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Felix Beck - Self-Spreading Biotechnology and International Law

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Felix Beck

Self-Spreading Biotechnology and International Law

Series: Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht

Volume 316 2022

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Chapter 5: The International Governance of Engineered Gene Drives S. 317-364

„… Chapter 5:The International Governance of Engineered Gene DrivesAs set out in the first chapter …” „… drives.Early Deployment of Gene Drives as a Precautionary Measure?According to some scholars, the precautionary …” „… Environmental Releases of Engineered Gene DrivesAfter referring to the precautionary principle, decision 14/19 …”

Chapter 1: The Emergence of Self-Spreading Biotechnology S. 47-106

„… there is no attempt to initiate a pregnancy.212Engineered Gene DrivesAccording to the Mendelian …” „… Development of Engineered Gene DrivesThe idea of using naturally occurring gene drives to suppress species …” „… location through natural populations.252Potential Applications of Engineered Gene DrivesThe application of …”

Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache S. 689-712

„… Regulierung synthetischer Gene DrivesDa die ersten Freisetzungen von Gene Drives in die Umwelt bereits im Jahr …” „… Biotechnologie („self-spreading biotechnology“). Mit Gene Drives und ähnlichen molekularbiologischen Verfahren …” „… Regulierung von Gene Drives sowie die erste substanziellen Entscheidung zu diesem Thema aus dem Jahr 2018 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-44

„… Mechanisms2. 79Development of Engineered Gene DrivesII. 81Potential Applications of Engineered Gene DrivesIII …” „… Customary International LawChapter 4:247The International Governance of Engineered Gene DrivesChapter 5:317 …” „… Engineered Gene DrivesC. 77Natural Gene Drive MechanismsI. 78Over-Replication Mechanisms1. 78Interference …”

Chapter 3: The Regulation of Biotechnology in International Law S. 131-246

„… 147Engineered Gene DrivesThe scope of the Cartagena Protocol also includes engineered gene drives. As …” „… editing techniques and engineered gene drives, raise questions as to the exact scope of the Protocol (I …” „… well as all current techniques involving engineered gene drives, fall within the scope of the Cartagena …”

Chapter 11: Compensation for Environmental Damage in International Law S. 617-664

„… malicious organism is generally not justified. For example, when a gene drive exceeds its intended target …” „… ., Pathway to Deployment of Gene Drive Mosquitoes as a Potential Biocontrol Tool for Elimination of Malaria …” „… drives.There are two different approaches to rectifying environmental damage in international law. The first …”

Bibliography S. 743-808

„… S./Bellen, Hugo J./Bier, Ethan et al., Safeguarding Gene Drive Experiments in the Laboratory: Multiple …” „… Strategies Are Needed to Ensure Safe Gene Drive Experiments, 349 (2015) Science 927–929Akbari, Omar S./Chen …” „… Biology 915–928Akbari, Omar S./Matzen, Kelly D./Marshall, John M. et al., A Synthetic Gene Drive System …”

Summary of Results S. 671-688

„… already-planted fields. This includes engineered gene drives, which bias the Mendelian rules of inheritance in …” „… favour of the genetic modification they confer. Gene drives could be used to confer new traits to natural …” „… modified organisms capable of self-propagation, including engineered gene drives and modified viruses, that …”

Concluding Remarks S. 665-670

„… directly in the environment. Engineered gene drives and other genetic alteration agents make it possible …” „… , the potential of engineered gene drives and similar techniques to spread across political borders is …” „… burdens once harm has been caused.In the context of engineered gene drives, the decision adopted by the …”

Chapter 6: The Nagoya – Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Redress and Liability S. 367-460

„… modified insects or organisms equipped with engineered gene drives50). If these types of LMOs were regarded …” „… since it is widely acknowledged that engineered gene drives involve a substantial risk of causing …” „… gene drives, see Axel Hochkirch et al., License to Kill?, 11 (2018) Conservation Letters e12370.75 …”

Chapter 4: Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Biotechnology Under Customary International Law S. 247-316

„… Developing countries in particular are often unable to adequately regulate externally-generated threats to …”

Chapter 7: A Private Liability Scheme: The ‘Biodiversity Compact’ S. 461-476

„… proponents of self-spreading techniques such as engineered gene drives are currently not the biotechnology …” „… See chapter 1, section C.III.1.c); also see Florian Rabitz, The International Governance of Gene …” „… Drive Organisms (2021) Environmental Politics 1, 12.Chapter 7: A Private Liability Scheme: The …”

Chapter 2: Concepts and Terms Relevant to Transboundary Harm Caused by Biotechnology S. 107-128

„… self-propagation, such as engineered gene drives, involve considerable environmental risks. In contrast to …” „… there. The former scenario may arise, for instance, when self-spreading GMOs (such as engineered gene …” „… drives) spread beyond their intended target range.The terms responsibility and liability are used …”

Chapter 9: State Responsibility for Transboundary Harm Caused by Biotechnology S. 495-594

„… discussed in chapter 4. The specific obligations regarding engineered gene drives are addressed in chapter 5 …” „… a second gene drive in an attempt to ‘reverse’ the former. But against this background, it is …” „… , it is also well recognized that a state does not bear a general responsibility for all unlawful acts …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748913528

Boris Fehse, Ferdinand Hucho, Sina Bartfeld, Stephan Clemens, Tobias Erb, Heiner Fangerau, Jürgen Hampel, Martin Korte, Lilian Marx-Stölting, Stefan Mundlos, Angela Osterheider, Anja Pichl, Jens Reich, Hannah Schickl, Silke Schicktanz, Jochen Taupitz, Jörn Walter, Eva Winkler, Martin Zenke - Fünfter Gentechnologiebericht

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Boris Fehse (ed.), Ferdinand Hucho (ed.), Sina Bartfeld (ed.), Stephan Clemens (ed.), Tobias Erb (ed.), Heiner Fangerau (ed.), Jürgen Hampel (ed.), Martin Korte (ed.), Lilian Marx-Stölting (ed.), Stefan Mundlos (ed.), Angela Osterheider (ed.), Anja Pichl (ed.), Jens Reich (ed.), Hannah Schickl (ed.), Silke Schicktanz (ed.), Jochen Taupitz (ed.), Jörn Walter (ed.), Eva Winkler (ed.), Martin Zenke (ed.)

Fünfter Gentechnologiebericht

2021

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Alma Kolleck, Arnold Sauter 10. Spotlight: Gene Drives – neuer Impuls für die Gentechnikkontroverse? S. 251-260

„… Alma Kolleck und Arnold Sauter 10. Spotlight: Gene Drives – neuer Impuls für die …” „… Gentechnikkontroverse? 10.1 Ausgangspunkt: Wirkprinzip und Stand der Entwicklung von Gene Drives Gene Drives (wörtlich …” „… in wenigen Generationenfolgen verändert werden können. Die Idee eines Gene Drives lässt sich bis in …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Alma Kolleck und Arnold Sauter 10 . Spotlight: Gene Drives – neuer Impuls für die …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 10 .4 Neue Aspekte in der Diskussion um Gene Drives: Größere Brisanz von Risikomanagement und …” „… regenerative und personalisierte Medizin, Gen- und Biotechnologie . . . . . . . . . 139 5.1 Zur …”

Anja Pichl, Lilian Marx-Stölting Zusammenfassung S. 15-37

„… Datensouveränität. Kapitel 10: Spotlight: Gene Drives – neuer Impuls für die Gentechnikkontroverse? (Alma Kolleck …” „… Drives im Vergleich zur Gentechnikkontroverse der letzten Jahrzehnte dar. Gene Drives (wörtlich …” „… -governance, da Gen-Drive-Organismen sich in Wildpopulationen autonom vermehren sollen. Dies gehe mit neuen …”

Boris Fehse 6. Themenbereich somatische Gentherapie: aus dem Labor über klinische Studien zum kommerziellen Einsatz S. 156-183

„… : Fehse/Abramowski-Mock (2021). 5 Die mRNA stellt eine Kopie des proteinkodierenden Bereichs eines Gens dar. Diese Kopie …” „… die Genfähren oder Gentaxis, die die Gene in die Zellen einbringen. Häufig sind dies entschärfte Viren …” „… . Es können jedoch auch Transposons, also springende Gene sein. Dies sind DNA-Sequenzen mit der …”

Boris Fehse, Lilian Marx-Stölting, Hannah Schickl, Aida Khachatryan 1. Einleitung S. 81-86

„… Einzelzellanalyse (Kap. 9, Fehse et al.) und ein Spotlight zu Gene Drives (Kap. 10, Kolleck/Sauter). Im zweiten …” „… . Nomos, Baden-Baden: 173–198. Gen-ethisches Netzwerk (2018): Spotlight 1: Die Vertrauenskrise der …”

Boris Fehse, Jörn Walter, Jens Reich, Lilian Marx-Stölting, Anja Pichl, Hannah Schickl 9. Genome-Editing und Einzelzellanalyse: Neue Methoden und ihre Implikationen für Forschung, Anwendung und Gesellschaft S. 219-250

„… , L. (2016): Can CRISPR-Cas9 gene drives curb malaria? In: Nat Biotechnol 34: 149–150. DOI: 10.1038 …” „… jeden Fall eine lokale (nicht im Detail vorhersagbare) Veränderung im Gen. Dieses Verfahren setzt man …” „… ein, um Gene schnell und gezielt zu mutieren 5 Auch „Homology-directed repair“. Natürlicherweise …”

Jörn Walter, Nina Gasparoni 3. Themenbereich Epigenetik: von Zellidentitäten bis hin zu Krankheiten und Therapien S. 93-113

„… ), der Gen-Umwelt-Interaktion, der Vererbung und der molekularen Grundlagen von Erkrankungen …” „… zellspezifische Regulation von Genen – sowohl kurzzeitig als auch über lebenslange Zeiträume hinweg. Darüber …” „… biochemische Prozesse wie z. B. das Ablesen (die Transkription) von Genen gesteuert. Jeder Zelltyp besitzt …”

Ortwin Renn 23. Gentechnische Anwendungen im Spiegel der nachhaltigen Entwicklung S. 480-503

„… : Pesticide Outlook 13: 219–223. CSS = Critical Scientists Switzerland et al. (2019): Gene drives: A report on …” „… nutrition: two different scientific points of view. In: Genes Nutrion 8: 255–270. Busch, R. J. et al. (2002 …” „… politics of science and governance on the agricultural gene editing frontier. In: Elementa: Science of the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748927242

Michael Decker, Ralf Lindner, Stephan Lingner, Constanze Scherz, Mahshid Sotoudeh - "Grand Challenges" meistern

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Michael Decker (ed.), Ralf Lindner (ed.), Stephan Lingner (ed.), Constanze Scherz (ed.), Mahshid Sotoudeh (ed.)

"Grand Challenges" meistern

Series: Gesellschaft - Technik - Umwelt

Volume 20 2018

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Bernd Giese Gene Drives – Eine neue Qualität bei der Freisetzung gentechnisch veränderter Organismen S. 159-170

„… einsatzfähiges Gene Drive-System zur Bekämpfung von Malaria zu entwickeln (Regalado 2016). Gene Drives – Eine …” „… Rekombination mit der mütterlichen Gene Drive-Sequenz stattfindet. In der Folge treten häufig Resistenzbildungen …” „… im väterlichen Allel auf, die einen späteren Einbau der Gene Drive-Sequenz verhindern (Gantz et al …”

Wolfgang Liebert, Jakob Wölcher Gene Drive – Auf CRISPR/Cas9 basierende mutagene Kettenreaktion als Ultima Ratio zur Bekämpfung von Malaria? S. 171-182

„… Wolfgang Liebert, Jakob Wölcher Gene Drive – Auf CRISPR/Cas9 basierende mutagene Kettenreaktion als …” „… mutagene Kettenreaktion, der zumeist Gene Drive genannt wird. Gene Drive / mutagene Kettenreaktion und …” „… beeinträchtigen (Gene Drive). Der britische Forscher Burt hat 2003 vorgeschlagen, solche Gene Drives gentechnisch …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… früheren TA-Projekten 149 Bernd Giese Gene Drives – Eine neue Qualität bei der Freisetzung gentechnisch …” „… veränderter Organismen 159 Wolfgang Liebert, Jakob Wölcher Gene Drive – Auf CRISPR/Cas9 basierende mutagene …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845283562

Christian Dürnberger, Sebastian Pfeilmeier, Stephan Schleissing - Genome Editing in Agriculture

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Christian Dürnberger (ed.), Sebastian Pfeilmeier (ed.), Stephan Schleissing (ed.)

Genome Editing in Agriculture

Series: TTN Studien - Schriften aus dem Institut Technik-Theologie-Naturwissenschaften

Volume 7 2019

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Felix Beck The International Regime on Liability for Damage Arising from the Use of Genome Editing and Gene Drives in Agriculture: Current Shortcomings and Pathways for Future Improvement S. 135-152

„… also be used to apply gene drives, i.e. techniques for the accelerated dissemination of genetic …” „… modifications within (natural) populations.3 In agriculture, gene drives might be used to remove herbicide or …” „… species by genetically impeding their fertility or sex ratio.6 The ecological effects of gene drives have …”

Chad M. Baum When Technology and Reality Meet: Exploring the Potential of a Constructive Precautionary Principle for Genome-Editing Technologies S. 197-212

„… come to grips with genome-editing technologies.3 Consider gene drives: These represent a new type of …” „… by nearly 100% of offspring.4 Lately, gene drives have been proposed as a means to tackle malaria and …” „… , pointing to limits on controllability and the potential for gene drives to be “highly invasive.”7 It is …”

Alexander Bogner, Helge Torgersen Precautionary Deliberation: New Technologies and the Regulatory Call for Responsible Innovation S. 213-234

„… drive, problems further increase. Gene drive is a method where, through gene editing, the genetic …” „… implications, as with altering animals or irreversibly changing an ecosystem via gene drive. These challenges …” „… . Attitudes are also different towards gene drive experiments. In this case, scientists have advocated …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… the Use of Genome Editing and Gene Drives in Agriculture: Current Shortcomings and Pathways for Future …” „… Technology: A Blur between Breeding and Regulation 47 Katharina Unkel & Thorben Sprink Gene …” „… Improvement 135 Felix Beck The Precautionary Principle, the Labelling of Gene-edited Products, and the WTO …”

Katharina Unkel, Thorben Sprink Accelerated Breeding of Carrots (Daucus carota) through the New Plant Breeding Method of Uniparental Genome Elimination by Haploid Technology: A Blur between Breeding and Regulation S. 47-60

„… : Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants Back in the 1990s, transgenesis was developed to introduce genes from …” „… be developed by conventional breeding methods alone. Introducing genes from sexually incompatible …” „… rhizosphere,6 and livestock7 – did not find evidence of substantial harm. Humanitarian concerns have driven …”

Bartosz Bartkowski CRISPR/Cas, Precaution and Democracy: The Challenging Governance of a Rapidly Changing Technology S. 179-196

„… discussed in the context of gene-drive research spurred by the advent of CRISPR/Cas genome editing.6 Food …” „… ’ (cisgenesis and gene silencing rather than transgenesis). On the other hand, some still claim that the …” „… , J./Jaramillo, F./Ortiz, R./Ramankutty, N./Sayer, J./Shindell, D.: Agriculture Production as a Major Driver of …”

Jarst van Belle, Jan Schaart, Robert van Loo The Logic of Exempting CRISPR/Cas9-Plants from Strict GM Approval under European Union GM Regulation: A Case Study of Genome Editing in Camelina S. 23-46

„… produce targeted mutations in specific genes, is included in COSMOS for both technical and economic …” „… ); Zubr 2003. 4 Morineau et al. 2017. 5 Chikkali and Mecking 2012; FEDIOL 2017. 25 gene.6 In order to meet …” „… target gene. Inducing multiple mutations using conventional breeding methods (see Section II), in which …”

Stephan Schleissing, Sebastian Pfeilmeier, Christian Dürnberger Genome Editing in Agriculture: Between Precaution and Responsibility. An Introduction S. 9-22

„… genome editing and gene drives in agriculture. He emphasizes that liability for cross-border …” „… Schleissing, Sebastian Pfeilmeier, & Christian Dürnberger “Europe is going to regulate gene-edited organisms …” „… law. DEMASI reviews how a labelling legislation based on the Precautionary Principle for gene …”

João Otávio Benevides Demasi The Precautionary Principle, the Labelling of Gene-edited Products, and the WTO Case Law S. 153-178

„… Precautionary Principle for the labelling of genetically modified products Gene Edited Products (GEP) to draw …” „… practices but rule-driven.6 As the AB clarified: They “create legitimate expectations”, are “taken into …” „… Gene-edited Products, and the WTO Case Law 155 cautious?; under TBT (labelling) – Is there an appropriate …”

List of Authors S. 289-293

„… synthetic gene drives. To pursue this research, he was awarded a doctoral scholarship by the German Federal …”

Hans-Georg Dederer Options for the Regulation of Genome Edited Plants – Framing the Issues S. 75-122

„… “Targeted Gene Repair” as a strategy to develop novel organisms’ (WIV-ISP/BAC/2007_SC_529 2007) 4–6; The …” „… Gene Edited crops’ (2016); Greenpeace, ‘Policy Briefing: Gene-editing of plants – GM through the back …” „… ; Sarantis Michalopoulos, ‘Industry shocked by EU Court decision to put gene editing technique under GM law …”

Ksenia Gerasimova Analysing NGOs and their Discourses against GM Crops: Germany and the UK S. 259-274

„… Landwirtschaft Berlin-Brandenburg Gen-ethisches Netzwerk Greenpeace Germany IG Saatgut (Initiative for GE-free …” „… Corporate Watch EcoNexus Friends of the Earth UK GeneWatch UK GM-free Scotland GM Freeze GM Watch GMO-Free …” „… policy in the eve of Brexit is the fact that new technologies are inseparable from market-driven demands …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845296432

Ralf Lindner, Michael Decker, Elisabeth Ehrensperger, Nils B. Heyen, Stephan Lingner, Constanze Scherz, Mahshid Sotoudeh - Gesellschaftliche Transformationen

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Ralf Lindner (ed.), Michael Decker (ed.), Elisabeth Ehrensperger (ed.), Nils B. Heyen (ed.), Stephan Lingner (ed.), Constanze Scherz (ed.), Mahshid Sotoudeh (ed.)

Gesellschaftliche Transformationen

Series: Gesellschaft - Technik - Umwelt

Volume 22 2021

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Wolfgang Liebert, Jan Cornelius Schmidt Gestaltung sozio-technowissenschaftlicher Transformationen bedarf der Technikfolgenforschung als teilnehmende Forschung S. 81-98

„… kann (2. Abs.). Anhand von zwei Fallbeispielen (Dünnschicht-Photovoltaik und Gene-Drive …” „… Wissenschaft? Das zweite Beispiel betrifft die Gene Drive-Technologie zur Bekämpfung von …” „… (z.B. durch Ausfall bestimmter Species)? Eine stabile Effektivität von solchen Gene Drives (in der …”

Linda Nierling, Maria Maia, Tanja Bratan Technological or social drivers for a transformation towards an inclusive society? The role of Assistive Technologies for people with disabilities S. 381-394

„… Linda Nierling, Maria Maia and Tanja Bratan Technological or social drivers for a transformation …” „… driver for further activities at international as well as European levels, such as the Global Cooperation …” „… interviews focused on complementary measures of the 2 2.1 Technological or social drivers for a …”

Filippo Reale Politische Ökonomie und Wissenstheorie sozio-technischer Dynamik S. 159-170

„… Filippo Reale gen, die jedoch überhaupt erst durch die Expert*innen bewertet werden soll. Unter …” „… wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Berlin Smith, M.R.; Marx, L. (Hg.) (1994): Does technology drive history? The dilemma …”

Florian Hoffmann Technikfolgenabschätzung als Tanz um den blinden Fleck. Ein konstruktivistisches Forschungsprogramm S. 145-158

„… ): Gene-Drive – Auf CRISPR/Cas9 basierende mutagene Kettenreaktionen als Ultima Ratio zur Bekämpfung von Malaria …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748901556

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