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Vikram Janardhan, Bob Fesmire - Energy Explained

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Vikram Janardhan, Bob Fesmire

Energy Explained

2010

doi.org/10.5771/9781442203747

Renate Pirstner-Ebner - European Energy Law

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Renate Pirstner-Ebner

European Energy Law

2022

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11 Energy efficiency S. 127-132

„… energy industry themselves.TargetsThe EU determines energy-saving targets on the Union level and level of …” „… 2018/2002/EU (last amended by Electricity Market Directive 2019/944/EU).11.3 Energy-saving measures129Energy …” „… be the final energy consumption or the primary energy consumption.809 Furthermore, the energy-saving …”

10 Renewable energy S. 110-126

„… Renewable energyThe transformation of the energy system to climate-compatible renewable energy …” „… renewable energy sources in the energy production system with the Renewable Electricity Production …” „… systems and concrete criteria for these systems.681The Renewable Energy Directive 2009 replaced the …”

2 Fundamentals of Energy Law S. 17-19

„… it is the product of power and time: E = P * t.10Forms of energyEnergy can be available in different …” „… Fundamentals of Energy LawEnergyThe word energy stems from the ancient Greek term “energeia …” „… ”, meaning “to be effective and to become effective”. Aristotle described energy as “an effective force …”

4 Energy Union and governance S. 33-38

„… Energy Union and governanceEnergy UnionIn 2015 the EU adopted a strategy for an Energy Union based …” „… on five dimensions.128 These are the reduction of CO2 emissions, energy efficiency, security of …” „… energy supply, the internal energy market and the area of research, innovation and competition. In order …”

15 Energy system of the future S. 150-160

„… Energy system of the futureTerminology and criteriaThe energy system of the future is based on two …” „… core criteria. These are the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency. Because of the …” „… energy system”. Unfortunately, the provisions of EU law do not define the term “green energy system”, but …”

12 Decentralisation S. 133-140

„… DecentralisationHistorically, the energy systems of the EU Member States are centrally oriented …” „… has found expression in the legislation. As a result of the increasing renewable energy sources in …” „… the energy system, the decentralisation of the legal system takes place. In this context, small …”

3 Overview of legislation S. 20-32

„… provisions in that area. Besides the energy competence, Article 4 TFEU sets other energy-related competences …” „… separate category of “renewable energyˮ. The EU recognised the need for energy saving and issued the Energy …” „… Steel Community (from now on: ECSC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (from now on: EURATOM). The …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… Energy-saving measures11.3 129Energy efficiency obligation schemes11.3.1 130Alternative policy measures11.3.2 …” „… European Energy LawRenate Pirstner-EbnerMarket System for Electricity and Gas – Energy Supply …” „… Security – Green Energy System of the Future (Green Smart Grid)Renate Pirstner-EbnerEuropean Energy …”

Register S. 161-162

„… alternative policy measure 130ambient energy 112atomic energy 18binding guideline 60biofuel 118biogas 118 …” „… energy 18citizen energy community 137climate protection 29, 53, 150climate-compatible 110coal 19, 20, 32 …” „… warning 67, 97, 103, 107ECSC 20electrical energy 18Electricity Coordination Group 64electricity crisis …”

13 Digitalisation – smart meters S. 141-145

„… function allows them to react adequately with energy-saving actions. In this way, they can actively …” „… changes for the energy systems. Especially in energy metering, intelligent meters will replace …” „… conventional meters (as a rule, Ferraris meters). Intelligent meters or smart meters ensure that energy …”

1 Introduction S. 15-16

„… competitive electricity and gas market and reduce the monopoly situations of the energy companies.Energy law …” „… the first energy liberalisation package in 2003 and 2009.3 In 2018 and 2019, the EU adopted legal …” „… acts concerning the “Clean Energy for all Europeans” package focusing on the internal electricity …”

14 Storage S. 146-149

„… their ability to store large quantities of energy.TerminologyThe Electricity Market Directive 2019 …” „… StorageThe increase in energy production from renewable energy sources leads to higher feed-in …” „… electricity networks. As energy storage facilities can store the surplus electricity energy and rerelease it …”

5 Market System for electricity and gas S. 39-55

„… the energy market for electricity and gas in the EU.159 A core aspect of a liberalised energy market …” „… . The monitoring of these provisions is the task of the national energy regulatory authority. However …” „… specified.Systems and system operatorsIn the energy market of the EU, distribution systems and transmission systems …”

6 ACER S. 56-63

„… of the “Clean Energy for All Europeans Package” in 2019.257 In doing this, the “Agency for the …” „… Cooperation of Energy Regulators” was renamed as “European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy …” „… ACER-Regulation 2019/942/EU.261 Ernst Tremmel, ʻThe EU Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER)ʼ in …”

9 Security of supply S. 88-109

„… Security of supplyThe security of supply in the energy sector has been an exposed agenda in the EU …” „… electricity and gas (and other energy products) supply security. Therefore, a regula9524 The EU replaced the …” „… is meant by the term “security of supply”.TerminologySeveral provisions of the EU and national energy …”

8 National regulatory authorities S. 81-87

„… and William-James Kettlewell (eds), EU Energy Law – The Internal Energy Market, vol I (claeys …” „… , efficient and non-discriminatory systems, including energy efficiency and the integration of renewable …” „… energy efficiency and a high level of consumer protection.493 Additionally, regulatory authorities shall …”

7 Coordination bodies on European Union level S. 64-80

„… competent for energy), the national regulatory authorities, the ACER and ENTSO for Electricity.323 Each …” „… Department responsible for energy, the Director-General or President of the national regulatory authority …” „… coordination of actions with Energy Community Contracting Parties and other third countries. Additionally, it …”

List of abbreviations S. 13-14

„… Atomic Energy CommunityGCG Gas Coordination GroupISO Independent System OperatorITO Independent …” „… Transmission OperatorNECP Integrated National Energy and Climate PlanOJ Official Journal of the European …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748913627

Mirja Schröder, Marc Oliver Bettzüge, Wolfgang Wessels - Turkey as an Energy Hub?

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Mirja Schröder (ed.), Marc Oliver Bettzüge (ed.), Wolfgang Wessels (ed.)

Turkey as an Energy Hub?

Series: Turkey and European Union Studies

Volume 1 2017

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Erdoğan Aykaç Energy Bridge versus Energy Hub? A Discursive Struggle between Turkish Political Elites regarding Turkey’s Role in Energy Security S. 203-220

„… Energy Bridge versus Energy Hub? A Discursive Struggle between Turkish Political Elites regarding …” „… Turkey’s Role in Energy Security Erdoğan Aykaç Introduction “As for the regional role and contributions of …” „… Turkey to the world’s energy security, it is indeed true that Turkey is geographically a bridge between …”

Linda Dieke, Mirja Schröder Turkey as an Energy Hub? Introduction to Turkey’s Role in EU Energy Supply S. 13-26

„… ). http://www.iea.org/topics/energysecurity/ [19.12.2016]. 2 European Commission. In-depth Study of European Energy Security. SWD (2014) 330 …” „… _energy_security_study.pdf [20.12.2016]. 3 European Commission. EU Energy in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2016, Brussels …” „… , http://ec.europa.eu/energy/doc/20140528_energy_security_communication.pdf [20.12.2016]; European Commission. State of the Energy …”

Nicolò Sartori EU-Turkey Energy Market Integration: Towards a Story of Success? S. 95-108

„… . http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File:EU28EnergyConsu mption2014.PNG [31.10.2016]. 4 European Commission. EU Reference Scenario 2016 Energy …” „… . http://ec.europa.eu /enlargement/pdf/turkey/ipa/2015/ipa2015-038-405.7-energy.pdf [31.10.2016]. 16 National Renewable …” „… /ipa2015-0 38-405.7-energy.pdf [20.12.2016]. 18 European Commission. Commission Staff Working Document …”

Yakup Atila Eralp, Neyyire Nilgün Öner Tangör Turkey’s Hub Strategy Conundrum: Energy Debate Meets Foreign Policy S. 221-234

„… . Moreover, Turkey is not only a neighbour country and a bridge to the energy-rich countries in the Caucasus …” „… Turkey’s Hub Strategy Conundrum: Energy Debate Meets Foreign Policy Yakup Atila Eralp and Neyyire …” „… Nilgün Öner Tangör Introduction The energy hub debate is closely linked with Turkey’s foreign policy …”

Mirja Schröder, Wolfgang Wessels The Energy Geopolitics of Turkey – From Classical to Critical Reading S. 27-48

„… International Energy Agency (IEA). http://www.iea.org/topics/energysecurity/ [19.12.2016]. 27 Observatoire …” „… The Energy Geopolitics of Turkey – From Classical to Critical Reading Mirja Schröder and Wolfgang …” „… Wessels Introduction “As an emerging energy hub and a major transit country, Turkey plays an important …”

Neyyire Nilgün Öner Tangör, Mirja Schröder ‘Turkey as a Future Energy Hub’ – A Comparative Analysis of the Hub Narratives in Turkey and in the EU S. 183-202

„… PART IV Discourse: The Narrative of Turkey as an Energy Hub ‘Turkey as a Future Energy Hub’ – A …” „… towards Europe, as a key country for EU’s energy security strategy, and as a growing market for …” „… linking the rich energy resources in the East and South to the western market makes it perfectly …”

Marco Siddi The Scramble for Energy Supplies to South Eastern Europe: The EU’s Southern Gas Corridor, Russia’s Pipelines and Turkey’s Role S. 49-66

„… PART II Turkey and the EU: Pipeline Politics The Scramble for Energy Supplies to South Eastern …” „… the role of key transit country for energy supplies to South Eastern Europe. In the plans of Moscow …” „… energy projects in South Eastern Europe are complex and require systematic analysis. This chapter …”

Omid Shokri Kalehsar The Geopolitical Role of Turkey in the EU’s Diversification Policy S. 81-94

„… gas. Turkey is geographically located between this energy-rich region and energy-poor Europe. Due to …” „… ’, it was estimated that Egypt could become energy-independent and would as a result be able to use …” „… , http://www.energypost.eu/brussels-gives-first-glim pse-means-energy-union/ [20.4.2016]. Omid Shokri Kalehsar 92 This has led to talks between the EU …”

Istemi Berk, Eren Çam, Simon Schulte An Economic Assessment of Turkey’s Future Role in European Oil and Gas Supply Security S. 141-182

„… : Energy and Capital, 2012. http://www.energyandcapital.com/articles/who-is-henry-hub/2040 [19.12.2016]. 14 …” „… Turkey’s ability to become a reliable energy-transit state, corridor or hub. There are some other barriers …” „… , Eren Çam and Simon Schulte Introduction Turkey has always been referred to as a potential energy hub …”

Linda Dieke, Mirja Schröder The Gap Between Political Narratives, Economic Conditions and Geopolitical Dynamics S. 235-242

„… , https://ec.europa.eu/en ergy/sites/ener/files/documents/20140528_energy_security_study.pdf [19.12.2016]. 5 European Union …” „… become an energy hub both from economic and geopolitical perspectives. A gas market scenario analysis …” „… , combined with insights provided by policy actors and energy analysts in the EU and Turkey, has indicated …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… Energy Hub? Contributions on Turkey‘s Role in EU Energy Supply Turkey and European Union Studies edited …” „… global scene. BUT_Bettzüge_3884-7.indd 2 06.04.17 14:35 Contributions on Turkey’s Role in EU Energy …” „… Supply Turkey as an Energy Hub? Mirja Schröder | Marc Oliver Bettzüge Wolfgang Wessels [eds …”

Volkan Özdemir The Political Economy of the Turkey’s Gas Geopolitics S. 109-122

„… PART III Turkey and the EU: Energy Economics The Political Economy of the Turkey’s Gas Geopolitics …” „… Volkan Özdemir Introduction The world’s most vivid energy development since 2008 has been witnessed in …” „… theoretical and analytical approaches to Turkey’s role in energy geopolitics reflect external players …”

Johannes Pollak, Samuel R. Schubert The EU’s South-Eastern Corridor: Lifeline or Pipedream? S. 67-80

„… one hand this led to an increase of energy-intensive industries in Ukraine and the dubious status of …” „… being dubbed one of the least energy-efficient countries, on top of the general lack of transparency in …” „… Introduction For decades energy security has hardly been a matter of primary concern for the European Union (EU …”

Marc Oliver Bettzüge, Harald Hecking Geopolitical Dynamics in the European Gas Market from an Economic Perspective S. 123-140

„… BP Statistical Review of Energy (BP, 2016) Turkmenistan alone holds 17.5 trillion cubic metres of gas …” „… origin of the idea that Turkey might develop into an ‘energy hub’ with significant geopolitical imprtance …” „… , Adnan. Options for Gas Supply Diversification for the EU and Germany in the next two Decades. Ewi Energy …”

Register S. 249-252

„… Egypt 22, 33, 85, 89, 90, 224 electricity market 99, 100, 103, 107, 237 EMRA 98, 100 Energy chapter 99 …” „… , 100 Energy Community 44, 45, 67, 79, 96, 101, 102, 105, 107, 214, 228 energy security 15, 16, 23, 26 …” „… Energy Union 21, 53, 59, 72, 84, 85, 92, 97, 194, 228, 231, 232, 239 ENTSO-E 103 ENTSO-G 105 EPİAŞ 98 …”

Notes on Contributors S. 245-246

„… . Marc Oliver Bettzüge is a Professor of Economics, and the Director of the Institute of Energy Economics …” „… ewi Energy Research & Scenarios gGmbH, Cologne, Germany. Linda Dieke is Managing Director at the …” „… Ankara, Turkey. Harald Hecking is Managing Director at the ewi Energy Research & Scenarios gGmbH, Cologne …”

Blickwechsel. Contemporary Turkey Studies S. 243-244

„… Blickwechsel. Contemporary Turkey Studies The project “Turkey’s Potential as Future Energy Hub …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845282190

Niclas Landmann - Legitimate Expectations and Fair-and-Equitable-Treatment under the Energy Charter Treaty

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Niclas Landmann

Legitimate Expectations and Fair-and-Equitable-Treatment under the Energy Charter Treaty

Series: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Volume 41 2022

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Chapter 3: The Renewable Energy Cases S. 136-186

„… The Renewable Energy Cases The previous Chapter demonstrated that the legitimate expectations are …” „… , technological, and factual backgrounds of the recent cases in the renewable energy sector need to be reviewed …” „… to renewable energy sources was marked by the signing of the Kyoto Protocol in 1992.626 The aims set …”

Introduction S. 23-47

„… investments, non-discriminatory conditions for trade in energy materials, products and energy-related …” „… Norway have not ratified the ECT, see energycharter.org/process/energy-charter-treaty-1994 …” „… /energy-charter-treaty/> (accessed 3 May 2021). 5 Hobér, ‘Overview of Energy Charter Treaty Cases’ in Scherer and Amirfar …”

Bibliography S. 353-370

„… Bibliography Literature Azad KA, Advances in Clean Energy Technologies (Academic Press 2021 …” „… 2010). Baltag C, The Energy Charter Treaty: The Notion of Investor (International Arbitration Law …” „… Internationalen Wirtschaftsordnung vol. 46, Nomos 2019). Benson C, Yim C and Orlowski V, ‘The Energy Charter …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-22

„… Legitimate Expectations and Fairand-Equitable-Treatment under the Energy Charter Treaty Niclas …” „… Landmann A Comparative Analysis of the Renewable Energy Cases Studies in International Investment Law …” „… the Energy Charter Treaty A Comparative Analysis of the Renewable Energy Cases The Deutsche …”

Chapter 4: Analysis of the Case Law Involving Legitimate Expectations S. 187-310

„… , 22 August 2016 ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/12/5, para. 525; El Paso Energy International Company v. The …” „… 2). See also NextEra Energy Global Holdings B.V. and NextEra Energy Spain Holdings B.V. v. Kingdom …” „… the renewable energy cases were able to rely on contractual or semi-contractual agreements, such as …”

Chapter 5: Interpretation and Evaluation of Arbitral Jurisprudence S. 311-344

„… over states.1526 Nor has the analysis of recent cases in the renewable energy sector provided any …” „… ; BayWa r.e. Renewable Energy GmbH and BayWa r.e. Asset Holding GmbH v. Kingdom of Spain, Decision on …” „… February 2020 PCA Case No. 2012-14, para. 521. See also BayWa r.e. Renewable Energy GmbH and BayWa r.e …”

Summary S. 345-352

„… of parties”.1710 From a political standpoint, it is noteworthy that the renewable energy transition …” „… the balancing test towards the investors of the renewable energy sector. Sustainable development, in …” „… particular in the renewable energy sector, is difficult to realise without foreign investment.1711 Thus …”

Chapter 1: The Principle of Fair and Equitable Treatment S. 48-69

„… : 136 Baltag, The Energy Charter Treaty, p. 25. 137 The definition was established by the Tribunal in …” „… Round of Codification (Springer 2017), p. 216, 217. 140 Energy Charter Secretariat, The Energy Charter …” „… interpreting treaty standards.158 A major application of the good faith principle in the renewable energy cases …”

Chapter 2: Legitimate Expectations as the Core Element of Fair and Equitable Treatment S. 70-135

„… . v. The Republic of Lebanon, Award, 7 June 2012 ICSID Case No. ARB/07/12, para. 166; LG&E Energy Corp …” „… have the option to deny or accept that an unlawpara. 600; El Paso Energy International Company v. The …” „… Scherer and Amirfar (eds), International Arbitration in the Energy Sector (OUP 2018), para. 10.02; Peter …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748930259

Sean Winkler - Boris Hessen and Philosophy

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Sean Winkler

Boris Hessen and Philosophy

2022

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Energy S. 120-136

doi.org/10.5771/9781538147597

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