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Anthony H. Cordesman, Ashley Hess - The Evolving Military Balance in the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia

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Anthony H. Cordesman, Ashley Hess

The Evolving Military Balance in the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia

2013

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V. KOREAN SPECIAL, ASYMMETRIC, AND PARAMILITARY FORCES S. 128-159

„… 128 Anthony H. Cordesman and Ashley Hess V. Korean Special, Asymmetric, and Paramilitary Forces …” „… The DPRK and ROK have long competed in creating effective special and paramilitary forces. Pyongyang …” „… into the ROK. The DPRK has mixed attacks by covert and Special Forces with limited naval and artillery …”

VI. US FORCES IN KOREA AND THE PACIFIC S. 160-195

„… 160 Anthony H. Cordesman and Ashley Hess VI. US Forces in Korea and the Pacific As has been …” „… discussed in Chapter 4, US forces serve a variety of roles in aiding the ROK. The US plays a critical role …” „… reunification. Finally, US forces have also contributed to ROK economic development by reassuring foreign …”

Preface

„… Balance, Asymmetric Forces^n^f^orces WiWiTiJTIijMWniniTTtfiifiSimMSiimir'*'^^' - *^'^.idi\ /Jul pJNE 2013 …” „… IIConventional Balance, Asymmetric Forces, and uS ForcesAuthorSAnthony h. Cordesman and Ashley hessAbout CSIS—50 …” „… American prominence and prosperity as a force for good in the world. Since 1962, CSIS has become one of the …”

IV. THE “CONVENTIONAL” MILITARY BALANCE IN THE KOREAS AND NORTHEAST ASIA S. 1-127

„… armored forces are generally either forced to use predictable routes or are unable to move quickly …” „… Force Personnel Special ForcesDPRK 1020000 60000 110000 200000ROK 520000 68000 65000 …” „… IV.2. Much depends on the scenario used in making the count. The ROK count is a total force inventory …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781442225183

Thorsten Winkelmann - Public Private Partnership: Auf der Suche nach Substanz

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Thorsten Winkelmann

Public Private Partnership: Auf der Suche nach Substanz

2012

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Force-Majeure-Risiken S. 742-743

„… 742 6.4.7 Force-Majeure-Risiken Bei Force-Majeure-Risiken handelt es sich um Ereignisse wie …” „… Force-Majeure-Ereignissen voraussetzt, vertritt Fischer (2006b), S. 26 die These, dass immer der wirtschaftliche Eigentümer …” „… Force-Majeure-Risiken tendenziell beiden Vertragsparteien zuordnen. 743 6.4.8 PPP-spezifische Risiken PPP-Vorhaben …”

Politische und juristische Risiken S. 738-742

„… sollte. 2079 Vgl. Noltensmeier (2009), S. 17ff. 742 6.4.7 Force-Majeure-Risiken Bei …” „… Force-Majeure-Risiken handelt es sich um Ereignisse wie Naturkatastrophen, Streiks, Revolutionen, Terrorismus …” „… eine genaue Aufzählung und Abgrenzung von Force-Majeure-Ereignissen voraussetzt, vertritt Fischer (2006 …”

Risiken von PPP-Projekten: eine Einführung S. 658-670

„… Risiken • Force-Majeure-Risiko. Nachdem Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit und Schadensausmaß bestimmter …” „… Risikoleitfäden der Treasury Task Force (2000; 2000b; 1999) in Großbritannien und des australischen Department of …”

Vorwort S. 5-12

„… juristische Risiken 738 6.4.7 Force-Majeure-Risiken 742 6.4.8 PPP-spezifische Risiken 743 6.4.8.1 Allgemeine …”

Synopse S. 686-690

„… Force-Majeure-Risiken, politische Risiken und – in abgeschwächter Form – auch juristische Risiken. Mengen- und …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 19-26

„… Thüringer Kommunalabgabengesetz ThürVerf. Verfassung des Freistaats Thüringen TTF Treasury Task Force TVG …”

Exkurs: Transaktionskosten S. 681-686

„… stehen. 1936 Vgl. Treasury Task Force (2000), S. 48.1937 Zur zeitlichen Einordnung siehe Pfeiffer (2004 …”

Kosten der Risikoübernahme S. 677-681

„… which they are subject [Zitat in: OECD (2008), S. 55].« 1924 Treasury Task Force (1997), S. 9; ähnlich …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 787-907

„… , S. 8-11. Christen, Jörg; Becker, Stefan: Public Private Partnership – die PPP-Task Force beim …” „… : Vertragsrechtliche Aspekte von PPP-Schul-projekten, Leitfaden der PPP-Task-Force des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen …” „… Hochbau. Leitfaden »Wirtschaftlichkeitsvergleich« der PPP-Task Force des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen …”

Anreize S. 670-677

„… to come up with innovative solutions […].« 1902 Vgl. Treasury Task Force (2000), S. 9.1903 …”

Die angloamerikanische Rezeption S. 44-51

„… musste. Zum Erfolg von PPP in Großbritannien hat maßgeblich die Gründung der Treasury Task Force (TTF) im …”

Verwertungs- und Zustandsrisiken – Probleme am Projektende S. 729-738

„… Vorhersagen über die künftige technologische Entwicklung treffen lassen. Im Leitfaden der PPP-Task-Force NRW …”

Zusammenfassung der Risikoallokation S. 760-773

„… Praxis vor: Untersuchungen der Treasury Task Force (2000b), S. 18f. kommen zu dem Ergebnis, dass von …”

Wirtschaftlichkeitsvergleiche in Theorie und Praxis S. 247-259

„… architektonischen Anforderungen, 846 Vgl. Treasury Task Force (1999), S. 5 und in internationaler Perspektive …”

Haushaltskrise und kommunaler Investitionsbedarf S. 51-68

„… und Stadtentwicklung angesiedelte Task Force, die Verfahrensabläufe vereinfachen und allgemeine …”

PPP-spezifische Risiken S. 743-760

„… governments, including risks created by uncontrollable circumstances, the absence of market forces, inadequate …”

PPP im Kontext der Reformbemühungen des öffentlichen Sektors und Abgrenzung gegenüber artverwandten Begriffen S. 78-97

„… well-connected companies on a sole-source basis, unencumbered by market forces.« 237 Ansatzweise werden durch …”

Die staatliche Ineffizienzhypothese S. 187-226

„… be constructed as supported by the force of etiquette, social custom, ostracism and formal legally …”

Allgemeine Einsparpotentiale während der Nutzung S. 319-362

„… of conflict and force contract renegotiation on more favourable terms.« Zu ähnlichen …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845238876

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Peter Mankowski (ed.)

Commercial Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2018

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Stefan Kröll Article 36 Force Majeure S. 1496-1497

„… Force Majeure A bank assumes no liability or responsibility for the consequences arising out of the …” „… interruption of its business. Article 36 (1): Exclusion of liability for force majeure Article 36 (1) disclaims …” „… which can be classified as force majeure.2 The list of specific events given is only indicative and …”

Article 34 Entry into force S. 1071

„… of Article 32.2 concern the entering into force of such a declaration, Article 32.3 its withdrawal …” „… deposited with the depositary. Article 34 Entry into force 1. This Convention shall enter into force on the …” „… the depositary after the entry into force of this Convention, the same shall enter into force on the …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 14 Entry into force S. 1361

„… pose a problem in the European Union.1 With the entry into force of the Recast Directive, Directive …” „… Correlation Table, can be found in the introduction to Article 1). Article 14 Entry into force This Directive …” „… shall enter into force on the 20th day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 49 Entry into force S. 1409

„… Uniform Law Review, 377. Article 49 Entry into force 1. This Convention enters into force on the first day …” „… which a Protocol applies: (a) as from the time of entry into force of that Protocol; (b) subject to the …” „… other States this Convention enters into force on the first day of the month following the expiration of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.7 (Force majeure) S. 641-645

„… 7.1.7 (Force majeure) (1) Non-performance by a party is excused if that party proves that the …” „… . 7.4.1)3 of the obligor (→ Art. 1.11 4th hyphen) for force majeure4 events causing full or partial5 …” „… impediments such as ‘frost’ as an obstacle to construction which would not been hit without the force majeure …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 53 Signature, Ratification and Entry into Force S. 1243

„… Final Clauses Article 53 Signature, Ratification and Entry into Force 1. This Convention shall be open …” „… Montreal until it enters into force in accordance with paragraph 6 of this Article. 2. This Convention …” „… , which is hereby designated the Depositary. 6. This Convention shall enter into force on the sixtieth day …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.8 (Suspension in case of force majeure, death or incapacity) S. 779-780

„… co-obligors (Art. 11.1.7(2)). Article 10.8 (Suspension in case of force majeure, death or incapacity) (1 …” „… one-year period under paragraph (1) applies accordingly. A. Force Majeure as an Excuse for the Obligee …” „… various civil law legislations3 (while details vary) and the reluctance to accept force majeure in common …”

Article 37 Revision of the amounts for limitation of liability and unit of account S. 1072-1073

„… period of one year following the date on which it entered into force for that State. 2. Notification of …” „… in accordance with this article entered into force. (b) An amount may not be so increased as to …” „… and does not enter into force. 8. An amendment which is deemed to have been accepted in accordance …”

Article 38 Depositary S. 1074-1075

„… enters into force 18 months after its acceptance (Article 37.8). Once an amendment enters into force, all …” „… accordance with Article 35 not later than 6 months before the amendment enters into force in accordance with …” „… enters into force (Article 39.9). So far, there has been no procedure under Article 37, neither are any …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 48 S. 988

„… Article 43 (1) This Convention shall come into force on the ninetieth day after five of the …” „… instruments of ratification or accession, this Convention shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after …” „… notification of denunciation. Article 45 If, after the entry into force of this Convention, the number of …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 47 S. 988

„… Article 43 (1) This Convention shall come into force on the ninetieth day after five of the …” „… instruments of ratification or accession, this Convention shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after …” „… notification of denunciation. Article 45 If, after the entry into force of this Convention, the number of …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 46 S. 988

„… Article 43 (1) This Convention shall come into force on the ninetieth day after five of the …” „… instruments of ratification or accession, this Convention shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after …” „… notification of denunciation. Article 45 If, after the entry into force of this Convention, the number of …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 45 S. 988

„… Article 43 (1) This Convention shall come into force on the ninetieth day after five of the …” „… instruments of ratification or accession, this Convention shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after …” „… notification of denunciation. Article 45 If, after the entry into force of this Convention, the number of …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 44 S. 988

„… Article 43 (1) This Convention shall come into force on the ninetieth day after five of the …” „… instruments of ratification or accession, this Convention shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after …” „… notification of denunciation. Article 45 If, after the entry into force of this Convention, the number of …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 43 S. 988

„… Article 43 (1) This Convention shall come into force on the ninetieth day after five of the …” „… instruments of ratification or accession, this Convention shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after …” „… notification of denunciation. Article 45 If, after the entry into force of this Convention, the number of …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 3 Transactions between undertakings S. 1321-1333

„… : (a) for the first semester of the year concerned shall be the rate in force on 1 January of that year …” „… ; (b) for the second semester of the year concerned shall be the rate in force on 1 July of that year …” „… delay is due to their behaviour. Since the entry into force of Directive 2007/64/EC on payment services …”

Peter Mankowski Article 100 CISG S. 416

„… the date when the Convention enters into force in respect of the Contracting States referred to in …” „… Convention applies only to contracts concluded on or after the date when the Convention enters into force in …” „… CISG. Naturally, it had its greatest importance at the time when the CISG entered into force. To-date …”

Peter Mankowski Article 99 CISG S. 415

„… Article 99 CISG (1) This Convention enters into force, subject to the provisions of paragraph (6 …” „… force in respect of that State, subject to the provisions of paragraph (6) of this article, on the first …” „… the CISG as such entered into force under international law. This happened on 1 January 1988, twelve …”

Peter Mankowski Article 101 CISG S. 416-417

„… the date when the Convention enters into force in respect of the Contracting States referred to in …” „… Convention applies only to contracts concluded on or after the date when the Convention enters into force in …” „… CISG. Naturally, it had its greatest importance at the time when the CISG entered into force. To-date …”

Article 33 Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval, accession S. 1071

„… of Article 32.2 concern the entering into force of such a declaration, Article 32.3 its withdrawal …” „… deposited with the depositary. Article 34 Entry into force 1. This Convention shall enter into force on the …” „… the depositary after the entry into force of this Convention, the same shall enter into force on the …”

Article 32 Regional provisions concerning liability S. 1070

„… paragraph 1 shall enter into force between two Contracting States when this Convention enters into force in …” „… the entry into force of the Convention for that State, the provision concerning liability referred to …” „… in paragraph 1 shall enter into force on the first day of the month following a period of three …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 13 Repeal S. 1361

„… pose a problem in the European Union.1 With the entry into force of the Recast Directive, Directive …” „… Correlation Table, can be found in the introduction to Article 1). Article 14 Entry into force This Directive …” „… shall enter into force on the 20th day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European …”

Peter Mankowski Article 44bis (Article XI of the Protocol) S. 460

„… Protocol. Article 44 (1) This Convention shall enter into force on the first day of the month following the …” „… of ratification or accession, this Convention shall enter into force on the first day of the month …” „… accession. Art. 44 regulates the entry into force. Its main relevance nowadays stems from (2) dealing with …”

Peter Mankowski Article 44 S. 460

„… Protocol. Article 44 (1) This Convention shall enter into force on the first day of the month following the …” „… of ratification or accession, this Convention shall enter into force on the first day of the month …” „… accession. Art. 44 regulates the entry into force. Its main relevance nowadays stems from (2) dealing with …”

Peter Mankowski Article 43ter (Article VIII (2) of the Protocol) S. 460

„… Protocol. Article 44 (1) This Convention shall enter into force on the first day of the month following the …” „… of ratification or accession, this Convention shall enter into force on the first day of the month …” „… accession. Art. 44 regulates the entry into force. Its main relevance nowadays stems from (2) dealing with …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 48 Regional Economic Integration Organisations S. 1409

„… Uniform Law Review, 377. Article 49 Entry into force 1. This Convention enters into force on the first day …” „… which a Protocol applies: (a) as from the time of entry into force of that Protocol; (b) subject to the …” „… other States this Convention enters into force on the first day of the month following the expiration of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.2.2 (Performance of non-monetary obligation) S. 647-651

„… /subsequent, partial/full, in fact [including force majeure, Art. 7.1.719] and in law).20 The reason is …” „… solely focus on force majeure in lit a). 20 Vogenauer/Schelhaas, Art. 7.2.2 no. 20. 21 …” „… and Art. 7.1.7 for force majeure. 23 Vogenauer/Schelhaas, Art. 7.2.2 no. 26-27. 24 Official Comments …”

Stefan Kröll Article 39 Assignment of Proceeds S. 1504-1531

„… . 2011/7/EU 3 43 et seq., 7 19 Causation see Damages – force majeure exclusion UNIDROIT 7.1.7 2 – initial …” „… – derogation CISG 6 12 – entry into force CISG 99 1 – EU Law CISG 90 5 – foods CISG 1 11 et seqq. – form …” „… 3 – definition of an offer UNIDROIT 2.1.2 1 – force majeure UNIDROIT 7.1.7 5 – foreseeability of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.2.1 (Contract to be observed) S. 620-621

„… distinct from force majeure (Art. 7.1.7(1), mainly concerned with ‘non-performance’),8 because performance …” „… situations (e.g. outbreak of a war) a party might have a choice between reliance on force majeure or hardship …” „… of the UNIDROIT Principles, it has been integrated into the contract as a sub-case of ‘force majeure …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 55 Relationship with Other Warsaw Convention Instruments S. 1244

„… , acceptance, approval or accession and date thereof; (c) the date of entry into force of this Convention; (d …” „… ) the date of the coming into force of any revision of the limits of liability established under this …” „… Convention; (e) any denunciation under Article 54. The Convention entered into force 60 days after the 30th …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 54 Denunciation S. 1244

„… , acceptance, approval or accession and date thereof; (c) the date of entry into force of this Convention; (d …” „… ) the date of the coming into force of any revision of the limits of liability established under this …” „… Convention; (e) any denunciation under Article 54. The Convention entered into force 60 days after the 30th …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 52 Definition of Days S. 1243

„… Final Clauses Article 53 Signature, Ratification and Entry into Force 1. This Convention shall be open …” „… Montreal until it enters into force in accordance with paragraph 6 of this Article. 2. This Convention …” „… , which is hereby designated the Depositary. 6. This Convention shall enter into force on the sixtieth day …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 25 Stipulation on Limits S. 1223

„… or in the first instance since the date of entry into force of the Convention. The measure of the …” „… . The Depositary shall immediately notify all States Parties of the coming into force of any revision. 3 …” „… revision or since the date of entry into force of this Convention if there has been no previous revision …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 61 Review Conferences, amendments and related matters S. 1414

„… force or the time when the State in which the debtor is situated becomes a Contracting State, whichever …” „… force in respect of States which have ratified, accepted or approved such amendment when ratified …” „… into force. 4. Where the proposed amendment to this Convention is intended to apply to more than one …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 24 Review of Limits S. 1222

„… at the end of the fifth year following the date of entry into force of this Convention, or if the …” „… Convention does not enter into force within five years of the date it is first open for signature, within the …” „… first year of its entry into force, by reference to an in- 1 Thankgod Ekufu v Iberia Airlines 2014 WL …”

Stefan Kröll Article 10 Amendments S. 1444-1445

„… amendments) will remain force for the beneficiary until the beneficiary communicates its acceptance of the …” „… shall enter into force unless rejected by the beneficiary within a certain time shall be disregarded. 3 …” „… credit remains in force until the beneficiary communicates its acceptance. While the beneficiary is urged …”

Gilles Cuniberti Introduction S. 1363-1366

„… Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment: a driving force for international …” „… force on March 1st, 2006; the other protocols have yet to enter into force. This novel approach of …” „… , entered into force 1 March 2006). 11 Protocol to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 6 Contract of carriage S. 1134-1138

„… Agreements referred to in §§ 1 and 2 as well as their coming into force shall be notified to the …” „… con- 1 In contrast to the previous contract in force in accordance with Article 11 § 1 CIM 1980, which …” „… Article 35 § 3 and 4 COTIF, these changes came into force on 1 May 2016. 6 See …”

Klaus Ramming Introduction S. 990-992

„… Convention until today has failed to enter into force. Only special cases of multimodal transports are …” „… , ratification, entering into force CMNI was signed on 22 June 2001 by 16 European states in accordance with its …” „… Article 34.1. The Convention entered into force on 1 April 2005. Today (February 2018), contracting states …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 51 S. 989

„… ) After this Convention has been in force for three years, any Contracting Party may, by notification to …” „… accessions under article 42; (b) The dates of entry into force of this Convention in accordance with article …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 50 S. 989

„… ) After this Convention has been in force for three years, any Contracting Party may, by notification to …” „… accessions under article 42; (b) The dates of entry into force of this Convention in accordance with article …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 49 S. 989

„… ) After this Convention has been in force for three years, any Contracting Party may, by notification to …” „… accessions under article 42; (b) The dates of entry into force of this Convention in accordance with article …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.6 (Restitution with respect to contracts to be performed at one time) S. 669-671

„… recipient of the (partial) performance to be restituted.19 Defense and Support for the Armed Forces of the …” „… allocates the risk of destruction by force majeure to the party claiming restitution (because, under the …” „… general regime of Art. 7.4.1, the party owing restitution will be excused by Art. 7.1.7 in case of force …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 16 Transit periods S. 1147

„… designated a place where the prescriptions in force do not permit their completion, or if he has stipulated …” „… of the consignment note within the period fixed by the prescriptions in force at the destination …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… forces. May their effort capture the readers’ (and hopefully users’) benevolence! Hamburg, October 2018 …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 7.1.6 637 Force majeure …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 10.7 777 Suspension in case of force majeure, death or incapacity …”

Article 36 Review and amendment S. 1072

„… period of one year following the date on which it entered into force for that State. 2. Notification of …” „… in accordance with this article entered into force. (b) An amount may not be so increased as to …”

Article 35 Denunciation S. 1072

„… period of one year following the date on which it entered into force for that State. 2. Notification of …” „… in accordance with this article entered into force. (b) An amount may not be so increased as to …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 3 Definitions S. 1132

„… ing this special regulation (i.e. COTIF) ceases to be in force in respect of the State in question …” „… ” means the conditions of the carrier in the form of general conditions or tariffs legally in force in …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 2 Prescriptions of public law S. 1132

„… ing this special regulation (i.e. COTIF) ceases to be in force in respect of the State in question …” „… ” means the conditions of the carrier in the form of general conditions or tariffs legally in force in …”

Raimond Emde Article 22 S. 1301

„… national law, such as criminal law provisions.1 Article 22 1. Member States shall bring into force the …” „… Commission thereof. Such provisions shall apply at least to contracts concluded after their entry into force …”

Raimond Emde Article 21 S. 1301

„… national law, such as criminal law provisions.1 Article 22 1. Member States shall bring into force the …” „… Commission thereof. Such provisions shall apply at least to contracts concluded after their entry into force …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.1 (Freedom of contract) S. 484

„… a sub-issue to force majeure (while, from a doctrinal viewpoint this did not make sense, from a …” „… October 2016 in Art. 1102 (1) French Civil Code (version as entered into force on 1 October 2016, French …”

Peter Mankowski Article 98 CISG S. 414

„… simultaneously with the entry into force of this Convention in respect of the State concerned. However, a …” „… declaration of which the depositary receives formal notification after such entry into force takes effect on …”

Peter Mankowski Article 97 CISG S. 414

„… simultaneously with the entry into force of this Convention in respect of the State concerned. However, a …” „… declaration of which the depositary receives formal notification after such entry into force takes effect on …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 1 Scope S. 1128-1131

„… which acceded to COTIF 1999 before the amended version came into force (i.e. before 1 July 2006), such a …” „… § 2 of COTIF, such a reservation becomes effective upon the entry into force of the Amendment Protocol …” „… to in § 6, first sentence, ceases to be in force for that State. Article 1 § 7 of the CIM UR contains …”

Peter Mankowski Article 21 S. 446

„… a force majeure or hardship clause without expressly employing the terms thus avoiding any …” „… beyond his control and which he could neither avoid nor overcome. As every force majeure clause in …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.2.1 (Performance of monetary obligation) S. 646

„… exclude the application of Art. 7.1.7 or of force majeure clauses as such; interpretation (Arts. 4.1, 4.3 …” „… exemption such as force majeure”.65 Section 2 Right to Performance Article 7.2.1 (Performance of monetary …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 6 Contract of carriage S. 1090

„… , entered into force on 1 November 1992. 1 Economic Commission for Europe, Inland Transport Committee …” „… Geneva on 1 March 1973, entered into force on 12 April 1994. Art. 6 COTIF/CIV Title II Conclusion and …”

Article 30 Carriage by way of specific inland waterways S. 1068

„… effect at the time of entry into force of the Convention for the State which has made a declaration …” „… according to paragraph 1, but at the earliest at the time of entry into force of the Convention for the …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 22 Delivery S. 1101-1102

„… the prescriptions in force at the place of destination: a) the luggage has been handed over to the …” „… luggage shall be carried out in accordance with the prescriptions in force at the place of destination …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.9 (Interest for failure to pay money) S. 689-692

„… explicitly does not admit any excuse for the non-payment (even force majeure, Art. 7.1.7) as a reason to …” „… the correlating enrichment of the obligor as a consequence of force majeure.21 12 E.g. Art. 1511 …” „… distinguish the rate depending on whether the non payment is excused by force majeure, Art. 7.1.7). Grossly …”

Introduction Introduction LPC S. 418-421

„… , appropriately welcomed as “UNCITRAL’s firstborn”.1 It entered into force not earlier than 1 August 1988, though …” „… complementing the final version of the CISG. This Protocol entered into force on 1 August 1988, too. The main …” „… decades after its entry into force.14 For a long time, case law on the Limitation Convention has not been …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 17 Delivery S. 1148-1149

„… with the prescriptions in force at the place of destination, a) the goods have been handed over to …” „… the prescriptions and regulations in force at the place of destination (Article 17 § 2 in conjunction …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 36 CISG S. 197-198

„… product by the buyer or force majeure. Therefore, defects covered by a guarantee will most often consist …” „… , for example due to the buyer’s tampering with the goods, third party conduct or force majeure. A …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.2 (Interference by the other party) S. 628-629

„… allowing additional time is required, Arts. 7.1.5(3) and 7.3.1(3)).10 The force majeure concept (Art. 7.1.7 …” „… include a ‘blameless failure’ of a duty to cooperate.12 This concept excludes force majeure cases (Art …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Introduction S. 625-626

„… , subject to two exceptions: (i) force majeure (Art. 7.1.7), i.e. a concept of exoneration in certain …” „… clauses, each party remains simply fully responsible for its own sphere (except for force majeure …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.2.2 (Definition of hardship) S. 622-623

„… a matter of assessment of the same kind as in force majeure cases (Art. 7.1.7(1)), with the same …” „… . c, while ‘strike’ (always an issue in negotiations of force majeure clauses) is a debatable event19 …”

Peter Mankowski Article 7 CISG S. 37-41

„… translations in non-authentic languages do not carry a binding force even if they are the outcome of a joint …” „… States has only persuasive force and is by no means binding in the technical sense.16 Even majority views …” „… , measured by sheer numbers, are not binding.17 Substance and the force of argument must convince. It has …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Introduction S. 1179-1183

„… Convention, MC) done at Montreal on 28 May 1999, ICAO Doc 9740; the Convention entered into force on 4 …” „… Montreal Convention came into force, i.e. on 4 November 2003. While non-Community air carriers are not …” „… %20of%20Parties/Mtl99_En.pdf (1.1.2018); on the other hand, now that the Convention entered into force …”

Peter Csoklich Introduction S. 898-900

„… on May 19, 1956, in Geneva by nine European states, CMR entered into force on July 2, 1961, after the …” „… prepared with provisions on an electronic consignment note (“e-CMR”) which entered into force on June 5 …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 12 Transposition S. 1358-1360

„… into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with Articles 1 to 8 …” „… covered by this Directive. 3. Member States may maintain or bring into force provisions which are more …”

Klaus Ramming Article 18 Special exonerations from liability S. 1042-1044

„… required by the regulations in force; (d) nature of the goods which exposes them to total or partial loss …” „… Ramming 1043 1 2 in force (as may be the case in relation to dangerous goods). The shipper’s agreement …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 79 CISG S. 367-376

„… Article 79 may exist in cases of force majeure. This notably concerns common obstacles due to natural …” „… with under the same principles as force majeure. The issue is instead a question of foreseeability …” „… determined under national law (→ Art. 4(a)). Typical agreements are so-called hardship clauses and force …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.4 (Availability of defences and rights of set-off) S. 791-793

„… performance);9 (iv) Art. 7.1.6 (an exemption clause protecting all obligors); (v) Art. 7.1.7 (force majeure …” „… not that of a co-obligor because that would force that other co-obligor to perform;26 the obligee can …”

Lisa Spagnolo Introduction to Articles 14–24 CISG S. 55-57

„… ), UN Doc. A/60/515 (entered into force 2013) (’e-CC’, cited as “Electronic Communications Convention …” „… adopted the CISG, Art. 100 clarifies that Arts. 14-24 (Part II) applies only if the CISG entered force at …”

Klaus Ramming Article 3 Taking over, carriage and delivery of the goods S. 1003-1006

„… equipped as prescribed by the regulations in force and is furnished with the necessary national and …” „… seaworthy; – must be manned and equipped as prescribed by the regulations in force; – must be furnished with …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Introduction to the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (“PICC”) S. 462-476

„… . 1539-1618; Perillo, JM, Force Majeure and Hardship under the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial …” „… “Author in: Brödermann/Rosengarten, IPR/IZVR”); Brunner, Christoph, Force Majeure and Hardship under …” „… ); Paolo Traisci, Francesco, Hardshio e Force Majeure nei contratti del commercio internationale: un …”

Peter Mankowski Introduction S. 1-8

„… which are most relevant in international trade. In this context, “existing rules” means “in force in a …” „… waterway escapes attention. There is a CVR22 – but it entered into force for only nine Contracting States …” „… have been necessary in order to enter into force, and has suffered the same ignominious fate as its …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 4 Transactions between undertakings and public authorities S. 1334-1338

„… semester of the year concerned shall be the rate in force on 1 January of that year; (b) for the second …” „… semester of the year concerned shall be the rate in force on 1 July of that year. 3. Member States shall …”

Peter Csoklich Article 2 S. 906-909

„… was designed to deal with the problems of multi-modal transport contracts never entered into force.2 …” „… approach”).3 If this approach of the Rotterdam Rules, once they will enter into force, will offer a …”

Klaus Ramming Article 11 Nature and content S. 1022-1026

„… name according to the requirements in force or, if there is no such name, their general name; (f) the …” „… the requirements in force (i.e. the relevant international or national law on dangerous goods …”

Peter Mankowski Article 8 CISG S. 42-46

„… , with binding force. Objective, intersubjectively ascertainable factors must re-balance the scale. (3 …” „… . Gerhard Schubert GmbH CISG-online No. 1272 (S.D. N.Y. 2006); see also ProForce Recruit Ltd. v. Rugby Group …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 62 Depositary and its functions S. 1415

„… , together with the date thereof; (ii) the date of entry into force of this Convention; (iii) each …”

Peter Csoklich Article 17 S. 938-942

„… this defence as a force majeure clause;29 however, this clause imposes a high level of due care to be …” „… risks, it is presumed by force of Art. 18 (2) CMR that the loss, damage, delay actually was caused by …”

Peter Mankowski Article 43bis (Article X of the Protocol) S. 459

„… Convention after the entry into force of the 1980 Protocol, the ratification or accession shall also …”

Peter Mankowski Article 43 S. 459

„… Convention after the entry into force of the 1980 Protocol, the ratification or accession shall also …”

Peter Mankowski Article 42 S. 459

„… Convention after the entry into force of the 1980 Protocol, the ratification or accession shall also …”

Peter Mankowski Article 41 S. 459

„… Convention after the entry into force of the 1980 Protocol, the ratification or accession shall also …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 47 Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession S. 1408

„… of Private Law (UNIDROIT) in Rome until it enters into force in accordance with Article 49. 1 …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 46 Relationship with the UNIDROIT Convention on International Financial Leasing S. 1408

„… of Private Law (UNIDROIT) in Rome until it enters into force in accordance with Article 49. 1 …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 45 bisRelationship with the United Nations Convention on the Assignment of Receivables in International Trade S. 1408

„… of Private Law (UNIDROIT) in Rome until it enters into force in accordance with Article 49. 1 …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 57 Subsequent declarations S. 1413

„… force for it, by notifying the Depositary to that effect. 2. Any such subsequent declaration shall take …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 60 Transitional provisions S. 1413

„… force for it, by notifying the Depositary to that effect. 2. Any such subsequent declaration shall take …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 59 Denunciations S. 1413

„… force for it, by notifying the Depositary to that effect. 2. Any such subsequent declaration shall take …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 58 Withdrawal of declarations S. 1413

„… force for it, by notifying the Depositary to that effect. 2. Any such subsequent declaration shall take …”

Peter Mankowski Article 36bis (Article XII of the Protocol) S. 456

„… , as from the date on which this Convention enters into force in respect of the new Contracting State …”

Peter Mankowski Article 36 S. 456

„… , as from the date on which this Convention enters into force in respect of the new Contracting State …”

Peter Mankowski Article 35 S. 456

„… , as from the date on which this Convention enters into force in respect of the new Contracting State …”

Peter Mankowski Article 34 S. 455

„… the entry into force of this Convention. Art. 33 mirrors Art. 100 CISG. PART III DECLARATIONS AND …”

Peter Mankowski Article 33 S. 455

„… the entry into force of this Convention. Art. 33 mirrors Art. 100 CISG. PART III DECLARATIONS AND …”

Peter Mankowski Article 32 S. 455

„… the entry into force of this Convention. Art. 33 mirrors Art. 100 CISG. PART III DECLARATIONS AND …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 19 Payment of charges for the carriage of registered luggage S. 1100

„… prescriptions in force at the place of consignment. Article 18 § 1 of the CIV UR gives the carrier freedom to …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 18 Registration and carriage S. 1100

„… prescriptions in force at the place of consignment. Article 18 § 1 of the CIV UR gives the carrier freedom to …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 4 Derogations S. 1133

„… auxiliaries in the sense of → Art. 40 of the CIM UR. The expression “legally in force in each Member State” in …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 5 Mandatory law S. 1089

„… law. Agreements referred to in §§ 1 to 3 as well as their coming into force shall be notified to the …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 29 Presumption of loss of the goods S. 1162

„… dispose of them in accordance with the laws and prescriptions in force at the place where the goods are …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 5 Mandatory law S. 1134

„… Agreements referred to in §§ 1 and 2 as well as their coming into force shall be notified to the …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Introduction S. 1076-1083

„… International Carriage of Goods by Rail (Berne Convention) came into force at the beginning of 1893, the railway …” „… convention on the carriage of passengers and luggage (which entered into force in 1928). To achieve this, the …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 52 Territorial units S. 1411

„… formed under a law in force in a territorial unit to which this Convention applies or if it has its …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 4 Derogations S. 1088

„… conditions or tariffs legally in force in each Member State and which have become, by the conclusion of the …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 3 Definitions S. 1088

„… conditions or tariffs legally in force in each Member State and which have become, by the conclusion of the …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 2 Declaration concerning liability in case of death of, or personal injury to, passengers S. 1087

„… referred to in § 6, first sentence, ceases to be in force for that State. Article 1 § 7 contains a …”

Peter Mankowski Article 9 S. 435

„… excused under the lex causae e.g because of force majeure.1 Whether such a claim exists must be determined …”

Peter Csoklich Article 4 S. 911

„… entered into force on June 5, 2011 (cf. Introduction, para. 4, and → Art. 5, para. 6). II. Purpose of the …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 21 CISG S. 105-111

„… Goods, opened for signature 1 July 1964, 834 UNTS 169 (entered into force 23 August 1972) (‘ULF’) which …” „… “not forced to make an immediate and perhaps hasty decision”, may seek advice, and can take account of …”

Peter Mankowski Article 40 S. 458

„… of this Convention into force in respect of the State concerned, except declarations made thereafter …”

Peter Mankowski Article 39 S. 458

„… of this Convention into force in respect of the State concerned, except declarations made thereafter …”

Peter Mankowski Article 38 S. 457

„… auspices of the United Nations, shall have entered into force. Art. 38 in effect pays respect to the ULIS …”

Peter Mankowski Article 37 S. 457

„… auspices of the United Nations, shall have entered into force. Art. 38 in effect pays respect to the ULIS …”

Peter Mankowski Article 22 S. 447

„… If force majeure can be truly detected in the concrete case, the limitation period shall be …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.2 (Notice of termination) S. 662

„… permanent force majeure8 (Art. 7.1.7(4)). B. Balanced by a ‘Reasonable Time’ – Constraint (Para. 2) By …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.1 (Non-performance defined) S. 627

„… non-performance (→ Arts. 7.1.7(2) and (1) on the exclusion of damages in case of force majeure;3 Art. 7.2.2(a)-(b …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.17 (Permission refused) S. 619

„… of the permission leads to voidness, i.e. the contract is “considered as never having come into force …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.10 (Interest on damages) S. 693

„… . 7.4.9(1). In contrast, when non performance is excused (by force majeure, Art. 7.1.7, or an exemption …”

Stefan Kröll Article 29 Expiry Date S. 1489

„… be made, which is not due to a force majeure event referred to in Article 36, will lead to an …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 38 Liability in respect of rail-sea traffic S. 1168

„… Secretary General. They shall come into force at the earliest at the expiry of a period of thirty days from …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 42 S. 987

„… Contracting Parties to this Convention by acceding thereto after its entry into force. (3) The Convention …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.1 (Right to damages) S. 675

„… on the exemption clauses at the drafting stage) or (b) force majeure (Art. 7.1.7). Correspondingly …”

Peter Mankowski Article 96 CISG S. 413

„… under Art. 96 can be made at any time, even now, decades after the CISG has entered into force. However …”

Peter Mankowski Article 94 CISG S. 410

„… Contracting State, the declaration made will, as from the date on which the Convention enters into force in …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.2.3 (Repair and replacement of defective performance) S. 652

„… impossibility under lit. a due to force majeure. 73 Vogenauer/Schelhaas, Art. 7.2.2 no. 58. 74 …”

Petra Butler Article 50 CISG S. 262-268

„… breach of contract Art. 50 CISG Petra Butler 263 1 in force. Thus, price reduction is excluded in case …” „… , although Article 79 excludes damages claims when force majeure or hardship interfere with a seller’s …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 18 Right to dispose of the goods S. 1150-1151

„… prescriptions in force at the place of destination. If the goods have been delivered without prior collection of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.7 (Restitution with respect to long-term contracts) S. 672-673

„… , Art. 7.1.6 on exemption clauses, Art. 7.1.7 on force majeure (while Art. 7.1.2 is superseded by para …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.6 (Suspension by arbitral proceedings) S. 775-776

„… period (arbitration, ADR, force majeure, death, incapacity). In contrast to Art. 14:304 PECL and some …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 4.3 (Relevant circumstances) S. 564-565

„… force than in domestic systems”). 13 Vogenauer/Vogenauer Art. 4.3 no. 22 (with reference to correlating …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 30 Compensation for loss S. 1162-1163

„… dispose of them in accordance with the laws and prescriptions in force at the place where the goods are …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 23 Basis of liability S. 1155-1156

„… determined by the laws and prescriptions in force at, or by the custom of, the place where the goods are …”

Peter Csoklich Article 6 S. 914-915

„… ). E-CMR entered into force on June 5, 2011 and is applicable on transports between states already having …”

Raimond Emde Article 17 S. 1287-1295

„… and thus continued and maintained its own provisions that had been previously in force.2 The French …” „… be paid. Therefore, a principal should not be forced to pay an unreasonable amount of indemnity …” „… represents the time it takes for the agent to re-constitute the client base which he has been forcefully …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 32 Liability in case of cancellation, late running of trains or missed connections S. 1108-1109

„… is due to force majeure or to one of the reasons listed in Art. 32 para. 2 of COTIF/CIV.” Chapter II …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.3.1 (Types of condition) S. 590-591

„… forth in Arts. 5.3.3– 5.3.4, obligations for contracts not yet in force (Arts. 5.3.3–5.3.4). This is …”

Peter Mankowski Article 10 S. 435-436

„… excused under the lex causae e.g because of force majeure.1 Whether such a claim exists must be determined …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.6 (Place of performance) S. 604-605

„… (discussing also force majeure). 16 Vogenauer/Atamer Art. 6.1.6 no. 24 (underlying that such change requires a …”

Peter Mankowski Introduction S. 9-10

„… Contracting States as of 1 November 2018 reads (in brackets the date when the CISG entered into force for the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.3 (Withholding performance) S. 630-631

„… non-performance are irrelevant12 (withholding performance is even permissible in case of force majeure).13 The …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.6 (Threat) S. 544-545

„… from ‘absolute force’ or ‘physical violence’ which prohibits an agreement under Art. 2.1.1.8 The threat …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.7 (Harm due in part to aggrieved party) S. 686-687

„… the obligor can rely on force majeure, Art. 7.1.7).18 (ii) It is a matter of ‘judicial discretion’19 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.4 (Duty to achieve a specific result. Duty of best efforts) S. 575-576

„… a specific result’ can only be excused by force majeure (Art. 7.1.7),9 a duty of ‘best efforts’ is …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 44 CISG S. 229-231

„… A recourse to Art. 44 is not necessary in case of force majeure (Art. 79) as the impossible cannot …”

Stefan Kröll Article 4 Credits v. Contracts S. 1430-1432

„… Journal of International Economic Law 663, 701. 8 Of 11 December 1995, which entered into force on 1 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.1 (Definitions) S. 786-788

„… (Art. 177 General Rules of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, 2017 version as in force of …”

Klaus Ramming Article 2 Scope of application S. 1000-1002

„… force in that state to the exclusion of regulations on private international law. As a result, any …”

Klaus Ramming Article 25 Nullity of contractual stipulations S. 1061-1063

„… equipped as prescribed by the regulations in force. Article 25.2 (a) further clarifies that the error in …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.15 (Restitution) S. 554-556

„… damages under Art. 7.4.1 unless the deterioration is excused by force majeure, Art. 7.1.7). 14 …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 41 S. 984-986

„… to use a driver of a specific nationality.24 Invalid: Right of termination due to force majeure;25 …”

Section 2 Registered luggage S. 1111-1115

„… shall dispose of it in accordance with the laws and prescriptions in force at the place where the item …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.13 (Agreed payment for non-performance) S. 695-697

„… Eckart J. Brödermann 2 performance (e.g. force majeure, Art. 7.1.7); if it exceptionally does contain …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.2 (Full compensation) S. 676-678

„… , no. 10). In a force majeure situation, the obligor becomes liable if it does not give the required …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 1 Scope of Application S. 1184-1187

„… . While it does not have the force of law, it reveals the design and purpose of the Convention and is thus …”

Petra Butler Article 46 CISG S. 239-242

„… , parties can in cases of force majeure, interruption of business and other similar circumstances modify the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.13 (Defences and rights of set-off) S. 734-737

„… attributable to the ‘sphere’ of the obligee which, apart from force majeure (Art. 7.1.7) and possibly hardship …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.12 (Defences in contributory claims) S. 808-811

„… (first) obligor’s performance.23 (This entails that an obligor performing to the obligee can force a …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.6 (Exemption clauses) S. 637-640

„… the UNIDROIT Principles. Jointly with Art. 7.1.7 on force majeure, an ex- 29 Vogenauer/Schelhaas Art …”

Stefan Kröll Introduction S. 1416-1419

„… . Presently, there are already the first discussions under way for a UCP 700.10 The UCP 600 entered into force …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 14 CISG S. 58-69

„… International Contracts (2005), UN Doc. A/60/515 (entered into force 2013) (’e-CC’) Art. 11 (adopting the same …” „… ‘as in force’.117 A positive agreement to modify the contract would be required to incorporate the new …”

Peter Csoklich Article 1 S. 901-905

„… into force in many CMR contracting states: cp Clarke, CMR6, p 51. Thus follows that the 1949 Convention …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.2.3 (Availability of defences against joint and several obligees) S. 820-824

„… exemption clause); (v) force majeure, Art. 7.1.7 (for further details → Art. 11.1.4 no. 3 at B.1). 1. 1 …”

Marco Torsello Article 33 CISG S. 181-185

„… agree on a condition precedent, which prevents the contract from entering into force. This is the case …”

Klaus Ramming Article 1 Definitions S. 993-999

„… force in that State other than its rules of private international law. Introduction I. “Contract of …”

Petra Butler Article 48 CISG S. 249-256

„… dispute resolution clauses remain in force. 56 Compare Magnus, 2014, 268. Art. 48 CISG PART III SALE OF …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Preamble (Purpose of the Principles) S. 477-483

„… Republic of China, in force since 1 October 2017, has generalised the contract related decision of the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.1 (Right to terminate the contract) S. 656-661

„… lit. c; → Art. 7.1.6 no. 1) or force majeure (→ Art. 7.1.7(4)) are irrelevant except for a switch of …”

Marco Torsello Article 30 CISG S. 156-162

„… specifically governed by the CISG, nor by any other substantive uniform law instrument currently in force,31 …”

Raimond Emde Introduction S. 1247-1264

„… laws that are in force, and to interpret them in accordance with the Directive. A graduated …” „… Emde 1253 23 24 25 26 27 the functioning of the rules since the entry into force of the Directive and …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 8.1 (Conditions of set-off) S. 698-705

„… Fund, adopted on 22 July 1944, entered into force on 27 December 1945, recently amended with effect …”

Christoph Oertel IV. INCOTERMS® 2010 S. 828-897

„… ® entered into force on 1 January 2011. Although a ten year revision cycle of the Incoterms® is not formally …” „… parties intended to designate the edition actually in force.48 However, the parties are free to apply …” „… event of force majeure may excuse the seller (Art 79 CISG99). The seller also remains liable in the …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 10 Recovery procedures for unchallenged claims S. 1353-1356

„… 10 only provides a deadline for obtaining an enforceable title. The procedure for forced execution …” „… creditor may therefore be forced to wait more than 90 days before his title becomes non-appealable and …” „… , consequently, enforceable.15 In Caffaro,16 the ECJ ruled that a national rule preventing forced execution by …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 2 Definitions S. 1311-1320

„… instalments, which permits the creditor to have his claim against the debtor collected by means of forced …” „… regulate or intervene in the various national procedures in the Member States for forced execution of such …” „… a title or the conditions under which forced execution can be stopped.60 It is not the objective of …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 1 Subject matter and scope S. 1307-1310

„… forced to finance his business externally due to a lack of liquidity.3 Late payment is the major rea- 18 …”

Article 25 CISG S. 130-142

„… party relying on Art. 25 CISG should therefore not find itself forced to disclose its business secrets …” „… buyer is not forced to make use of unreasonable distribution channels,80 which is also the case when the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.4 (Adequate assurance of due performance) S. 665-666

„… an arbitration experience where the supplier in one continent forced the buyer in another continent …”

Peter Mankowski Article 15 S. 441

„… are winding-up with, be it liquidation or forced restructuring. But there is a peculiar limitation to …” „… events are the death of a natural person (a), the (forced or voluntary) dissolution or liquidation of a …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845276564

Monte Palmer - The Future of the Middle East

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Monte Palmer

The Future of the Middle East

2018

Results in this title

1 The Power of Faith, Force, and Finance S. 1-18

„… 11THE POWER OF FAITH, FORCE,AND FINANCEThe soaring violence in the Middle East has become a global …” „… doomsday script currently threat-ening the Middle East is to evaluate the effectiveness of faith, force,and …” „… , FORCE, AND FINANCE 11THE POWER OF FORCEForce, in the context of our discussion, refers to the use of …”

8 The Era of Islamic Rule (2010–2013) S. 131-154

„… , force,and finance resources of the Muslim world to the goal of driving theUnited States and Israel from the …” „… and the newly emergent coun-tries of the former Soviet Union. It was these force-based advantagesthat …” „… Islamic manner. Only forced indoctrination can makethem believe in Islam. Force is justified by the need …”

7 The Era of Global Terror and Counter-Terror (2000–2010) S. 115-130

„… finance. The winner and still cham-pion was the Taliban and its ability to transform faith into force.THE …” „… effective balance between faith, force,and finance required to fight terror.8. Force is not compatible with …” „… , force, and finance therein. The focus will be on five countries thatshaped the initial year of the War …”

3 World War II Reshapes the Middle East (1940–1967) S. 39-62

„… and overthrow Nasser. The show of Israeli forcewas effective as the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) seized …” „… ofbuying the loyalty of his tribal forces.The future of Saudi Arabia changed with the discovery of oil. So …” „… deeper into the conflicts of theregion.Whatever the case, faith, force, and finance played a prominent …”

2 World War I Sets the Stage for the Modern Middle East (1914–1940) S. 19-38

„… present chapter illustrates howand why the events of World War I transformed the uses of faith, force,and …” „… economic elite maycombine to make nationalism an irresistible force.The Balance of Faith, Force, and …” „… internally, regionally, and internationally.It is impossible to understand the role of faith, force, and …”

10 Solutions to an Era of Stalemate (Post-2017) S. 171-192

„… asperceptions of the need for force.HARSH REALITIES AND LESSONS LEARNEDTerror and violence will continue as long …” „… examine various uses of faith, force,and finance that are likely to take center stage in the struggle to …” „… faith andfinance. Is that perhaps why they rely on force?Integrate Muslims into the World …”

5 Religious Violence Unleashed (1975–1990) S. 79-100

„… force.The two largest groups, the Islamic Group and the Islamic Jihad,were responsible for most of the …” „… hostages.Transforming Faith into Military ForceNo sooner had the ayatollah stabilized his domestic control over Iranthan …” „… wouldcounter Soviet force. All that was required was pumping Salafi-jihadists,the most violent strain of Sunni …”

4 A Surge of Religious Extremism (1967–1980) S. 63-78

„… had Israel destroyed Nasser’s force weapon but thehumiliation of Nasser’s defeat deflated the …” „… Egypt was to remain the president of Egypt. Lack-ing faith, force, and finance, the odds in his favor …” „… fightingpitched battles with leftist protesters. In the process, the Brotherhoodbecame Sadat’s weapon of force and …”

9 The Old Order Strikes Back (2017) S. 155-170

„… creat-ed by the combination of terror and the force-based response of theUnited States and its allies. Next …” „… crushed with maximum force.It was at this point that the United States, self-proclaimed worldleader in …” „… East was best achieved by diverse combinations offaith, force, and finance.The choice of when, where …”

Index S. 195-202

„… , 15; force, finance,and, 15, 17, 38; force and, 62, 99; forceand religious, 37; identity and, 9 …” „… ; Salafisubsect, 81; Shia and, 130, 150Supreme Council of the Armed Forces(SCAF), 139–140; MuslimBrotherhood and …” „… power, 12–13; Saudi,12–13, 72, 93al-Assad, Hafez, 74–75, 103; faith and,74–75; force and, 75as-Sadr …”

6 The Era of Peace, Stability, and Illusion (1990–2000) S. 101-114

„… supremeguide, the popularly elected parliamentary system, or the force-basedRevolutionary Guards and fanatical …” „… force.Turabi, for all of his religious and intellectual credentials, was not ina position to give orders to the …” „… of military tyrants as a force weaponin the region but found it difficult to keep Saddam Hussein …”

Preface

„… THE FUTURE OFTHE MIDDLE EASTTHE FUTURE OFTHE MIDDLE EASTFaith, Force, and FinanceMonte PalmerROWMAN …” „… Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Palmer, Monte, author.Title: The future of the Middle East : faith, force, and finance …” „… to Carlyle. May the tradition continue.vi iCONTENTSPreface xi1 The Power of Faith, Force, and Finance …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538117897

Bruce M. Lawlor - When Deadly Force Is Involved

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Bruce M. Lawlor

When Deadly Force Is Involved

2017

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13 Reasonable Force S. 207-222

„… 213DEFINING REASONABLE FORCEThe U.S. Code of Federal Regulations describes deadly force as “thatforce …” „… FORCEFinally, for the use of deadly force to be reasonable there must be no easypath of retreat, no reasonable …” „… from Angel. “Hey,Angel, how’s it going?”“Hey, Mel,” Angel said.REASONABLE FORCE 209Back on the porch …”

4 Deadly Threats S. 59-76

„… end up with the shoot-er being convicted of murder.ONLY DEADLY THREATS JUSTIFY DEADLY FORCEThe force …” „… the right to usedeadly force.The court also noted that Bobby Randall had clearly won the …” „… the use of deadly force to protect himself.UNLAWFUL DEADLY THREATS TRIGGER THE RIGHT OFSELF-DEFENSEAt …”

Index S. 273-278

„… ; reasonable forcealternative to use of force: broader thanduty to retreat, 21; lack of as triggeringright of …” „… affecting danger,71, 74; spectrum of behaviors, 69;sudden attacks, 138; unlawful force,requirement of, 65 …” „… ;context, importance of, 88, 120;interpreting behavior, 89, 90; justifyinguse of force, 88; prior behavior …”

5 Verbal Threats S. 77-92

„… deadly force.The second time John’s behavior was unclear is when he thrust hishand into his pocket as he …” „… shot John in self-defense,responding to John’s deadly threat with deadly force, killing John be-cause …” „… bodily injury before deadly force can be used in re-sponse. In Jacob’s case, he said no such behavior was …”

1 Necessity S. 9-24

„… reasonable for Jason to use deadly forceagainst him? Hardly. Had he done so the force would have been …” „… , and faced with a choice of either protecting himself withdeadly force or accepting the likelihood of …” „… self-defense is that a person who is withoutfault may use force, including deadly force, to defend against what …”

8 Duty to Retreat S. 127-142

„… bodily injury, is not required to retreat “to the wall” before defend-ing himself with deadly force.The …” „… England, the government doesn’tapprove of people defending themselves with deadly force, even whenfaced …” „… force to protect oneself from deadlydanger, in the hands of common people, would become a subterfuge …”

9 Stand Your Ground S. 143-158

„… theuse of deadly force to protect oneself against deadly danger would be-come a subterfuge for murder. To …” „… toconsider what the available alternatives might be, or how to avoid the useof deadly force. There was no …” „… assess possible avenues of escape, time toavoid the use of deadly force. In those situations the common …”

Introduction S. 1-8

„… has raised questions about law enforcement’s use of deadly force.Although it’s hard to believe, nobody …” „… force to kill their attackers. Self-defense is part of what Sig-mund Freud called the “deepest essence …” „… havetheir backs against the wall, and no place left to run, before they could usedeadly force to defend …”

6 Imminent Harm S. 93-110

„… , its nearness in time apparent, the need toIMMINENT HARM 105act urgent, making the use of deadly force …” „… force. She could have stayed at her mother’s house, or called thepolice, or gone to a battered woman’s …” „… herselffrom ongoing unlawful violence. It argued that deadly force may only beused in situations where instant …”

Preface

„… AvailableLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Lawlor, Bruce M.Title: When deadly force is …” „… 14310 Castle Doctrine 15911 De-escalation 17512 Mistake 19113 Reasonable Force 20714 Threatened 22315 …” „… WHEN DEADLY FORCEIS INVOLVEDWHEN DEADLY FORCEIS INVOLVEDA Look at the Legal Side of Stand …”

7 Reasonable Fear S. 111-126

„… such abelief, then the defendant may not use deadly force.PERCEPTIONS AS WELL AS REALITY CAN TRIGGER …” „… permitted to use deadly force to avoid being killed. The facts ofthe case fell into three categories: what …” „… right to use deadly force to avoidit. If the jury decides it wasn’t reasonable for the shooter to hold …”

3 Provocation S. 41-58

„… live and let live lifestyle and the absence of a local police force.Hurricane Katrina came along in …” „… makes it less likely that deadly force will be used. It is behavior thatsidesteps potential arguments …” „… circumstances that made itPROVOCATION 53necessary for the shooter to use deadly force to protect himself or …”

15 Decisions S. 239-256

„… force.Check.” Another mark.Catherine made a note on her legal pad.“OK, so here’s the best part,” RJ continues …” „… fight it out and shootKelton if he won. The force she used was reasonable.” There was a hintof …” „… to the dead victim.Forces outside the prosecutor’s office will influence the decision. Howthe police …”

About the Author S. 279

„… ofJoint Task Force-Civil Support, a joint military headquarters, tasked tosupport civil authorities during …”

10 Castle Doctrine S. 159-174

„… now is not a bad idea. Much later and the cops will beout in force. Friday night, you know,” Marty …” „… and face an intruder, and to usedeadly force, if necessary, to protect their home against external …” „… prosecutor arguing that she should have left itbefore using deadly force. The woman defended herself based on …”

Notes S. 257-264

„… Force,” ABA Journal, August 8, 2014.10. Section 870.01 and Section 775.082 (3d) Fla. Stat.11. Section …” „… FORCE1. People v. Kruger, 236 Ill. App. 3d 65, 603 N.E. 2d 743, 177 Ill. Dec. 673(1992).2. 10 CFR …”

14 Threatened S. 223-238

„… whatever she wanted if she would just get out of themarriage. He even tried to force her hand by telling …” „… theright to use deadly force, if necessary, to defend yourself.4 If the lawforbade you from going there, or …” „… threat.ALTERNATIVES TO GOING TO DANGEROUS PLACESAvoiding the need to use deadly force is an important part of …”

11 De-escalation S. 175-190

„… trigger the use of deadly force against theman holding the gun leading to unwanted, fatal consequences.The …” „… respond with deadly force, if necessary, todefend himself.2David’s situation is a good example of how the …” „… confrontation, he had the right to defend himself withdeadly force against Richard’s threat of deadly …”

Bibliography S. 265-272

„… Seen an In-crease in Homicides, Reports Task Force.” ABA Journal, August 8, 2014.Martz, Michael …”

2 Intent S. 25-40

„… also didn’t support the prosecutor's claim that Bettymishandled the pistol when Jeremiah forced it upon …”

12 Mistake S. 191-206

„… question ofwhether Sara could use deadly force in the situation in which she foundherself depends on the …”

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