contracting Party whose investments in the …”

The exception for cultural diversity S. 219-222

„… draws a line between protectionism and legitimate protection, the latter being considered as a duty …” „… entails,before exploring the conceptual framework in which the investment lawexception situates itself …” „… . Consequently, the analysis turns to the exceptionwithin investment law proper. The particular case of the MAI …”

Elimination of the umbrella clause S. 48-50

„… asan example of provisions offering the desired ‘effective’ investment protection170. An internal EU …” „… bnetwork.org/fileadmin/dateien/downloads/CETA_-_EU_leaked_investments_protection.pdf, section 7 para. 9.172 Newcombe, A. and Paradell, L. (2009), op cit., p. 482. See also Article …” „… ‘Towards a comprehensive European international investment policy’, COM(2010)343 final, Brussels, 7.7.2010 …”

Doing away with investor-state dispute settlement S. 45-48

„… toinvestor-state arbitration. See China-Taiwan Bilateral Investment ProtectionAgreement: dispute resolution …” „… not in the name45rangement’ for the promotion and protection of foreign investment141, hasbeen …” „… prehensive Investment Agreement (ASEAN CIA) include such rules135 thatallow a host state to …”

Taxation S. 211-216

„… See Chapter II, Limiting the scope of investment protection.IX. The right to regulate by subject214 …” „… policy from the fullscope of investment protections, as with exceptions that target the …” „… , and so they are typically excluded from IIAcoverage1145. The majority of investment treaties either …”

General S. 195-201

„… as flying in the face of investment protection1048, a self-judgingclause authorises the state to bear …” „… issues of the self-judging nature of exceptionsin international investment law, see e.g. Kurtz, J. (2010 …” „… ), Adjudging the Exceptional at International Investment Law: Security, Public Order and Financial Crisis, ICLQ …”

The nexus requirement S. 190-195

„… law’1047, perceived in somequarters as flying in the face of investment protection1048, a …” „… agreement, states that, subject to therequirements of a chapeau, nothing in the investment chapter shall be …” „… itconsiders necessary for the protection of its essential security interests […]relating to […]’, etc.) and an …”

Cultural exception, exception for cultural policy and the investment law context S. 224-233

„… , Limiting the scope of investment protection.IX. The right to regulate by subject232Persons engaged in a …” „… industries from the investment protections in its BITs. See: UNCTAD(2007b), op cit., ft. 117 (in the text …” „… Cultural exception, exception for cultural policy and the investment lawcontextThe Multilateral …”

‘Declaratory’ right to regulate S. 111-115

„… ; Muchlinski, P. (2009b), The Framework of Investment Protection: The Content of BITs, in Sauvant, K. P. and …” „… standards are then less likely to disqualify an investor from successfullyinvoking protection standards …” „… provisions are a long way from grantingstates regulatory freedom. The question here is of investment treaty …”

The right to regulate and performance requirements S. 164-166

„… . Schreuer, C. (2012), The Protection of Investments in Armed Conflicts,TDM 9 (3), p. 9 et seq. See also …” „… operationsin the host state864. Although the majority of investment treaties are silenton the issue of …” „… provisions in the NAFTA and in the Canadian and US Model BITs.6.863 The Free transfer of investments and …”

General remarks S. 169-173

„… losses clauses, a rare creature within international investment law, do not constitute an excuse or …” „… , to be found among exceptions to related protection standards. The extraordinary circumstances …” „… majorityof investment disputes.The right to regulate as a general regulatory clause (or generalexceptions …”

Concluding remarks S. 66

„… and protection of cultural diversity.’261In view of the foregoing discussion, and although the exact …” „… mode of its incorporation in the EU investment treaties remains speculative at this …” „… stage,considerations of the right to regulate have undoubtedly emerged as a requisite of the EU investment policy and …”

The protection of essential security interests in the absence of an express treaty-based right to regulate S. 290-293

„… The protection of essential security interests in the absence of an expresstreaty-based right to …” „… for the protection of France’s essential securityinterests, or indeed other exceptions for the …” „… protection of the environment,public health or the public order? Will an implicit exception be read into …”

Necessity S. 237-257

„… investment disputes1275, and it is quite apparent that these provisions refer to exigent or extraordinary …” „… most important and the most widely-canvassed general public law defence in investment dispute …” „… international law as reflected in the ILC Articles237tance is due both to its relevance in the investment …”

General remarks S. 125-126

„… standardsand do not bear upon other treaty protections634. Another considerationwould be to draft an exception …” „… evolvingnature of investment law636 and obviating the need for the list to be allinclusive.The sections that …” „… oftreatment and full protection and security, free transfers of capital, performance requirements and clauses …”

Is an explicit treaty-based right to regulate harmful to regulatory freedom? S. 294-296

„… . (2004), Canada’s New Model Foreign Investment ProtectionAgreement …” „… of some aspects of investment protection within a given treatyor even in relation to only some public …” „… treatment and full protection and security.1600 See especially Chapter II, Deference afforded at tribunal …”

Considerations for cultural policy outside the stricto sensu investment context S. 222-224

„… international investment treaties, considerations forcultural policy have been present in the international …” „… rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties’1195 to an investment …” „… Multilateral Agreement on Investment. A limited‘exception’ for culture in the form of GATT Article IV has …”

Deference afforded at tribunal discretion S. 40-42

„… do not constitute a genuine aright to regulate, but mere carve-outs from investment protections …” „… broader theme of investment legality rather than tothe discussion on the right to regulate102.In sum …” „… , restrictions on the scope of a treaty’s protections with referenceto the investor in the fashion discussed here …”

Developments at the plurilateral level: the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement S. 61-62

„… on specific regulatory concerns236; spanning amotley range of interests as diverse as the protection …” „… investment237. Amid public criticism from both business and civil society, Norway’s Draft Model BIT fell …” „… aims to include investment provisions, is currentlynegotiated between twelve states240: Australia …”

Ius cogens S. 270-272

„… For bibliography on investment illegality, see Chapter II, Limiting the scope ofinvestment protection …” „… situations that render the ILC defences relevant to investment disputes, inpractice their occurrence seems …” „… digress from its investment obligations, there is astrong presumption that the digression will not engage …”

The clausula rebus sic stantibus and bribery S. 272-273

„… bibliography on investment illegality, see Chapter II, Limiting the scope ofinvestment protection. On …” „… other illegality of investment1499. Corruption in particular is envisaged by the Vienna Convention onthe …” „… . (2012), Investment Treatiesand Investor Corruption: An Emerging Defense for Host States? Va J Int’l L …”

Expropriation S. 281-288

„… powers that relate to the ordre public and the protection of the generalinterest, including health …” „… the protection of a public interest1535. So, while thepolice powers doctrine leads to a finding of …” „… conclusion, i.e. a finding of violation1537. The present analysis inquiresinto the extent to which investment …”

ILC defences and the right to regulate. Some further reflections S. 265-270

„… situation where a privately-owned international right (investment protection) would be valued higher than a …” „… inadequacy of calling the ILC Articles to the aid of states’ policy space in investment disputes, is exposed …” „… only imperfectly be applied to investment law1459.The reflection is reinforced by the apparent …”

Index S. 375-376

„… investment agreements 22,49-50, 62-66, 79, 138, 142-143,153, 156, 173-174, 225,231-232European Convention on …” „… protection and security 44, 59,126, 143 et seq., 179, 184-185,192375General exceptions modelled afterArticle …” „… security 78et seq., 90-93, 206, 209, 299Interpretive statements 42-44, 151Investment definition 35 et seq …”

Concluding remarks S. 52

„… spans from nurturing disguised protectionism,e.g. by eliminating protection standards from the treaty’s …” „… etymological derivatives.Concluding remarksThe right to regulate in international investment law is a legal …” „… right thatpermits a departure from specific investment commitments assumed by astate on the …”

The right to regulate and the free transfer of capital S. 155-164

„… expropriation.The right to regulate and the free transfer of capitalA staple of investment protection803, transfer …” „… differences between humanrights law and the investment law regime, it is not utopian, and may well …” „… of funds provisions guaranteefree and without delay transfers in respect of a covered investment that …”

Essential interests S. 88-90

„… practice in a limited relevance of essential security exceptions to the protection of strategic …” „… is not necessarily a security concern is protection against ecological damage, as acknowledged by the …” „… ), International Investment Perspectives 2007: Freedom of investment in a changing world, Paris: OECD, p. 110.419 …”

General observations S. 123-125

„… in conventional – investment treaty – law, the most direct and perspicuous manifestation of theright …” „… the first BIT between Germany andPakistan621 and have consistently appeared in investment treaties …” „… typological variety, exceptions are alsostarting to figure more prominently in investment disputes624 and in …”

Are explicit treaty exceptions necessary to reserve policy space? S. 293-294

„… interpreted as the protection of foreign investmentas an aid to the development of the local economy …” „… when a right to regulate is inserted only in some treatiesor in respect of some aspects of investment …” „… protection within a given treatyor even in relation to only some public policy interests1602; second, it is …”

Concluding remarks S. 288-290

„… protection and security.1566 See above, The fair and equitable treatment.1567 Saluka Partial Award, op cit …” „… invocation.B. Arbitral jurisprudence and the legitimate interests of the host state289The protection of …” „… significance of the fact that the 2006 French Model BIT doesnot include an exception for the protection of …”

Concluding remarks S. 103

„… environment504, but also consumer protection505 equally figure in the Treatyon the Functioning of …” „… state commitments undertaken within investment law.Concluding remarksThis chapter has sketched the …”

General observations on essential security interests S. 78-82

„… (2009), Security-Related Terms in International Investment Law and in National Security Strategies …” „… . For example, the protection of nationally strategic industries from sovereign wealth fund (SWF …”

The standard of review in the absence of a self-judging clause S. 202-204

„… European Convention on Human Rights1101.Transposed to investment disputes, the doctrine would imply that …” „… . Measures taken for or measures directed to the protectionof host state essential security interests and …”

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Marc Bungenberg, Jörn Griebel, Stephan Hobe, August Reinisch - International Investment Law

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Marc Bungenberg (ed.), Jörn Griebel (ed.), Stephan Hobe (ed.), August Reinisch (ed.)

International Investment Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2015

Results in this title

Sabine Konrad B. Protection of Investments Owned by States S. 545-554

„… B. Protection of Investments Owned by States Sabine Konrad* 1. Introduction …” „… . 793–816; Claudia Annacker, ‘Protection and Admission of Sovereign Investment under Investment Treaties …” „… . Protection of Investments Owned by States Sabine Konrad 547 5 6 7 8 sion, many of the investment agreements …”

Kaj Hobér, Joshua Fellenbaum I. Political Risk Insurance and Investment Treaty Protection S. 1517-1551

„… Insurance and Investment Treaty Protection Kaj Hobér and Joshua Fellenbaum A. Introduction …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 E. Political Risk Insurance and Investment Treaty Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 1 …” „… Insurance and Investment Treaty Protection Kaj Hobér/Joshua Fellenbaum 1519 5 6 7 Despite the fact that a …”

Giorgio Sacerdoti, Matilde Recanati XIII. Approaches to Investment Protection outside of Specific International Investment Agreements and Investor-State Settlement S. 1839-1862

„… XIII. Approaches to Investment Protection outside of Specific International Investment Agreements …” „… Establishment Treaties as an Alternative to Foreign Investment Protection under BITs …” „… . Protection of Investments under FCN Treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2. The Facts at …”

Karl-Heinz Böckstiegel I. The Future of International Investment Law – Substantive Protection and Dispute Settlement S. 1863-1872

„… ) ratified worldwide both regarding the substantive protection of foreign investments and the procedural …” „… 1863 1 2 3 4 created a universal system of substantive and procedural investment protection which is a …” „… opinion is regarding certain aspects of investment protection also for third States outside a particular …”

Andrew Newcombe B. The Americas S. 202-220

„… Investment Protections (Martinus Nijhoff, 2012); Céline Lévesque and Andrew Newcombe, ‘Commentary on the …” „… Canadian Model Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement’ in Chester Brown (ed), Commentaries …” „… the inclusion of investment protections in NAFTA because of the troubled history of American FDI in …”

Sabine Konrad C. Protection for Non-Profit Organisations S. 555-565

„… Law, ‘International Investment Treaty Protection of Not-for-Profit-Organizations’ (2011) 4–6. 5 …” „… investment treaties (BITs) which provide important protections for investors abroad and help to mitigate …” „… not-for-profit investors, most BITs are silent on the topic. The availability and scope of investment protection …”

Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan VI. Investment Law and Intellectual Property Rights S. 1692-1713

„… Investment Chapters in FTAs, may offer an alternative venue for the protection of IP as a form of foreign …” „… investment. Here, both relative investment protection standards like national treatment and MFN as well as …” „… protection under international investment law. After reviewing the extent to which IP amounts to a protected …”

John P. Gaffney, Zeynep Akçay A. European Bilateral Approaches S. 186-201

„… of the Havana Charter contained provisions on investment protection with provisions for national …” „… 187 3 4 5 6 7 ment in the preparation of agreements on the protection of foreign investment’.4 The …” „… for the Promotion and Protection of Investments. 8 Germany has concluded 127 treaties as of November …”

Chester Brown I. The Evolution of the Regime of International Investment Agreements: History, Economics and Politics S. 153-185

„… Customary International Law of Investment Protection …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 C. Multilateral Efforts for the Promotion and Protection of Foreign Investment …” „… Walker, ‘Treaties for the Encouragement and Protection of Foreign Investment: Present United States …”

Christoph Schreuer V. The Future of International Investment Law S. 1904-1912

„… and forward planning on the part of investors. Most of the time awareness of investment protection …” „… structuring at the time of the investment so as to avail themselves of the protection of particular treaties …” „… characterised by an undifferentiated hostility towards investment protection. It has manifested itself in public …”

Stephan W. Schill XII. Multilateralization: An Ordering Paradigm for International Investment Law S. 1817-1838

„… international system of investment protection. Finally, the choice of ordering paradigm also lurks behind an …” „… have not managed to create a genuinely multilateral system of investment protection, and hence have no …” „… treaties with similar standards of treatment as part of the emergence of a system of investment protection …”

Ralph Alexander Lorz II. Protection and Security (Including the NAFTA Approach) S. 764-789

„… ), Standards of Investment Protection (Oxford University Press, 2008) 131–150; Andrew Newcombe and Lluís …” „… Protection and Security’, in Stephan W. Schill (ed), International Investment Law and Comparative Public Law …” „… Protection of Investments), available at http://www.unctad.org/sections/dite/iia/docs/bits/egypt_albania.pdf …”

Carsten Kern VI. Transfer of Funds S. 870-886

„… Direct Investment: The Scope of Protection in European Union Law (Oxford University Press, 2009); Abba …” „… Restrictions under Modern Investment Treaties’ in August Reinisch (ed), Standards of Investment Protection …” „… Interface between Treaty-based International Investment Protection and Fiscal Sovereignty’ (2007) 35 …”

Ursula Kriebaum III. Arbitrary/Unreasonable or Discriminatory Measures S. 790-806

„… August Reinisch (ed), Standards of Investment Protection (Oxford University Press, 2008) 87–110; Federico …” „… with other Standards’ in Clarisse Ribeiro (ed), Investment Protection and the Energy Charter Treaty …” „… Heiskanen, ‘Arbitrary and Unreasonable Measures’ in August Reinisch (ed), Standards of Investment Protection …”

August Reinisch IV. The Likely Content of Future EU Investment Agreements S. 1884-1903

„… Canada investment protection talks; some European governments fear “NAFTA-contamination”’, IAR, 23 …” „… critical of investment protection and, in particular, of its core element, investor-State dispute …” „… from the investment protection under the agreement. This is not done by a denial of benefits clause …”

Jörn Griebel D. The New EU Investment Policy Approach S. 304-325

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 (1) Scope of Investment Protection …” „… Capital and Foreign Direct Investment: The Scope of Protection in EU Law (Oxford University Press, 2009 …” „… Europäische Union’ (2011) RIW 684–690; Christer Söderlund, ‘Intra-EU BIT Investment Protection and EC Treaty …”

Marc Bungenberg, Manjiao Chi C. Chinese Investment Law S. 221-239

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Instruments of Investment Promotion and Protection: An Overview …” „… Multilateral Investment Protection Instruments . . . . . . . . . 9 3. Development of Chinese Investment …” „… Instruments of Investment Promotion and Protection: An Overview The Chinese framework of investment law …”

Ursula Kriebaum VIII. Expropriation S. 959-1030

„… ); Joshua Elcombe, ‘Regulatory powers vs. investment protection under NAFTA’s Chapter 1110: Metalclad …” „… ; August Reinisch, ‘Legality of Expropriation’ in August Reinisch (ed), Standards of Investment Protection …” „… Multilateral Instruments on Investment Protection’ (1979) 269 RC 251–460; Gary H. Sampliner, ‘Arbitration of …”

Burkhard Schöbener IV. Outlook on the Developments in Public International Law and the Law Relating to Aliens S. 64-79

„… customary international protection of investments – the development of which has likely been promoted …” „… customary international law also serve to protect investments. The Protection of Property as a Human Right …” „… the protection of investments, were to be regarded as lex specialis to the then existing customary …”

Katharina Diel-Gligor, Rudolf Hennecke D. Investment in Accordance with the Law S. 566-576

„… with the law” in the agreements for reciprocal protection of investments follows international public …” „… dealing with the host State’s obligations regarding the promotion and protection of investments. The …” „… and regulations, promote economic cooperation through the protection in its territory of investment of …”

Marc Bungenberg, Jörn Griebel, Stephan Hobe, August Reinisch Chapter 1: General Introduction to International Investment Law S. 1-5

„… investment protection. This embraces rules of general international law, in particular the rules governing …” „… European Union (EU) has assumed far-reaching powers in the field of investment protection from its member …” „… influence global standards of investment protection. Discussions within the EU as well as various lobby …”

August Reinisch II. The Interpretation of International Investment Agreements S. 372-410

„… ) 719–735; Bruno Simma and Theodore Kill, ‘Harmonizing Investment Protection and International Human Rights …” „… Interpretation of International Investment Agreements August Reinisch 373 1 2 or ‘full protection and security …” „… investment protection for the interpretation of IIAs. The Berschader tribunal bluntly concluded 36 Pope …”

Stephan Hobe I. The Development of the Law of Aliens and the Emergence of General Principles of Protection under Public International Law Stephan HobeThe Development of the Law of Aliens S. 6-22

„… .; Andrea Bjorklund, ‘National Treatment’ in August Reinisch (ed), Standards of Investment Protection …” „… , ‘The Promotion and Protection of German Foreign Investment Abroad’ (1996) 11 ICSID Rev.–FILJ 1–36 …” „… 357–386; Christoph Schreuer, ‘The Concept of Expropriation under the ECT and other Investment Protection …”

Karsten Nowrot Chapter 10: Obligations of Investors S. 1154-1185

„… Promotion 1154 Karsten Nowrot 1 and Protection of Investments’ or in line with some variations thereof …” „… , international investment law is traditionally – and also today – primarily concerned with the protection of …” „… the legal protection they enjoy under investment agreements3 – expected and required to contribute in …”

Marc Jacob, Stephan W. Schill I. Fair and Equitable Treatment: Content, Practice, Method S. 700-763

„… played a role in all multilateral projects relating to the protection of foreign investment, including …” „… Singapore concerning the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments of 3 October 1973 …” „… become a lightning rod for much of the substantive protection of foreign investment, any sophisticated …”

André von Walter I. Investor-State Contracts in the Context of International Investment Law S. 80-92

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 E. Protection of Investor-State Contracts through International Investment Agreements …” „… investment arbitration based on international investment protection treaties. Indeed, investor- State …” „… proliferation of intergovernmental investment protection agreements, investors also commonly claim the respect …”

Richard Happ A. The Energy Charter Treaty S. 240-260

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2. Investment Protection under the Energy Charter Treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 a) Scope of …” „… ), Graham Coop and Clarisse Ribeiro (eds), Investment Protection and the Energy Charter Treaty (JurisNet …” „… , 2008); Graham Coop (ed), Energy Dispute Resolution: Investment Protection, Transit and the Energy …”

Bruno Simma, Dirk Pulkowski I. Two Worlds, but Not Apart: International Investment Law and General International Law S. 361-371

„… rules for the protection of foreign investment. It is perhaps due to the decentralised nature of …” „… investment proceedings. The substantive general international law regarding the protection of aliens may come …” „… essentially governed by bilateral or multilateral agreements for the protection of foreign investments …”

Marc Bungenberg, Stephan Hobe II. The Relationship of International Investment Law and European Union Law S. 1602-1628

„… economic agreements’ that also contain rules on investment promotion and protection, an extension of the …” „… Investitionsrecht (Boorberg, 2008) 163–192; Matthias Ruffert, ‘The Protection of Foreign Direct Investment by the …” „… Foreign Direct Investment: The Scope of Protection in EU Law (Oxford University Press, 2009). 14 ECJ …”

Vivienne Bath, Luke Nottage C. The ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement and ‘ASEAN Plus’ – The Australia–New Zealand Free Trade Area (AANZFTA) and the PRC–ASEAN Investment Agreement S. 283-303

„… ) Investment Protection …” „… and Protection of Investments (AAPPI or IGA)8 and in 1998 of the Framework Agreement on the ASEAN …” „… liberalisation, promotion and protection of investment within ASEAN.10 In 2007, the ASEAN States adopted the …”

August Reinisch V. National Treatment S. 846-869

„… Reinisch (ed), Standards of Investment Protection (Oxford University Press, 2008) 29–58; Andrea K …” „… ’ in August Reinisch (ed), Standards of Investment Protection (Oxford University Press, 2008) 87–110 …” „… , Standards of Investment Protection (Oxford University Press, 2009) 29, 58; Federico Ortino …”

August Reinisch IV. Most Favoured Nation Treatment S. 807-845

„… , imports, customs tariffs), international investment protection, the establishment of foreign physical and …” „… and Protection of Investments (‘Investments made by investors of either Contracting Party in the …” „… expressly linked to full protection and security in order to broaden the scope of ‘investments’ protected …”

Jan Asmus Bischoff, Richard Happ A. The Notion of Investment S. 495-544

„… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Definitions of Investment in Investment Protection Treaties. . . . . . . . 7 a) Asset-Based …” „… protection law’ (2011) 48 CMLR 1527– 1569; Aron Broches, ‘The Convention on the Settlement of Investment …” „… jurisprudence, 1990); Carlos M. Correa, ‘Investment Protection in Bilateral and Free Trade Agreements …”

Markus Perkams B. Protection for Legal Persons S. 638-652

„… Investment Protection Treaties (TELC, 2011); Matthias Pannier, ‘Nationality of Corporations under Domestic …” „… Nationality of Investors under Investment Protection Treaties (TELC, 2011) 25–36. Consequently, they are also …” „… See Robert Hunter, ‘Is a corporation’s entitlement to the protection of an investment treaty a …”

Pierre-Marie Dupuy, Jorge E. Viñuales VIII. Human Rights and Investment Disciplines: Integration in Progress S. 1739-1767

„… Kriebaum, ‘Privatizing Human Rights – the Interface between Investment Protection and Human Rights’, in …” „… ), Standards of Investment Protection (Oxford University Press, 2008); Christian Tams, Enforcing Obligations …” „… increasing space for the protection of foreign investment in human rights disputes. Given the focus of the …”

Lucy F. Reed, Jonathan E. Davis A. Who is a Protected Investor? S. 614-637

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 a) The Scope of Protection of Natural Persons under International Investment Agreements …” „… as Protected Investors The Scope of Protection of Natural Persons under International Investment …” „… the Argentine Republic on the Promotion and Protection of Investments, and Protocol, signed 23 August …”

Jorge E. Viñuales VII. Investment Law and Sustainable Development: The Environment breaks into Investment Disputes S. 1714-1738

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. Foreign Investment and Environmental Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 …” „… Investment to Promote Environmental Protection (Cambridge University Press, 2013); Emmanuel Gaillard and Yas …” „… of this concept: ‘environmental protection’. On the one hand, foreign investment can harness the …”

Christian Tietje XI. Investment Law and Sovereign Wealth Funds S. 1802-1816

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Literature: Claudia Annacker, ‘Protection and Admission of Sovereign Investment under Investment …” „… opportunities for foreign investment by SWFs and give SWFs protection with regard to foreign investment. However …” „… for comprehensive investment protection anyway, i.e. despite the existence of a BIT. Moreover, those …”

Anthony Sinclair VII. Umbrella Clause S. 887-958

„… the Umbrella Clause in the International Law of Investment Protection’ (2004) 4 Arb. Int’l 411–434 …” „… the BIT was intended to achieve ‘the promotion and reciprocal protection of investment (…) [i]t is …” „… relation to investment protection. In the Tribunal’s view, this is the proper interpretation of Article X …”

Kaj Hobér II. Does Investment Arbitration have a Future? S. 1873-1878

„… investment protection treaty (BIT). Today there are around 3,000 BITs. The vast majority of them have …” „… protection and investment arbitration works only in favour of investors without taking due account of the …” „… follow from investment protection treaties, be they bilateral or multilateral. From a legal point of view …”

Gabriel Bottini, Veronica Lavista, Mariana Lozza E. MERCOSUR and CAFTA S. 326-341

„… investments is the Colonia Protocol for the Promotion and Protection of Investments in Mercosur 1. 6 Protocolo …” „… Tribunal.28 14 See Colonia Protocol for the Promotion and Protection of Investments in Mercosur of 17 …” „… Protocol on the Promotion and Protection of Investments from States not parties to the MERCOSUR (Buenos …”

Markus Krajewski III. Investment Law and Public Services S. 1629-1643

„… Serge Pannatier and Olivier Ducrey, ‘Water Concessions and Protection of Foreign Investments’ in Edith …” „… in the GATS context, would not have a basis in the texts of most investment agreements. Protection …” „… contemporary standard of investment protection is the requirement to afford the investor fair and equitable …”

Noah Rubins, Ben Love I. Ratione Temporis S. 481-494

„… investment treaties,1 the analysis below extends to the temporal scope of a treaty’s substantive protection …” „… Temporal Scope of Investment Protection Treaties (BIICL, 2009). 2 Island of Palmas case (Netherlands v. USA …” „… treaties contain provisions limiting the protection afforded to pre-ratification investments.8 Continuous …”

Michael Hahn II. EU Rules and Obligations Related to Investment S. 671-684

„… investment protection. Starting in 1959 with the conclusion of the first pertinent agreement between Pakistan …” „… investment protection agreements to the Union. Such explicit competence found its way into the law of the …” „… Charter Treaty, in which the Union committed specifically to investment protection; cf. Council and …”

Rainer Hofmann III. The Protection of Individuals under Public International Law S. 46-63

„… Parlett, ‘Diplomatic Protection and Investment Arbitration’ in Rainer Hofmann and Christian Tams (eds …” „… particular relevance for the effective protection of foreign investments outside the scope of international …” „… investment law as such. This development results in the question as to whether diplomatic protection still …”

Anne K. Hoffmann G. Denial of Benefits S. 598-613

„… 17(1)’ in Graham Coop and Clarisse Ribeiro (eds), Investment Protection and the Energy Charter Treaty …” „… of protection and the dispute resolution clause of investment agreements which regularly are of …” „… Promotion and Protection of Investments of 2001, available at http://unctad.org/sections …”

Joachim Karl F. The Negotiations on the OECD Multilateral Agreement on Investment S. 342-360

„… achieved so far in the area of investment liberalisation and protection.2 Given that the OECD had many …” „… with high standards for the liberalisation of investment regimes and investment protection and with …” „… liberalisation, investment protection, dispute settlement or other ‘special topics’. These Working Groups had the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… Asmus Bischoff and Richard Happ Protection of Investments Owned by States …” „… Investment ...........Chapter 12: 1517 Political Risk Insurance and Investment Treaty Protection …” „… ..XII. 1817 Stephan W. Schill Approaches to Investment Protection outside of Specific International …”

Joachim Steffens II. Excursus: German Political Risk Insurance S. 1552-1568

„… ; – as a rule there is sufficient legal protection in the host country provided by a bilateral investment …” „… the host country regarding the promotion and the mutual protection of direct investments or, as long …” „… as this is not the case, adequate protection of the direct investment seems to be granted by the …”

Index S. 1913-1952

„… III D 38 – scope of investment protection Chapter 4 III D 30 – sovereign wealth funds Chapter 13 II 34 …” „… Chapter 13 XI 22 Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement Chapter 4 II B 18 Foresti v. South …” „… 2 IV 4 protection of individuals – international investment law Chapter 2 III 32 protection of NGOs …”

Armand de Mestral III. Pre-Entry Obligations under International Law S. 685-699

„… 105–126; Giorgio Sacerdoti, ‘Bilateral Treaties and Multilateral Instruments on Investment Protection …” „… (ed), International Protection of Foreign Investment, vol. 2 (Yorkhill Law Publishing, 2008) 519. 3 …” „… and Protection of Foreign Investments’ (2010) 25 ICSID Rev. 268–311. 12 Free Trade Agreement between …”

Jan K. Schäfer I. Alternatives to Investment Arbitration S. 1186-1211

„… Advantages of ADR Methods in Investor-State Disputes 18 C. References to ADR Methods in Investment Protection …” „… attractive tool in the investment protection context. An investment is a long-term commitment which often …” „… investor-friendly country. C. References to ADR Methods in Investment Protection Instruments Modern investment …”

Andrea K. Bjorklund B. NAFTA’s Contributions to Investor-State Dispute Settlement S. 261-282

„… Reinisch (ed), Standards of Investment Protection (Oxford University Press, 2008) 28–58; Andrea K …” „… ), Protection of Foreign Investments through Modern Treaty Arbitration – Diversity and Harmonisation …” „… 2004 and 2012) and the Canadian Model Foreign Investment and Protection Agreement (FIPA) (2003) provide …”

Achim-R. Börner IV. Investment Law and Energy S. 1644-1676

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. National and International Energy Investment Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 C. The …” „… , ‘Foreign investment protection treaties: Opportunities in the petroleum industry’ (2006) 44 Alberta Law …” „… Energy Investment Protection The first step is the acknowledgement of private investment, even if only in …”

Yun-I Kim I. Investment Law and the Individual S. 1585-1601

„… for the modalities of such a termination; as a rule investments already made enjoy protection for …” „… protection for a defined period of time has to prevail – an investment will often have been undertaken …” „… Chapter 13: Contemporary Issues and Outlook I. Investment Law and the Individual Yun-I Kim A …”

Andreas R. Ziegler X. Investment Law in Conflict with WTO Law? S. 1784-1801

„… Reciprocal Protection of Investments, 17 May 2006) 15: ‘(1) (1It is understood that the said Article is …” „… Reciprocal Encouragement and Protection of Investments, 29 September 1982, entry into force 27 June 1992, US …” „… the Argentine Republic concerning the Reciprocal Encouragement and Protection of Investment, 14 …”

Ralph Alexander Lorz, Manuel Busch E. Investment in Accordance with the Law – Specifically Corruption S. 577-589

„… protection. By contrast, in a case where resort to arbitration takes place on the basis of an investment …” „… . 2 and Art. 3, which deal with the promotion and admission and the protection of investments …” „… violation of BIT provisions, provided that the investment already falls within the scope of protection of …”

James Crawford, Simon Olleson III. The Application of the Rules of State Responsibility S. 411-441

„… despite the (entirely normal) position in investment protection claims that other aspects of the same …” „… investment agreement, or a claim under an applicable domestic investment protection law. Quite apart from …” „… substantive obligations contained in an investment protection in- 18 As to the distinction between ‘primary …”

Michael Waibel II. Investment Arbitration: Jurisdiction and Admissibility S. 1212-1287

„… nationality of claims concerns admissibility in diplomatic protection, but is jurisdictional in investment …” „… treaties for the encouragement and protection of investment in the territory of each contracting State …” „… ), Agreement between Belgium and Indonesia on the encouragement and reciprocal protection of investments, 15 …”

Irmgard Marboe III. Valuation in Cases of Expropriation S. 1057-1081

„… ), Standards of Investment Protection (Oxford University Press, 2008) 151–170, 151. 11 Examples are Southern …” „… Investment Protection (Oxford University Press, 2008) 171–204, 176; UNCTAD, Taking of Property, UNCTAD Series …” „… promotion and protection of foreign investments contain provisions on expropriation as a standard feature …”

Arno Gildemeister V. Investment Law and Taxation S. 1677-1691

„… Treaty-Based International Investment Protection and Fiscal Sovereignty’ (2007) Intertax 4244–4249; Sébastien …” „… ), Investment Protection in the Energy Charter Treaty (JurisNet, 2008) 115–145; William W. Park, ‘Arbitrability …” „… , ‘Investor-State Disputes: The Interface Between Treaty-Based International Investment Protection and Fiscal …”

Michael Hahn I. WTO Rules and Obligations Related to Investment S. 653-670

„… conclude ‘foreign trade agreements’. The business of investment protection was left to bilateral investment …” „… place to turn to for finding legal rules concerning investment protection and regulation. Or so one …” „… system of IPR protection influences investment decisions both in general and with regard to the …”

Stephan Wittich II. State Responsibility S. 23-45

„… This double feature is implied in any international treaty on investment protection, be it a specific …” „… responsibility. This rule is not only true in the context of investment protection, but also in the human rights …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 C. Conceptual Issues concerning State Responsibility in Relation to Investment Law …”

Irmgard Marboe IV. Valuation in Cases of Breaches of International Law Unrelated to Expropriation S. 1082-1102

„… standards aimed at the protection of foreign investment in the host State may be the basis for a claim for …” „… expropriation contained in the applicable investment protection treaty is not applicable in cases unrelated to …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 D. Valuation Practice of Investment Tribunals …”

Morris Besch II. Typical Questions Arising within Negotiations S. 93-152

„… investment protection treaties. Contract clauses which typically arise in this context in the course of …” „… . Choice of Law Clauses To maximise protection for the investment project, private foreign investors …” „… . 9 See in detail e.g. Ahmed Z. El Chiati, ‘Protection of Investment in the Context of Petroleum …”

Christina Binder IV. Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness S. 442-480

„… , ‘Investment Protection in Extraordinary Times: the Interpretation and Application of Non-precluded Measures …” „… Protection of Investments, signed on 14 November 1991, entered into force on 20 October 1994. Two of the …” „… arising from investment protection are owed to both, investors and their home State.143 This may also be …”

Marc Bungenberg, Catharine Titi VIII. Precedents in International Investment Law S. 1505-1516

„… investment arbitration. The system of the international protection of investments has been construed on the …” „… may affect the integrity of the international system for the protection of investments.’48 The …” „… VIII. Precedents in International Investment Law Marc Bungenberg and Catharine Titi A …”

Christina Knahr F. The Territorial Nexus between an Investment and the Host State S. 590-597

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Territoriality Requirement in Investment Protection Treaties . . . . . . . 3 3. Arbitral …” „… Investment Protection Treaties Many bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and also multilateral treaties like …” „… F. The Territorial Nexus between an Investment and the Host State Christina Knahr 1. Introduction …”

Stephan Wittich V. Investment Arbitration: Remedies S. 1391-1430

„… 44 of the Canadian Model Foreign investment Protection and Promotion Agreement. 15 Christoph Schreuer …” „… (n. 13) 332. V. Investment Arbitration: Remedies Stephan Wittich 1395 9 10 investment protection may …” „… standard of protection in the investment treaty was violated. For example, there may well be a difference …”

John Y. Gotanda VIII. Interest S. 1142-1153

„… Investment Protection and Promotion Agreement Model, 2004, available at http://italaw.com/documents/Canadian …” „… United Mexican States Concerning the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments, Art. 4. 16 See …” „… [Country] Concerning the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investment (2004), available at …”

Ole Spiermann IV. Investment Arbitration: Applicable Law S. 1373-1390

„… IV. Investment Arbitration: Applicable Law Ole Spiermann A. Introduction …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Literature: Taida Begic, Applicable Law in International Investment Disputes (Eleven International …” „… (Athenäum, 1971); Zachary Douglas, ‘The Hybrid Foundations of Investment Treaty Arbitration’ (2003) 74 BYIL …”

Catherine Kessedjian III. Where Public meets Private: a Few Thoughts on Investment Law and Arbitration S. 1879-1883

„… III. Where Public meets Private: a Few Thoughts on Investment Law and Arbitration1 Catherine …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 All too often, analysts tend to limit their investigation to investment law proper, when a broader …” „… examination could help better understand the evolution of investment law is the so-called legitimacy crisis …”

Irmgard Marboe I. The System of Reparation and Questions of Terminology S. 1031-1044

„… ) 57; Christoph Schreuer, ‘The Concept of Expropriation under the ECT and other Investment Protection …” „… also bilateral and multilateral investment protection treaties. The distinction between ‘primary’ and …” „… Comparison with Investment Treaty Disputes’ in Andrea Bjorklund, Ian Laird, and Sergey Ripinsky (eds …”

Stefan Kroll VII. Enforcement of Awards S. 1482-1504

„… Binder, Ursula Kriebaum, August Reinisch and Stephan Wittich (eds), International Investment Law for the …” „… Reinisch, ‘Enforcement of Investment Awards’ in Katia Yannaca-Small (ed), Arbitration under International …” „… Investment Agreements (Oxford University Press, 2010) 671–697; Christoph Schreuer, The ICSID Convention: A …”

Monique Sasson III. Investment Arbitration: Procedure S. 1288-1372

„… Investment Disputes (ICSID) Convention, Regulations and Rules, and also considers whether these protections …” „… protection doctrine; – provisions under the Washington Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes …” „… Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investment, 27 August 1993 (entry into force 11 May 1997) US Treaty …”

Irmgard Marboe V. Valuation in Cases of Breach of Contract S. 1103-1114

„… . Int’l L. 61–112; Irmgard Marboe, Calculation and Damages in International Investment Law (Oxford …” „… ) 57–78; Sergey Ripinsky, ‘Damnum emergens and Lucrum cessans in Investment Arbitration: Entering through …” „… the Back Door’ in Andrea Bjorklund, Ian A Laird and Sergey Ripinsky (eds), Investment Treaty Law …”

Borzu Sabahi, Kabir Duggal, Nicholas Birch VI. Limits on Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts S. 1115-1129

„… America and the Argentine Republic Concerning the Reciprocal Encouragement and Protection of Investment …” „… J. Grierson Weiler (ed), Investment Treaty Arbitration and International Law (Juris, 2008); José E …” „… Investment Regime’ (2008–2009) YB Int’l Inv. L. & Pol’y 379–478; Stanimir Alexandrov and Joshua Robbins …”

Lars Markert, Helene Bubrowski B. National Setting Aside Proceedings in Investment Arbitration S. 1460-1481

„… encouragement and reciprocal protection of investments between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Czech and …” „… B. National Setting Aside Proceedings in Investment Arbitration* Lars Markert and Helene Bubrowski …” „… Review Regarding Investment Arbitration Awards. . 22 b) Full or Partial Waiver Regarding Setting Aside …”

Patrick Dumberry VII. Moral Damages S. 1130-1141

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Literature: Conway Blake, ‘Moral Damages in Investment Arbitration: a Role for Human Rights …” „… , ‘Moral Damages in Investment Arbitration and Public International Law’ in Ian A. Laird and Todd J. Weiler …” „… (eds), Investment Treaty Arbitration and International Law – Volume 3 (Juris, 2010); Wade M. Coriell …”

Jean-Christophe Honlet, Barton Legum, Anna Crevon A. ICSID Annulment S. 1431-1459

„… VI. Investment Arbitration: Challenges to the System A. ICSID Annulment Jean-Christophe Honlet …” „… Oxford Handbook of International Investment Law (Oxford University Press, 2008) 1125–1153; Walid Ben …” „… Hamida, ‘Two Nebulous Features: the Notion of Investment and the Scope of Annulment Control – Ad Hoc …”

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