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Alessandra Nervi Christensen - The Making of the European Neighbourhood Policy

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Alessandra Nervi Christensen

The Making of the European Neighbourhood Policy

Series: Außenpolitik und Internationale Ordnung

Volume 2011

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The EU Commission S. 82-86

„… with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours” just a few months later.194The EU CommissionAs becomes clear …” „… from the previous chapters the involvement of the EU Commission, or more specifically the DG External …” „… tothe EU Commission. The first open attempt to place some own thoughts and preferences was through a …”

The President of the EU Commission S. 75-80

„… The actors concretely involved in the ENP decision-making process were theEU Commission, the …” „… member states. It might be a bit misleading talking about the EU Commission as one homogenous institution …” „… preferences, as wellas working methods within the Commission and Council structures.The President of the EU …”

List of Interviewees S. 170-172

„… EU,BrusselsJakub Boratynski, Desk Officer, Unit for Relations with Russia, European Commission Directorate General …” „… Representation of Sweden to the EU, BrusselsManfredo Fanti, Deputy Head of Unit Maghreb, DG RELAX , Commission of …” „… Heather Grabbe, Member of Cabinet of Olli Rehn, Commissioner for Enlargement, DG Enlargement of the EU …”

Internal coherence S. 138-142

„… intergovernmental tasks for the EU actors. This is why in the implementation of the ENP, Council and Commission are …” „… presentations of the HR and Commissioners(RELEX and Enlargement) in the Council demonstrated efforts of …” „… , there was a basic, but general agreement within the EU institutions and themember states that …”

How will the ENP work? S. 67-71

„… , p.6 athttp://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/com03_393_en.pdf.163 Communication from the Commission COM …” „… contractual relations with the EU. The idea of listingthem and including them is to demonstrate that they can …” „… to establish a democratic and legitimate government through free elections. From Tripoli the EU …”

The concept of “coherence” S. 26-31

„… CommissionCommunication in fact stresses that the success of EU external action first andforemost depends on political …” „… of EU foreign policy the dissertation will rely on a roster ofquestions related to the concept of …” „… EU ofcourse is targeted toward specific addressees, in this case all the countries surrounding the EU …”

ENP History (reconstruction according to documents) S. 166-169

„… between the future enlarged EU and its easternneighbours. Council welcomed intention of Commission and HR …” „… ”. Acceding countries present and align themselves with conclusions. CommissionerVerheugen presented report …” „… , President-designate of the European Commission to the European ParliamentStrasbourg, Strasbourg September 14th 1999 …”

The final ENP document S. 134-137

„… countries surrounding the EU. The Commission Strategy Paper definesthe policy scope and objectives, key …” „… http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/strategy/strategy_paper_en.pdf.348 Communication from the Commission 2004, ibid.135the case of Lithuania one can talk about a …” „… of the ENP and placesit clearly in distinction to the Enlargement Commissioner.Most credit goes to …”

The negotiating timeline and the actors involved S. 72-75

„… as the HR, the Commission andother EU representatives. In the second part, the negotiating positions …” „… process were theEU Commission, the Council Institutions, with a special role for the High Representative …” „… following chapter will shed some light on this “Commission dualism”.The discussion in the EU institutionsIn …”

Summary of the Policy Unit Paper S. 169-170

„… Unit Maghreb, DG RELAX , Commission of the EU, BrusselsVasyl Filipchuk , Deputy Head of the Mission of …” „… fromCOREPER. Welcomed Commission Communication on ENP Strategy Paper. Sees strategyas excellent basis to …” „… Europe and Central Asia Document on possible elements for anAction Plan EU-Ukraine. Complete draft to be …”

What is the ENP about? S. 65-67

„… Commission Communication of 2003 was not so evident asthere have been different views within the EU …” „… , adding that it could be developed even further. It should,according to the Swedes, include all the EU …” „… were launched and the Commission entrusted to prepare the relevant proposals.What is the ENP about?As …”

Sweden as the initiator of the ENP? S. 86-94

„… Commission work program where the geographic scope of anyEU initiative in the neighborhood should go from …” „… CommissionCommunication in March 2004, this time coming from the External RelationsDirectorate, and with the completion of …” „… the Council Conclusions. All member states welcomed the intention by theCommission to develop …”

The EU High Representative and the Policy Unit S. 80-82

„… forRelations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours” just a few months later.194The EU CommissionAs becomes …” „… onthe relations between the future enlarged EU and its neighbors, the GAERC taskedthe Commission as well …” „… clear from the previous chapters the involvement of the EU Commission, or more specifically the DG …”

The negotiation matrix S. 133-134

„… surrounding the EU. The Commission Strategy Paper definesthe policy scope and objectives, key principles and …” „… applies to all non-EU participants in the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership…The Commission also recommends …” „… and placesit clearly in distinction to the Enlargement Commissioner.Most credit goes to the …”

Bibliography S. 173-186

„… http://ec.europa.eu/comm/off/work/2000-2005/com154_en.pdfCommunication from the Commission: “Wider Europe – Neighbourhood: A …” „… athttp://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/com03_393_en.pdfCommunication from the Commission: “On the Instruments for External Assistance under …” „… http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/reform/document/com04_626_en.pdfCommunication from the Commission: “European Neighbourhood Policy. Strategy Paper”,COM …”

EU relations towards neighbors 1990–2000 S. 57-63

„… the wayit did before. The decision by the G24 to give the EU Commission the lead in cocoordinating the …” „… has become ever more important. It is with this background that the EU Commission started thinking …” „… http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/cp064e.pdf.61emerge as collective actor and implement common objectives together with theCommission …”

EU relations towards neighbors 1960–1990 S. 53-57

„… 1980s, was it agreed to fully associate the Commission withthe work of the EPC.By the mid 1980s the EU …” „… EU as an entity however,has entertained relations with its neighbors before the creation of such a …” „… the EU was handling its neighborhood relations before the inauguration of the ENP. This chapter will …”

The “Wider Europe” debate and the origins of the ENP S. 63-65

„… objectives, its duration and the resources that will have to be provided by theEU and the member states. The …” „… intention is to give a clearer focus to EU foreignpolicy, and to combine all the external policies of the EU …” „… into a single framework.142It did not take long, before the EU decided to actually make use of this new …”

Introduction S. 13-17

„… the External Relations Commissioner and was given quite some prominence by the EU institutions and …” „… changinggeographic dimension and security environment, the discussion of the EU’s “absorption capacity”, and more …” „… willbe on the EU foreign policy agenda in the years to come.The weaknesses and failures of the Common …”

Snapshot of the perception of the ENP S. 144-159

„… President of Ukraine andthe EU Presidency, the President of the EU Commission and the HR, known as the …” „… the subtle change in the perceptionof the EU of itself. It was explained that the ENP is based on the …” „… cooperation. The EU definitely defines itself as avalue-based entity with a certain identity and as such acts …”

General Affairs and External Relations Council (GAERC) S. 36-44

„… therefore under theresponsibility of the Council of Ministers of the EU. The Commission has an important …” „… Keeping this inmind, the following paragraphs describe the institutional set-up in EU foreign policy and …” „… might shed some light on what bargaining or problem-solving might meanwithin the EU context and when …”

Poland as advocate for the “Eastern Dimension”? S. 114-125

„… Polish accession to the EU andhad given the Commission and the High Representative the mandate to …” „… consideration within the EU institutions the Centraland Eastern European countries (CEE) were not members yet …” „… so-called “big-bang” enlargement and their entry as full-fledged EU members.Nevertheless, the future members …”

Italy balancing the EU “Southern Dimension” versus the “Eastern Dimension”? S. 94-104

„… Commission was particularly engaged in new EU initiatives to foster the intercultural dialoguewith the …” „… encompassed all of EU’s immediate neighbors to the East and South, with specialattention on Russia. It wanted …” „… developments in the regions surrounding the EU. Sweden was generally in accordance with the ideas of the …”

Lithuania as promoter of democratization? S. 125-133

„… activities.326Lithuania as promoter of democratization?Lithuania, like Poland, was not a member of the EU at …” „… veryvocal concerning an “Eastern Dimension” of the EU. There are however, notabledifferences in their …” „… negotiations.Strategic preferences• Enhance the role of the EU as a foreign policy actor in the neighborhood.• Focus on …”

The CFSP negotiation mode S. 31-35

„… processwithin the EU institutions leading to the adoption of this framework policy. TheENP, even if now mostly …” „… in the Commission’s domain in what concerns its implementation, has been negotiated and decided in …” „… to the point of a solution. This placesthe concept of negotiations at the center not only of EU …”

Germany’s new role between East and West? S. 104-114

„… , Lithuanian and Polish delegations to ask the EU member statesand the Commission to “enhance” the agreed …” „… with the neighbors.A representative from the Italian EU Delegation explained, “there is a type …” „… EU Eastern Dimension267 and thus havingbeen a strong supporter for a so-called EU “Ostpolitik”. But …”

Executive Summary S. 187-188

„… theresponsibility of the EU Council of Ministers, the Commission however, has theright of initiative and is fully …” „… institutions,the Council’s Secretariat and its High Representative, and the European Commission.This work traces …” „… ” enlargement.This work presents a successful example of EU foreign policy making. Thedissertation tackles the …”

Academic discourse and state of the art S. 18-20

„… of the EU as anevolving international actor has been growing steadily. The scope varies: There …” „… , concluding that the predominantly intergovernmental character of the CFSP structures is hindering the EU …” „… Press LTD, London 2005; ElfriedeRegelsberger: “Die Gemeinsame Aussen- und Sicherheitspolitik der EU …”

Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER) S. 44-49

„… Commission proposalin detail.”105 By now it can be said that every area of EU policy is covered by oneor more …” „… several sources – the presidency, one or more member states, the Commission,the European Council or the HR …” „… This of course does not mean that the EU is able to come up with joint approacheson all foreign …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… . 72The discussion in the EU institutions5.2. 75The President of the EU Commission5.2.1. 76Strategic …” „… The EU Commission5.2.3. 82Strategic preferences5.2.3.1. 82“Old member states’ ” specific interests and …” „… itsneighboring regions4.1.53EU relations towards neighbors 1960-19904.1.1. 54EU relations towards neighbors …”

What is “process tracing”? S. 20-22

„… coherence in EU foreign policy.Finally, this analysis will be relying on a considerable set of empirical …” „… process from the very start. Thus,this study fits well within the framework of “The EU in the World …” „… within them, EU institutions) ‘wins’ in policy-making debates, what is the substance of any policieson …”

COEST Working Group S. 49-52

„… COREPER in its functions of preparing the Council meetings and due to the ever-growing EU agenda COREPER …” „… representatives of the member states to examine and discuss a new Commission proposalin detail.”105 By now it can …” „… be said that every area of EU policy is covered by oneor more working groups “engaged in the initial …”

Overall endorsement of the ENP by member states S. 142-144

„… line at EU level on the issues of the ENP. However, itwas shown that there were many overlapping …” „… strategic interests and that memberstates did not mind giving the Commission and Council institutions the …” „… interests might develop througha discussion sparked off at EU-level or might even be constructed at …”

Conclusions S. 160-165

„… ENP framework forms the basis for EU neighborhoodrelations. Even if the ENP claims to be based on …” „… policy for the whole EU neighborhood based ona definition of clear EU interests and a strategic debate …” „… about creating an “overarching” policy frameworkthrough which the EU cooperates with the whole of its …”

How will the research be done? S. 22-26

„… actors are the member states and EU institution representatives. (Before doing so the centrality of …” „… made by government officials and EU representatives after the formulation of the ENP can also give …” „… closereading of numerous documents, both public and confidential. Consulting officialdocuments at EU (Council …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845227948

Robert Stüwe, Thomas Panayotopoulos - The Juncker Commission

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Robert Stüwe (ed.), Thomas Panayotopoulos (ed.)

The Juncker Commission

Series: Schriften des Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung (ZEI)

Volume 79 2020

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Politicizing EU Policies – The Juncker Commission’s Priority 10 »Democratic Change« S. 191-199

„… 191 Politicizing EU Policies – The Juncker Commission’s Priority 10 »Democratic Change« By Sarah …” „… new as the EU started making efforts to regulate lobbying activities a long time ago. The Commission …” „… significantly. The Juncker Commission’s proposal was aimed at enhancing both the transparency of EU …”

A Balanced and Progressive Trade Policy to Harness Globalization - Trade for All? S. 145-152

„… investor-state disputes (»ISDS«) to the jurisdiction of EU Courts (Juncker 2014a; European Commission 2015b …” „… established exclusive competence of the EU (European Commission 2015c, 7). International investment law is a …” „… Juncker Commission, EU trade policy would be based on the new reality that the global economic system …”

The Juncker Commission: »Towards a New Policy on Migration« S. 169-176

„… Commission began its mandate in late 2014 under unfortunate political circumstances. While the EU was still …” „… EU forced the Juncker Commission to defer its policy course throughout its term from planned action …” „… priority to form »an effective, fair and robust EU migration policy« (European Commission 2019a). However …”

List of references S. 177-180

„… . Carrera, Sergio, and Elspeth Guild. 2014. »The Juncker Commission: A New Start for EU Justice and Home …” „… . https://www.ceps.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ Essay%20S%20Carrera%20and%20E%20Guild%20A%20New%20Commission%20a%20New%20JHA%20Policy.pdf …” „… European Commission of Crisis – Has the Juncker Commission delivered a new start for EU Justice and Home …”

The Juncker Plan, when EU public banking enters politics S. 71-87

„… raised from the fact that the Commission’s proposal for InvestEU for the next Multiannual Financial …” „… 1: The Juncker Plan, when EU public banking enters politics 75 The Commission services had no …” „… program. The management of the EU budget is the competence of the Commission, and the Commission …”

List of references S. 153-156

„… . https://www.politico.eu/article/isds-the-most-toxic-acronym-in-europe/. Bassot, Étienne, and Wolfgang Hiller. 2019. »The Juncker Commission’s Ten Priorities. An …” „… Commission »How Important are EU Exports for Jobs in the EU?«. November 2018 …” „… .« https://ec.europa.eu/info/balanced-and-progressive-trade-policy-harness-globalisation_en#background. European Commission. 2015a. »Commission asks Member States to terminate their intra-EU bilateral …”

Lessons Learned: How the Juncker Commission Navigated Politicized Policies S. 205-216

„… The five year period of the Juncker Commission (2014-2019) was not smooth sailing for the EU …” „… Commission’s work. In terms of the executive’s competences, the EU’s founding treaties mandate that the …” „… mandatory relocation quotas for refugees within the EU in 2016, which originated in a Commission proposal …”

Introduction S. 19-25

„… and the accountability of the European Commission's work for EU citizens: Introduction 21 »This …” „… European Commission’s annual Work Program based on the ten priorities outlined by EU Commission President …” „… Juncker Commission. The primary goal of this book is to trace patterns of politicization in EU …”

List of references S. 117-118

„… . https://ec.europa.eu/commission/commissioners/sites/cwt/files/commissioner_mission_letters/sefcovic_en.pdf. European Commission (COM b). 2014. »Mission Letter Miguel Arias Cañete. Commissioner for …” „… . https://ec.europa.eu/commission/commissioners/sites/cwt/files/commissioner_mission_letters/arias-canete_en.pdf.pdf. European Commission (COM). 2015. »State of the Energy Union 2015.« COM (2015) 572 final, Brussels …” „… «. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/factsheet-energy-union-priority_april2019.pdf. European Commission (COM b). 2019. »Factsheet: The Energy Union five years on. The new …”

Driving European Integration under the Spotlight of Climate: Shifting Policy Strategies under the Juncker Commission’s Climate and Energy Agenda S. 107-116

„… the Juncker Commission’s Climate and Energy Agenda By Sanni Kunnas EU climate & energy policy …” „… Commission was calling for the EU to balance its emissions and the removal of greenhouse gases and to become …” „… explore is how the EU institutions – and in particular the Commission as the sole player with power of …”

Origins and Functioning of the Political Commission: An Assessment from Inside the Juncker Commission’s Machine Room S. 29-68

„… : https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/cwt/files/commissioner_mission_letters/timmermans_en.pdf), Juncker wrote: »The Commission’s relationship with the European Parliament is the source of …” „… ____________________ europa.eu/commission/publications/president-junckers-political-guidelines_en, where Juncker says in the introductory part: »After having campaigned as the lead candidate of …” „… : https://ec.europa.eu/commission/commissioners/sites/cwt/files/commissioner_mission_letters/dombrovksiscomplementary-mission_en.pdf). With this combination of the functions of coordinating Vice-President supported by the …”

List of references S. 200-202

„… (2014/839/EU, Euratom). Official Journal of the European Union. November 28, 2014. European Commission …” „… Release. May 19, 2015. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_15_4988. European …” „… Commission. 2016. »Delivering on transparency: Commission proposes mandatory Transparency Register for all EU …”

List of references S. 128-130

„… . https://ec.europa.eu/commission/publications/president-junckers-political-guidelines_en. European Commission. 2016. »Better Regulation: Delivering better results for a stronger Union …” „… . https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/516e18cc-0356-11e7-8a35- 01aa75ed71a1/language-en. European Commission. 2019. »25 years of the …” „… «, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_ATA(2019)642251. European Commission. 2019b. »Communication from The Commission to the European …”

Reframing a Deeper and Fairer Internal Market S. 119-127

„… . However, the EU has agreed on the revision of the Posting of Workers Directive, and the Commission adopted …” „… end to roaming charges for mobile phone users throughout the EU. In September 2017, the Commission …” „… their participation. In June 2018, the Commission also published a proposal for the new EU space …”

European Digital Single Market or the Collective Failure of Individuals S. 91-103

„… Digital Single Market not yet finalized The Juncker Commission’s project of building a European Digital …” „… European Commission, European Parliament and the private sector have politicized the policy-making process …” „… . In 2014, all EU member states agreed to prioritize breaking down barriers, in order to complete the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-16

„… Integrationsforschung Center for European Integration Studies Nomos The Juncker Commission Politicizing EU Policies …” „… Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stüwe, Robert / Panayotopoulos, Thomas The Juncker Commission Politicizing EU Policies Robert …” „… EU Commission. The interplay between the European Commission, initiating and executing EU …”

List of references S. 88-90

„… . https://www.ecsa.eu/news/associations-warn-against-risks-shifting-cef-money-efsi. European Commission. 2016. »Ad-hoc audit of the application of the Regulation 2015/1017 (the …” „… . europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/ey-report-on-efsi_en.pdf. European Commission. 2017. »Investment Plan for Europe: The Juncker Plan’s impact in the real …” „… «. https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/economicand-fiscal-policy-coordination/european-economy-explained/graphs-economictopics/investment-plan-europe-juncker-plans-impact-real-economy_en European Commission. 2018a. »Juncker Plan exceeds original €315 billion investment target …”

Justice, Fundamental Rights and the Juncker Commission: Qui trop embrasse, mal étreint? S. 157-166

„… Commissioner for EU norms and values. Henri de Waele 162 2.3 The asylum and refugee crisis Next to the …” „… EU territory from North Africa and the Middle East. Recognizing it as Chefsache, the Commission …” „… EU law existed whatsoever. This bold proposition came to naught. When assessing the Commission’s …”

List of references S. 104-106

„… /eu-cracks-data-privacyloopholes-may-remain/?mbid=BottomRelatedStories. Hearing of Mariya GABRIEL, Commissioner-designate for the Digital Economy and Society portfolio …” „… Companion to the European Commission.« European Voice. http://www.politico.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02 …” „… the European Union. European Commission. 2019. »COM(2019) 374 Final.« Eur-Lex.Europa.Eu. July 24 …”

List of references S. 167-168

„… Review 55 (5): 1457–1494. European Commission 2014. »A New EU Framework to Strengthen the Rule of Law …” „… . https://ec.europa.eu/commission/ presscorner/detail /en/SPEECH_13_677. Smeets, Sandro and Derek Beach. 2020. »When Success is an …” „… Priority 7: Justice, Fundamental Rights, and the Juncker Commission 167 List of references Bárd …”

List of references S. 189-190

„… . 2019. »The Juncker Commission’s ten priorities. An end-of-term assessment«. PE 637.943, May 2019 …” „… . European Commission. 2014a. »Commission Work Programme 2015. A New Start«. COM (2014) 910 final …” „… , Strasbourg, December 16, 2014. European Commission. 2014b. »ANNEX [1] to the Commission Work Programme 2015 …”

A Stronger Global Actor Strengthening the Global Role of Europe S. 181-188

„… official PESCO website (https://pesco.europa.eu/) already announces in its header, the Commission’s …” „… policy. In this policy field, the power of initiative does not lie with the European Commission and …” „… orientation into the ten priorities for the Commission under his presidency, clearly highlights the …”

List of references S. 141-144

„… , growth and jobs - tools for stronger EU economic governance.« Communication from the Commission to the …” „… , Brussels, November 26, 2014. European Commission. 2015a. Commission Decision (EU) 2015/1937 of 21 October …” „… , Christoph. 2020. »The Juncker Commission's contribution to the completion of the European Economic and …”

List of references S. 26

„… , July 15, 2014. Peterson, John. 2017. Juncker’s political European Commission and an EU in crisis …” „… Juncker Commission’s ten priorities. An end-of-term assessment. PE 637.943, May 2019. Borchardt, Marine …” „… . 2016. A political European Commission through a new organisation. This time it’s different. Really …”

A Deeper and Fairer Economic and Monetary Union S. 131-140

„… new President of the European Commission. Juncker had entered the race as the Spitzenkandidat of the …” „… improving the democratic legitimacy of the European Union (EU). Six years after the start of the Great …” „… fundamental reforms. In response to the immediate crisis, the European Commission (2010 a,b) had provided an …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845297736

Frank Montag, Franz Jürgen Säcker - European State Aid Law

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Frank Montag (ed.), Franz Jürgen Säcker (ed.)

European State Aid Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2017

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COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) NO 651/2014 S. 384-887

„… 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm PART IV COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) NO 651/2014 of 17 …” „… subsequently prolonged by Commission Regulation (EU) No 1224/2013 of 29 November 2013 amending Regulation (EC …” „… infrastructure by December 2015. (2) With its Communication on EU State Aid Modernisation (SAM)5, the Commission …”

JUDICIAL PROTECTION AT EU-LEVEL S. 1666-1717

„… Justice of the EU, Article 52 Statute, para. 5. 24 See, e. g., GC, Case T-140/03 – Forum 187 v Commission …” „… Eidgenossenschaft v Commission, [2006] ECR, II-2073, para. 20–23. XII 29–32 Judicial Protection at EU-Level 1674 N …” „… EU-Level.3d from 22.07.2016 14:25:55 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm support of the Commission …”

ARTICLE 108 TFEU S. 1510-1553

„… 140/1 of 30.4.2004, changed by Commission Regulation (EU) No 372/2014 of 9 April 2014, OJ L 109/14 of …” „… Commission. 52 Streinz/Koenig/Kühling Article 108 TFEU mn. 12; Sinnaeve EuZW 1998, 268, 269; Koenig/Roth …” „… the Commission (Article 4(3) EU).129 68Insofar as, within the framework of the ongoing examination …”

FINANCIAL TRANSFERS AND TRANSACTIONS S. 978-1109

„… 52. 9 Giesberts/Streit EuZW 2009, 484. 10 Commission, EC-Bulletin 9/1984, 104. 11 Commission …” „… undertakings subject to EU competition law.26 This does not conflict 17 Commission’s position, EC-Bulletin …” „… , ECR 1987, 2599, para. 7 – Commission/Italy; C-69/91, ECR 1993, I-5335, para. 15 – Decoster. 113 …”

ARTICLE 107 TFEU S. 52-295

„… Authority in close cooperation with the EU Commission in order to ensure the uniform implementation …” „… and for how long the European Commission is competent to impose EU state aid law. It can also …” „… . While new aid is always to be reported to the EU Commission according to Article 108(3) TFEU, existing …”

RULES FOR EXAMINING AID IN SPECIFIC SECTORS S. 1164-1509

„… , taking into account the objectives of the EU Digital Agenda27 and the principles of the Commission’s …” „… final. 28 Communication from the Commission on ‘EU State Aid Modernisation (SAM)’, COM (2012) 209 final …” „… line with the EU procurement procedure rules.39 However, in almost all cases, the Commission finds than …”

SERVICES OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST (SGEI) S. 296-383

„… On 20 December 2011, the European Commission adopted a revised package of EU State aid rules for the …” „… ) TFEU in two different ways. On the one hand, the Commission Decision 2012/21/EU lays down the …” „… seq. 58 Commission decisions of 15 October 2014 ((EU) 2015/248), SA.23008 (2013/C), OJ 2015 No. L 41 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… and provide a reliable documentation and assessment of the relevant decisions of the EU Commission and …” „… )) ..................................................................................... 377 PART IV COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) NO 651/2014 …” „… . 8643Saecker_EU_State_Law_#3.indd 1 22.07.2014 09:37:32 Reemers Publishing Services GmbH …”

TAX MEASURES S. 1110-1163

„… von der regionalen Selektivität, EuZW 2006, 717; Armesto, The ECJ’s Judgement regarding the Tax …” „… Know Them?, Tax Notes 92 (2001), 413; Bartosch, Selektivität der Begünstigung, in: Bartosch (ed.), EU …” „… ., The EdF Ruling, EStAL 2010, 267; id. Case Note on EDF v Commission, EStAL 2010, 679; id., Neues zum …”

COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) NO 659/1999 S. 1554-1649

„… Nehl EStAL 2/2014, 235. 10 Reg. 794/2004, OJ 2004 L 140/1, changed by Commission Regulation (EU) No …” „… . 10 Communication from the Commission, Monitoring report on the state of preparedness for EU …” „… v Commission (Siemens Bauelemente OHG), [2001] ECR, I-1101, para. 53 et seqq. with com. Lübbig Eu …”

INTRODUCTION S. 2-51

„… Competition Law, EU Practice and Procedure, 2nd ed. 2012, Introduction. 5 Commission, Energy Sector Inquiry …” „… http://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/annual_report/1999/en.pdf. 8 Bultmann, 311, 321–325. 9 CFI Case T-319/99 FENIN v Commission [2003] ECR II-357 …” „… unemployment rates or the per capita gross domestic product are used as benchmarks by the EU Commission. The …”

ARTICLE 109 TFEU S. 1650-1665

„… proposal from the Commission and after consulting the European Parliament, may make any appropriate …” „… Commissioner Kroes “New State Aid Action Plan”, EStAL 2005, 391; Blumann, L’émergence de l’exemption …” „… . 2000, 20; Nehl, 2013 Reform of EU State Aid Procedures: How to Exacerbate the Imbalances between …”

RESCUE AND RESTRUCTURING AID S. 888-977

„… International Competitiveness of the Sector(s) Affected by Such Aid, Final Report to the European Commission …” „… Comments on the Commission’s Draft, EStAL 2014, 289; Quigley, European State Aid Law and Policy (2nd ed …” „… Guidelines, Competition Policy Newsletter 2004 Nr. 3, 58; Waldbauer, The Commission Decisions on Hypo Group …”

Index S. 1718-1749

„… see State aid Aid control procedure IX 1 et seq., 8 et seq. – Commission’s internal procedure IX 122 …” „… Guidelines IV 52 1 – costs eligible for aid IV 52 5 – EU Digital Agenda IV 52 13 – evaluation IV 52 13 et seq …” „… complying with EU standards IV 49 104 Aid for culture and heritage conservation IV 53 1 Aid for debt …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845258966

Anca Daniela Chirita - The German and Romanian Abuse of Market Dominance in the Light of Article 102 TFEU

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Anca Daniela Chirita

The German and Romanian Abuse of Market Dominance in the Light of Article 102 TFEU

Series: Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes - Rechtswissenschaft

Volume 82 2011

Results in this title

The Challenges of EU Competition Law: The European Commission’s Reform Efforts S. 24-25

„… 24 4. The Challenges of EU Competition Law: The European Commission’s Reform EffortsPrevious …” „… reforms in the areas of agreements and mergers based on legislative changes challenged the substance of EU …” „… modernised. As mentioned previously, Article 102’s modernisation included the European Commission’s review of …”

Concluding Remarks on the Final Balancing of Policy Objectives, their Enforcement and Future Challenges S. 46-49

„… principles for the application of the Act against Restraints, as the Commission stressed for Article 102 with …” „… under EU competition policy. It could be subordinated to Article 119 and economic freedom should take …” „… competition is identical to the one present in the EU secondary legislation on unfair commercial practices and …”

The Dominant Position and the Concept of Abuse S. 82-104

„… the Union’s unfair commercial practices, the Commission does not have any regulation on EU unfair …” „… practice does. If the Commission were to have a regulation on EU unfair competition to cover the …” „… 82 includes situations that in both the EU and the Romanian competition law produce an enforcement …”

Conclusions and Reasons to Enact an Unfair Competition Control Regulation Union-wide S. 372-375

„… ,1495 trademarks and so on. As a guardian of the Treaty, the Commission can rely on the EU case law …” „… secrets etc. Put concisely, it would have been difficult for the Commission to undermine its former …” „… that the «Commission should carefully examine the need for Community action in the field of unfair …”

Concluding Remarks S. 220-222

„… n 297. 221 Commission were to enforce EU unfair competition law, there should be a Union act to …” „… its future teleological interpretation possible for implementing the Commission’s effectsbased …” „… the dispute over «criminal» competition law887 and avoid any overlapping with EU unfair competition …”

Establishing Market Dominance S. 74-79

„… 74 III. Distinctive Features of Romanian, EU, and German Abuse of Market Dominance The conditions …” „… criteria, which the competition authorities or the Commission use in order to establish market dominance …” „… relevant market; (3) There is a distinctive requirement that EU dominance should arise within the internal …”

The Teleological Interpretation of Article 12 to Article 102 S. 217-220

„… of EU law. According to former judges Pescatore and Lecourt, «the function of the ECJ is not to …” „… efficiency-based defence. Any further change in EU case law must challenge the interpretation of Article 102 with …” „… types of abusive conduct that the Commission’s Guidance suggested was most harmful to consumers. Despite …”

Overview of Major Policy Objectives S. 27-46

„… European Commission has wide powers to make sure businesses and governments stick to EU rules on fair …” „… overview of the multitude of national policy goals in light of the Lisbon Reform Treaty that are part of EU …” „… EU competition law also lies in safeguarding the «competitive process» within the internal market …”

A Shift to More Effects-based Competition, Consumer Harm, and Public Policy? S. 213-217

„… 213 8. A Shift to More Effects-based Competition, Consumer Harm, and Public Policy?Under EU …” „… consumers in general and the paramount consideration of direct harm fall under EU unfair competition rules …” „… .852Therefore, if the Commission were to shift its analysis to the conduct of dominant undertakings …”

Bibliography S. 383-395

„… .: The Development of German and European Competition Law with Special Reference to the EU Commission’s …” „… , Henrik, EU Dumping Determinations and WTO law, Kluwer Law International, 2009.Areeda, Philip: Essential …” „… : Some Reflections on the European Commission’s Intel Decision, 1(2010)4 Journal of European Competition …”

The European Commission’s Standard: Total v Consumer Welfare S. 65-68

„… , and enhancing its efficiency and fairness», available at http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014 …” „… did not compete on the merits. This aspect endorses the view that a narrow EU efficiency-based defence …” „… overall objective justification of harm to market-structure. 6. The European Commission’s Standard: Total …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Challenges of EU Competition Law: The European Commission’s Reform Efforts 245. National Competition …” „… the Objective Justification 616. The European Commission’s Standard: Total v Consumer Welfare 657 …” „… . Brief Overview of Short-Term or Other Policy Goals 68a) The Origins of Un(Fair) Competition under EU …”

Introduction to the Challenges and the Gaps of the Guidance Paper S. 158-162

„… 158 V. The Analysis and Criticism of the European Commission’s Guidance Paper on the Application of …” „… with the Commission’s effects-based approach. 1. Introduction to the Challenges and the Gaps of the …” „… Guidance Paper Indeed, the extent to which EU competition law on the abuse of dominance has been …”

Preface S. 11-12

„… various competition goals is of crucial importance for an understanding of EU competition law and draws …” „… national competition law and of its influence upon EU competition law. Furthermore, the analysis of some …” „… is, therefore, to examine the substantial differences between German and EU competition law while …”

The Control of Unfair Competition Acts: A Dynamic Interpretation S. 370-372

„… ,1495 trademarks and so on. As a guardian of the Treaty, the Commission can rely on the EU case law …” „… coherent EU control of such unfair practices. This situation is similar to the one under the former «common …” „… competition rules», where the Commission enforced the control of anticompetitive practices that affected …”

Stricter National Abuse of Market Dominance Rules S. 22-24

„… Challenges of EU Competition Law: The European Commission’s Reform EffortsPrevious reforms in the areas of …” „… with EU competition law,29 as national legislation that protects legitimate interests other than the …” „… EU law.30In particular, the Modernisation Regulation allows both German and Romanian competition …”

The Balancing Test: The Public Interest and Effective Competition S. 333-336

„… Commission’s officials had already classified it as a mere duty to supply.1351 Based on the case law, it is …” „… , etc». 334 interests of EU consumers? The latter aspect is critical where there should be legal …” „… Commission and the court’s findings of a duty to disclose and of the public interest in maintaining effective …”

Undistorted Competition and the Old Teleological Interpretation of Article 102 S. 202-203

„… process, the Commission’s effects-based approach to consumers as an intermediate goal of EU competition …” „… 202 challenges the relevance of Protocol 27 in the Internal Market and Competition not only for EU …” „… competition, but also for a common framework of a Regulation on EU unfair competition or trading law …”

Final Concluding Remarks S. 342-346

„… underpinnings of EU competition law originate in the ordoliberal doctrine without any consideration of the Act …” „… punitive and based on public interest. This leads to the conclusion that under EU competition law a clear …” „… hindrance abuse that is also present under EU case law. Thus, Article 102 lacks any explicit mention of …”

Abuse of Economic Dependency: A Gap under Article 102 S. 322-325

„… », as a policy objective. Without reiterating the German analysis of Section 20, under EU competition …” „… , such as Microsoft, Intel, Rambus, and AstraZeneca, both the Commission and the courts may have already …” „… where a public interest in undistorted competition is at stake. The Commission could, however, extend …”

Brief Historical Overview of National Competition Laws S. 15-19

„… of a dominant market position under EU competition law and the two Member States of Germany and …” „… , there appears to be much in common among national competition laws within the EU since the harmonisation …” „… harmonising the divergent approaches to EU competition law is, indeed, the right way to achieve effective …”

Brief Overview of Responses and Concluding Remarks S. 196-201

„… circumstances is, however, not exhaustive.781In the case of a «discontinuation» to supply, the Commission …” „… may be in line with the Commission’s intention when it states that consumer harm arises if the refusal …” „… . Brief Overview of Responses and Concluding Remarks Despite the FG’s acknowledgement of the Commission’s …”

Final Remarks for Germany S. 379-381

„… also significant challenges of EU competition law in the light of the Commission’s enforcement …” „… sophisticated to reach the Commission’s standards of investigation. Nonetheless, the business environment is …” „… also increasingly pressuring the CC to consider the established EU case law and to guide its decisions …”

Ambiguities: Where is a Clear Policy Standard? S. 162-165

„… . Last, but not least, some of the Commission’s recent decisions or European courts’ judgments question …” „… introductory paragraph, the Commission stated that the effective enforcement of Article 102, which introduced …” „… harm» was when the Commission made it clear that it intended to focus only on those types of …”

The Assessment of Market Dominance S. 112-127

„… under EU competition law, whilst distinguishing between anticompetitive foreclosure of competitors …” „… is a form of dominance close to absolute dominance, as under EU competition law’s super-dominance. a …” „… .6. 116 shift towards legal presumptions is welcome, as following the current EU case law line and …”

Introduction S. 201-202

„… 201 VI. A Future Interpretation of Article 102, Consumer Welfare, and the Way Forward under EU …” „… interpretation of undistorted competition within the internal market and the interplay between EU free and fair …” „… to Article 102. The chapter argues that both EU competition and consumer protection rules can and …”

The Market-Structure-Conduct Paradigm, Effective Competition, and the Objective Justification S. 61-65

„… , and enhancing its efficiency and fairness», available at http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014 …” „… change that has taken place. Intellectual property issues become an integral part of EU unfair …” „… normal competition, namely, Section 5 US Federal Trade Commission’s Act as opposed to the Sherman Act …”

The Scope of Application of the Market Dominance Laws S. 79-82

„… legal entities, irrespective of their nationality, instead of undertakings, as under EU competition law …” „… , is not defined, but extensively developed by EU case law as «every entity engaged in an economic …” „… governed by special regulations.249 A similar approach is confirmed by EU case law where a task is carried …”

Margin Squeeze in the Telecommunications Sector S. 260-268

„… German and European Competition Law with Special Reference to the EU Commission’s Article 82 Guidance of …” „… Commission considered that a margin squeeze can be proven by showing «That the margin between the price …” „… provider in the downstream market to obtain a normal profit».1047The Commission also tried to show that …”

Economically Viable or Surviving in the Market S. 338-342

„… competitor had to «overtake».1368 Similarly, the Commission considered that Microsoft’s tying foreclosed …” „… important, the General Court uphold the Commission’s view that customers had chosen Windows because of …” „… 288, where the Commission held that the «transformation of a rebate awarded only to Dell into a lower …”

The Evolution and Role of Consumers’ Interests S. 211-213

„… EU unfair competition rules.852Therefore, if the Commission were to shift its analysis to the conduct …” „… Consumers’ Interests The debate in the previous section must also shed light on both the recent Commission …” „… , Case C-519/04P, Meca-Medina v Commission, 2006 ECR I-6991, 5 CMLR, 1023; G. Monti, Article 81 EC and …”

Technological Tying v Interoperability in the Software Industry S. 294-298

„… , the Commission investigated IBM for two alleged infringements of abuse of a dominant position in the …” „… 50, 433. 1201 Commission, press release, 26 July 2010, IP/10/1006. 295 institutions worldwide to …” „… clear trend of the Commission appears to be to investigate the interplay of competition with industrial …”

The Comparative Understanding of Undistorted Competition within the Union’s Internal Market S. 205-208

„… interpretation, it is questionable whether the principle of undistorted competition should affect only EU …” „… competition law as antitrust law or should also include EU unfair competition law.811 A dynamic 810 See the …” „… Commission and after consulting the EP, the Council shall take the appropriate measures. See …”

The Union’s Present Unfair Competition Case Law S. 361-370

„… Competition Case Law Professor Glöckner argued in favour of a new understanding of the EU case law on unfair …” „… intervention in Microsoft despite these protected rights that are not recognised as part of an EU unfair …” „… strategies are 1455 General Court, Case T-321/05, AstraZeneca v Commission, 1 July 2010, (unreported), paras …”

The German Economic Thinking in the Light of an Economic Constitution S. 49-55

„… 49 existence of patents. Therefore, should the Commission’s investigatory powers focus upon an …” „… Commission’s Guidance Paper is exemplary in introducing not merely an anti-competitive foreclosure as such, but …” „… property issues as trademarks or business secrets is already harmonised by EU directives. Notwithstanding …”

Undistorted Competition: High Level Protection v Consumer Welfare S. 203-205

„… 102 remains unchanged, as the Commission’s Guidance is without prejudice to the existent case law …” „… Joined Cases C-468 to 478/06, Sot. Lélos, 2008 ECR I-07139, para 67-9. 802 The Commission places …” „… consumers’ interests at the core, see Madill/Mexis, Consumers at the Heart of EU Competition Policy, 1(2009 …”

Brief Overview of Remedies, Penalties, and Judicial Review S. 222-229

„… legislator has therefore adjusted its procedure with regard to EU competition law, since the Commission’s …” „… . Similarly, Article 7 Regulation 1/2003 empowers the Commission to require the undertaking concerned and/or …” „… behavioural by nature, but are structural in effect. According to Article 23 Regulation 1/2003, the Commission …”

The Historical Background of the EU Unfair Competition Rules S. 349-356

„… , the major problem when enforcing the standards of these directives as a corpus of rules of EU unfair …” „… unfair competition rules on the basis of which the Commission could control administratively all such …” „… these disparities and to propose an EU Control Regulation of unfair competition acts. In conclusion …”

Final Remarks and Policy Recommendations for Romania S. 376-379

„… comparative overview of the competition regimes. Thus, its aim is to ensure compliance with EU competition law …” „… harmonisation of national competition laws ensures the furtherance of the EU internal market with free, fair …” „… the necessary division amongst EU competition and unfair competition law within the internal market. 1 …”

The Analysis and Interpretation of the Recent Romanian Amendment S. 150-156

„… acquisition price. Under EU trading law, see the Commission’s amended proposal for a European Parliament and …” „… 150 Both the FCO and the Monopolies Commission criticised the amendment as it might restrict fair …” „… competition to the detriment of consumers.585 The Monopolies Commission deemed the ban on selling below cost …”

The Standard of Proof and the Evidentiary Requirements S. 176-180

„… consumers. However, the Commission justified it by resorting to general factors and presumptions. Therefore …” „… Commission addresses anti-competitive foreclosure «either at the intermediate level or at the level of final …” „… question had any «actual or direct effect» on consumers. EU competition law focuses upon protecting the …”

Introduction S. 346-349

„… 346 IX. The EU Control of Unfair Competition Practices: The Interpretation of Unfair Pricing This …” „… unfairness is a distinctive feature of EU unfair competition law. This interpretation also receives support …” „… and of EU competition law. It is critical when the latter leaves unfairness as «exceptional …”

The Elements of Unfair Competition under Article 102 S. 359-361

„… disadvantage». Surprisingly, the Treaty did not refer to such unfair competition acts together with the EU …” „… public policy of EU unfair competition.1445 The recognition of unfair competition rules could also …” „… determine the Commission to assess certain cases based upon their unfairness. The real reason why the …”

Final Remarks for EU Competition Law S. 381-382

„… also significant challenges of EU competition law in the light of the Commission’s enforcement …” „… been more active in the respective market segment. 3. Final Remarks for EU Competition Law When it …” „… comes to EU competition law, it is difficult to draw specific conclusions, as it is a sum of experiences …”

Protection v Consumer Welfare S. 209-211

„… », as a matter of public interest. However, this should not convey the wrong message that EU competition …” „… undistorted competition, but also recognised as EU unfair competition law. This shift of perspective may …” „… prevent public policy inclusion in EU competition law and the safeguarding of economic freedom as the …”

Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights: A New Exploitative Abuse of Property Rights? S. 307-314

„… industrial property rights (IPRs), the most recent EU case law contains many such examples. In its first …” „… intended purpose, and a further investigation was denied. Under EU competition law, there is, however, no …” „… Commission,1995 ECR I-743, para 46; Case C-78/70, Deutsche Grammophon v Metro, 1971 ECR 487, para 16. 1269 …”

Technical Bundling and the Unfair Interoperability Advantage S. 336-338

„… has extended its competence over unfair, undistorted, and effective EU public competition law. This …” „… marks a landmark case for the development of the EU unfair competition. If the disclosure of trade …” „… products or services through any form of undue influence, pressure, coercion and so on. Under EU …”

Cross-subsidisation S. 259-260

„… . Cross-subsidisation EU jurisprudence defined cross-subsidisation as a situation where the earnings from a given …” „… dominant 1038 Commission decision, Deutsche Post, OJ L125-27/2001, 5 CMLR 99, para 6; Commission decision …” „… Commission considered that a margin squeeze can be proven by showing «That the margin between the price …”

Discounts and Rebates S. 270-279

„… . 10. Discounts and Rebates In comparison with EU competition law, the CC examined very few cases …” „… administrative sanctions because the three-year period had already expired.1108EU competition law remains …” „… Commission decision, Irish Sugar, OJ L258-1/1997; Case T-228/97, IrishSugar, 1999 5 CMLR 1300; Commission …”

The Present Relevance of the Historical Interpretation of Article 102 S. 356-359

„… chapter argues that, the general framework of EU unfair competition law also requires an administrative …” „… system of sanctioning such severe prohibitions that empowers the Commission to impose fines; and, finally …” „… unfair competition rules. My mission is therefore to provide a convincing argument that the EU needs …”

Brief Overview of Short-Term or Other Policy Goals S. 68-74

„… framework of rules and economic principles that the Commission will apply to unilateral conduct under …” „… certain exceptional circumstances. a) The Origins of Un(Fair) Competition under EU Competition Law Under …” „… EU competition law, some commentators have argued that ex Article 82 EC has been applied in light of …”

The Methodological Approach to Efficiencies and Case Law S. 180-190

„… Property Rights and the Incentives Balance Test of the EU Commission, available on ssrn.com, last accessed …” „… Thus, the Commission requires direct evidence of any exclusionary strategy, such as actual foreclosure …” „… when the Commission fails to establish with direct evidence that a negative price impact results or is …”

Reconcilable Tensions of the New Shift S. 165-168

„… 165 The Commission’s approach resembles the German concept of «competition on the merits», which …” „… , might this paradox, indeed, be workable for EU competition in which protecting consumers achieves the …” „… Certainty in light of the Form and Effects-based Approach The EU case law on the abuse of dominance rejects …”

Consistency v Legal Certainty in light of the Form and Effects-based Approach S. 168-173

„… Approach The EU case law on the abuse of dominance rejects any consumer-welfare standard.642 It is …” „… clear her intention to ensure that the Commission’s policy on the abuse of dominance is that such abuse …” „… Commission and DG Competition, 3(2008) Comp.Policy Newsletter; Kroes, Exclusionary Abuses of Dominance: The …”

Super-dominance v Paramount Market Position S. 327-329

„… 327 VIII. Overview of Selected Features of German and EU Abuse of Dominance The present chapter …” „… or surviving in the market. It argues that the Commission and General Court (former CFI)’s approach …” „… Paramount Market Position According to the Commission’s finding, which was upheld by the General Court …”

The Legal Background of the Abuse of a Dominant Position S. 19-22

„… applicability than its Romanian and EU counterparts. The Act restricts the unilateral behaviour of both dominant …” „… for national competition rules, Regulation 1/2003 aimed to harmonise them with the EU competition …” „… application of national laws must occur in a manner consistent with EU competition law,29 as national …”

Export Sales below Cost and Dumping Pricing S. 268-270

„… , the Romanian law governing the practice of selling below the cost of production is stricter than EU …” „… to be subsidised. Under WTO law and EU trading law, selling below cost affects the export of goods …” „… different level of development. Put simply, under EU trading law, the Union’s internal market based on free …”

Refusal to Deal S. 298-300

„… 298 V. Refusals 1. Refusal to Deal Under EU competition law, the refusal to deal is not a clearly …” „… economic freedom, but EU competition policy has been much more involved in these cases than in cases of …” „… . 1229 Commission decision, Liptons Cash Registers/Hugin, OJ L22-23/1978, 1 CMLR D19; Commission …”

The Relevant Markets S. 104-112

„… examples of such definitions supported by similar or recent definitions under EU competition law. a) The …” „… set out in the Regulation for the application of Article 6 RCL and in the European Commission’s Notice …” „… practices, OJ 430/2004; European Commission, Notice on market definition in order to establish the …”

Selling below Cost in the Food Trade Sector S. 257-259

„… entrepreneurial freedom.1035Even before this amendment, the German law on selling below cost was stricter than EU …” „… to be proven. 7. Cross-subsidisation EU jurisprudence defined cross-subsidisation as a situation …” „… dominant 1038 Commission decision, Deutsche Post, OJ L125-27/2001, 5 CMLR 99, para 6; Commission decision …”

Distinctive Features in the Light of the Eighth German Amendment S. 146-150

„… , broadly applied to refusal-to-supply cases, whilst under EU competition law, the application of some of …” „… , para 64; Haucap, para 14. 150 Both the FCO and the Monopolies Commission criticised the amendment as it …” „… might restrict fair competition to the detriment of consumers.585 The Monopolies Commission deemed the …”

National Competition Authorities S. 25-27

„… developing a different direction in future judgments. An integrated EU case law approach and future …” „… of primacy of EU law applied to the largest possible extent may bring about convergence in the …” „… of dominance see, Case 85/76, Hoffmann-LaRoche v Commission, 1979 ECR 461, para 91; generally …”

Concluding Remarks on the Eighth German Amendment and the Case Law S. 325-327

„… aim of prevention-competition compared with the Commission’s fine in Microsoft for its super-dominance …” „… November 2010. Commission, press release, 27 February 2008, IP/08/318, where the fine on Microsoft amounted …” „… to € 899 million. 327 VIII. Overview of Selected Features of German and EU Abuse of Dominance The …”

Brief Overview of Sharp Practices of the German Act against Unfair Competition S. 156-158

„… . 158 V. The Analysis and Criticism of the European Commission’s Guidance Paper on the Application of …” „… with the Commission’s effects-based approach. 1. Introduction to the Challenges and the Gaps of the …” „… Guidance Paper Indeed, the extent to which EU competition law on the abuse of dominance has been …”

(Price) Discrimination S. 284-286

„… founded. Under EU case law, there are various types of price discrimination: «perfect» price …” „… ECR 3461. 1162 Commission decision, HOV SVZ v MCN, OJ L104/34-1994, upheld by the CFI, Case T-229/94 …” „… Commission’s decision on the basis of Article 102 (a) and (c) TEEU.1164 The anti-competitive practices engaged …”

Refusal to Supply S. 300-302

„… competitor is a strong intervention into the economic freedom, but EU competition policy has been much more …” „… , Krankentransportunternehmen II, 12 March 1991, WuW/E, 2707, 2714. 1229 Commission decision, Liptons Cash Registers/Hugin, OJ …” „… L22-23/1978, 1 CMLR D19; Commission decision, Eurofix-Bauco v Hilti, OJ L65-19/1988, 1989 4 CMLR 677 …”

An Empirical Classification of Abusive Practices and Future Challenges S. 230-235

„… difficulties they have experienced as well as recent EU cases on the abuse of dominance. The methodology …” „… German competition law, prevention-competition is distinct from both the EU and Romanian competition law …” „… market structure abuse has discrimination as an independent type of abusive conduct, whilst under EU and …”

Long-term Exclusive Agreements S. 279-284

„… contrast, under EU competition law, exclusive contract arrangements are deemed as abusive per se. However …” „… between 50% and 80% respectively of the consumer requirements.1138The Commission investigated whether E.ON …” „… commitments to meet the concerns of the Commission’s preliminary assessment, namely, the release of certain …”

Excessive or Unfair Pricing and Unfair Trading Conditions S. 236-242

„… (e) RCL is charging excessive prices with the aim of eliminating competitors. As the Commission …” „… 26/75, General Motors Continental v Commission, 1975 ECR 1367, para 12; Commission decision, United …” „… Commission, 1986 ECR 3263, para 27; Case 30/87, Bodson v Pompes funèbres des régions libérées, 1989 4 CMLR …”

Business or Demand-induced Dependence S. 321-322

„… German analysis of Section 20, under EU competition law, one should be cautious in advancing a «gap …” „… , both the Commission and the courts may have already «over»enforced Article 102 beyond the strict letter …”

Refusal to Grant Access to Essential Facilities S. 302-307

„… , WuW/E, 2990. 1236 Commission decision, Sea Containers Ltd/Stena Sealink, OJ L15-8/1994, 1995 4 CMLR …” „… clarified the background of the German and EU essential facilities doctrine and mentioned the criticism of …” „… recent EU case law contains many such examples. In its first case on the abuse of intellectual property …”

Predatory Pricing S. 245-252

„… contrast with EU competition law, where the recoupment of losses does not need to be shown, before the CC …” „… recoupment is not a necessary element of predation.985 The Commission found that Wanadoo had implemented a …” „… , Amtszeiger, 1991, WuW/E, 2762. 1001 See Commission decision, British Sugar, OJ L284-41/1988, 1990 4 CMLR 196 …”

Performance v Prevention-Based Competition and Economic Efficiency S. 55-61

„… . Intellectual property issues become an integral part of EU unfair competition, especially of virtual eantitrust …” „… Federal Trade Commission’s Act as opposed to the Sherman Act; see R.H. Lande, FTC v. Intel, 2(2010) Comp …”

Exclusionary Abuses S. 133-142

„… . 539 For the criticism of the economically viable concept and Commission’s approach in Microsoft, see …” „… likely to have negative effects upon the hindered undertaking. Similarly, the EU’s approach to the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845230306

Astrid Epiney, Marcel Haag, Andreas Heinemann - Die Herausforderung von Grenzen - Le défi des frontières - Challenging boundaries

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Astrid Epiney (ed.), Marcel Haag (ed.), Andreas Heinemann (ed.)

Die Herausforderung von Grenzen - Le défi des frontières - Challenging boundaries

2007

Results in this title

Alison McDonnell The Hierarchy of Norms in EU Law – Empowering and controlling the Commission S. 372-386

„… 372 The Hierarchy of Norms in EU Law – Empowering and controlling the Commission Alison McDonnell …” „… Commission in a recent Council Decision on comitology. B. Refining the hierarchy I. EU law and Member State …” „… -122/04, Commission v. Parliament and Council, [2006] ECR I- 2001. The Hierarchy of Norms in EU Law 379 …”

Peter L. Vesterdorf Democracy, efficiency and the European Union S. 175-196

„… Commission and the EU presidency.32 It is only natural that members on the European Affairs Committee think …” „… EU-level. This was stimulated by Roland Bieber’s intensive engagement in the same field leading him, in …” „… certainly bring progress with 1 * Cand. jur., dr. of EC law (lic. jur.), Head of EU Department, Danish …”

Anne Peters Typology, Utility and Legitimacy of European Soft Law S. 405-428

„… http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/social_dialogue/index_en.htm. 73 See the 1996 Communication by the Commission establishing a general framework for voluntary …” „… successful Swiss textbook on EU-law, Bieber authors (among other parts of the book) the chapter on the legal …” „… Mitgliedstaaten aus Sicht der EU, in: Michel (ed.), Une constitution pour l’Europe, 2003, 47-62. 2 Roland …”

Gerhard van den Berge Une évaluation des chances de succès des négociations en vue de l’adhésion de la Turquie à l’Union européenne – un point de vue européen S. 459-473

„… réitère sa demande d’adhésion, qui est rejetée par les Douze en 1989. L’union douanière EU/Turquie entre …” „… accession to the EU» Deux ans plus tard, le Conseil européen accorde à la Turquie le statut de pays …” „… en 2003; deux années plus tard, la Commission propose un troisième programme de partenariat qui …”

John Usher The Court of Justice of the EU and the Jurisdiction of other International Tribunals S. 599-610

„… Court of Justice of the EU and the Jurisdiction of International Tribunals 607 C-269/97 Commission and …” „… 599 The Court of Justice of the EU and the Jurisdiction of other International Tribunals John A …” „… . Usher* John A. Usher The Court of Justice of the EU and the Jurisdiction of International Tribunals A …”

Waldemar Hummer Vom »Außendienst« der Gemeinschaften zum »Europäischen Auswärtigen Dienst« im Vertrag über eine Verfassung für Europa S. 493-527

„… of the European Commissions´s External Service, Studie verfasst von James Moran und Fernando Ponz …” „… »Europäischen Auswärtigen Dienst« »To the outside world the present situation concerning the EU’s external …” „… an EU Diplomatic Service, EPC-Commentary, 23-07-2004). »Die Einführung eines Außenministers der …”

Bruno Nascimbene European Citizenship and Third-Country Nationals. Recent Trends on the Definition of the European Status Civitatis S. 704-722

„… :// europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesaction.do?reference=PRES/04/321&format=html&aged=1&language=it&guiLanguage=en; the Commission document ‹Handbook on …” „… Court of Justice. That would otherwise be limited by the scope of Article 46 of the EU Treaty which …” „… excludes the Court’s jurisdiction over the EU Treaty, save in regard to the matters expressly indicated …”

Kieran St. C. Bradley Delegated Legislation and Parliamentary Supervision in the European Community S. 286-301

„… powers. Article 155, fourth indent, EEC, required the Commission to »exercise the powers conferred on it …” „… confer implementing powers on the Commission, and to fix the arrangements for the supervision of their …” „… tended to confer quite wide discretion on the Commission in this regard, particularly in the area of the …”

Mathias-Charles Krafft Quelques réflexions sur les aspects institutionnels de la navigation intérieure en Europe S. 356-371

„… lettres a eu lieu entre le Président de la Commission des CE et le Président de la CCNR en vue de définir …” „… régionaux. 2. Au cours des discussions ultérieures, le représentant de la Commission européenne a eu …” „… contexte, l’adoption par la Commission européenne, le 17 janvier 2006, d’une communication sur la promotion …”

Anne Cornu La «nouvelle» compétence communautaire en matière pénale – Quelles conséquences pour les Etats membres de l’AELE? S. 784-800

„… conséquences de l'arrêt de la Cour du 13 septembre 2005 (C-176/03 Commission/Conseil) (P6_TA(2006)0260). V …” „… mit dem künftigen Ratspräsidenten der EU «300 Sprachen und 500 Dialekte – das ist mein Europa …” „… communautaires, v. D. Pichoustre, La compétence pénale de la Communauté, A propos de l’arrêt Commission c …”

Bruno De Witte Les frontières du marché: la place des valeurs non marchandes dans la législation sur le marché intérieur S. 754-768

„… Witte, The delimitation of powers between the EU and its Member States, in: Arnull/Wincott (Eds …” „… . Comme un exemple parmi de nombreux autres, l’on peut citer la proposition de Directive de la Commission …” „… Commission avait porté l’Italie devant la Cour pour manque de transposition de la Directive 73/404 en …”

Autorenverzeichnis S. 851-856

„… , Professor EU law at Brussels University (VUB) Marcel Haag Referatsleiter im Generalsekretariat der …” „… , Professeur honoraire à la Faculté de droit de l’Université de Lausanne, ancien président de la Commission …” „… centrale pour la navigation du Rhin et de la Commission internationale pour la protection du Rhin Georg …”

Christine Kaddous A propos de la libre circulation des personnes en vertu de l’Accord entre la Suisse et l’Union européenne S. 528-542

„… commissions fédérales de recours, ainsi que par le Tribunal fédéral et, en matière d’assurances sociales …” „… Personenfreizügigkeitsabkommen zwischen der Schweiz und der EG sowie den EU-Mitgliedstaaten, AJP/PJA 2002, 1003, 1014ss. 26 …” „… ), 348-349; Théodore Bühler, Das Vorabentscheidungsverfahren nach EU-Recht als Mittel zur Entlastung des …”

Georg Ress Aspekte der Stabilität der Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte S. 231-240

„… Zustimmung zum 14. Zusatzprotokoll verweigert, was damit gescheitert ist (EuGRZ 2006, 204). 234 Georg Ress …” „… Commission zur innerstaatlichen Erledigung der Eigentumsansprüche der jenseits des Bug enteigneten Polen …” „… Claims Commission für alle Entschädigungsforderungen wegen Enteignungen bzw. Zugangsbehinderung in …”

Francesco Maiani La Suisse, le système de Dublin et l’influence du droit communautaire sur son droit d’asile S. 812-830

„… avec la Suisse a été plusieurs fois reportée. La Commission européenne n’a finalement consenti à …” „… 6 § 1 AAD). Eu égard au caractère fondamental des objectifs mentionnés, la cessation de l’Accord …” „… en matière d’asile»30. II. Disparité des régimes d’asile et mouvements secondaires La Commission …”

Andrea Bonomi Le divorce en droit communautaire entre règles de droit international privé et objectifs de droit matériel S. 769-783

„… rattachements objectifs Face à ces difficultés, la Commission n’a eu d’autre choix que d’innover42. Elle propose …” „… giugno 2002, Collana della Commissione ticinese per la formazione permanente dei giuristi, Vol. 30 …” „… 12 n’a pas suscité beaucoup de réactions. Au cours de ces tous derniers mois, la Commission, dans la …”

Bibliographie Roland Bieber S. 857-865

„… (Commission/Danemark) et C-236/90 (Commission/Italie), Common Market Law Review, 1993, p. 1197- 1208. 74. Die Abkommen …” „… des Europäischen Parlaments zur Demokratisierung der EU, Schweizerische Schriften zur Europäischen …” „… zum EU/EG-Vertrag, 5ème éd. Baden-Baden (NOMOS) 1997, 200 p. 95. Reformen der Institutionen und …”

Vlad Constantinesco Les partis politiques au niveau européen: vers un comblement du déficit démocratique? l’apport du Règlement (CE) n° 2004/2003 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 4 novembre 2003, relatif au statut et au financement des partis politiques au niveau européen S. 93-103

„… partis politiques au niveau européen Vlad Constantinesco Le professeur Roland Bieber a eu l’occasion …” „… l’Université de Lausanne. A cette première époque de sa carrière, j’ai eu, avec Jean- Paul Jacqué et Dietmar …” „… commentaire sous l’article 191 T CE, dû à Johann Schoo in Jürgen Schwarze (Hrsg.): EU-Kommentar, Baden-Baden …”

Petros C. Mavroidis It’s alright ma, I’m only bleeding (A comment on the Fedon jurisprudence of the Court of First Instance) S. 548-558

„… Commission reimburse the damage suffered during that period as a result of the extra duty imposed on its …” „… , consequently, since one of the three conditions (commission of an illegal act, damage, causal link between …” „… -135/01, on Fedon vs. Council and Commission of 14 December 2005 (unpublished). By moving it to 100 % ad …”

Denis Piotet Le notaire, passeur ou passant de frontières? – Quelques réflexions de droit suisse et européen S. 723-732

„… d’interprétation du droit européen Le 12 octobre 2006, la Commission européenne a envoyé des avis motivés à sept …” „… liberté d’établissement (art. 43 du Traité). Les décisions de la Commission sont substantiellement …” „… d’une activité publique au sens de l’art. 45 du Traité. Quelque temps auparavant, la Commission avait …”

Samantha Besson, André Utzinger European Citizenship Across Borders S. 627-644

„… national polity, the introduction of a citizenship of the European Union (EU) within the European Union …” „… little more than a misnomer since EU citizenship rights’ positive guarantees were at most a reiteration …” „… ratione materiae of EU citizenship rights have been broadened. This fleshing-out of Union citizenship …”

Ninon Colneric Die Rolle der Rechtsvergleichung in der Praxis des EuGH S. 316-323

„… 316 Die Rolle der Rechtsvergleichung in der Praxis des EuGH Ninon Colneric* Ninon Colneric Die …” „… Rolle der Rechtsvergleichung in der Praxis des EuGH I. Einleitung Wenn ich während meiner Tätigkeit als …” „… Richterinnen und Richter am EuGH. Wer die Urteile des Gerichtshofs studiert, wird allerdings relativ selten …”

Helmut Schmitt von Sydow Die paneuropäische Energiegemeinschaft mit Südosteuropa S. 559-579

„… motivationsbeflügelnde Projekt, den EU-Binnenmarkt bis 1992 zu vollenden, die frohe Botschaft marktwirtschaftlicher …” „… Conclusions of the Ministerial Conference on Energy Co-operation between the EU, the Caspian Littoral States …” „… ; Nadine Haase, Russian and Caspian oil pipelines: What Policy for the EU?, 2004, 33. 8 Vitaly Denysyuk …”

Jean-Paul Jacqué Quelques réflexions sur le contentieux interinstitutionnel S. 338-355

„… articles. 13 Arrêt du 16 mars 1987, Commission/Conseil, rec. 1493. 14 Avis du 4 octobre 1979, rec. 2781. 15 …” „… Avis 1/94 voir infra. 16 Arrêt du 10 janvier 2006, affaire C-94/03, Commission/Conseil, rec. I-1 et …” „… arrêt du 10 janvier 2006, affaire C-178/03, Commission/Parlement et Conseil, rec.I-107. Quelques …”

Karel De Gucht Enlargement: Past and Future S. 485-492

„… , Minister of State, Professor EU law at Brussels University (VUB). 486 Karel De Gucht relevance …” „… NATO membership went hand in hand, in fact preceded, EU membership. This foreign policy rationale is …” „… contend with. Through imposing its body of law, in contrast to military might, the EU has spread its model …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-20

„… 356 Alison McDonnell The Hierarchy of Norms in EU Law – Empowering and controlling the Commission 372 …” „… zahlreichen Rechtssachen vertrat Roland Bieber das Europäische Parlament vor dem EuGH. In den Jahren 1996/97 …” „… -20/05 im Lichte der EuGH-Entscheidung Mangold 214 Barbara Wilson The Right to Know One’s Origins and …”

Andreas R. Ziegler, Bogdan Mihalache Cendrillon ou la métamorphose impossible de l’Accord de libre-échange entre la Suisse et la Communauté économique européenne de 1972 S. 611-626

„… suisses et les tribunaux suisses, en particulier le Tribunal fédéral et les Commissions de recours …” „… ) la réponse du Conseil fédéral du 25 mai 2005. Voir aussi Commission de la concurrence, Droit et …” „… directement il n’y aurait pas eu de violation43. Ceci semble aussi résulter de la jurisprudence ultérieure …”

Thomas Fischer, Josef Janning Die Zukunft der europäischen Demokratie: Institutionalisierung von Differenz S. 117-136

„… negative dänische Referendum und die extrem knappe Zustimmung der Franzosen zum EU-Vertrag von Maastricht …” „… Integration im Wandel, 2006. 2 Beate Kohler-Koch, Legitimes Regieren in der EU. Eine kritische …” „… Unionsbürger (»government of the people«) ganz oben auf die EU-Reformagenda gesetzt. Auch dieser ambitionierte …”

Christa Tobler Die Rechtssachen M-1/05 und M-20/05 im Lichte der EuGH-Entscheidung Mangold S. 241-261

„… 241 Die Rechtssachen M-1/05 und M-20/05 im Lichte der EuGH-Entscheidung Mangold Christa Tobler …” „… Europäischen Gemeinschaften (EuGH) in der Rechtssache Mangold vom 22. November 20056. In jenem Fall hielt der …” „… der Europäischen Gemeinschaften (EuGH) in Luxemburg verweist, siehe Art. 221 EG. 2 »Tribunal de …”

Francis Jacobs Between Luxembourg and Strasbourg: Dialogue between the European Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Justice S. 205-214

„… practical purposes, 2 Case 4-73 Nold v. Commission [1974] ECR 491. 3 Case 36-75 Rutili v. Minister for the …” „… Charter are addressed to the EU Member States only when they are implementing Union law. It is important …” „… in the first place on the Union institutions and other Union entities; and on the EU Member States …”

Andreas Heinemann Interferenzen zwischen öffentlichem Recht und Privatrecht in der Wettbewerbspolitik S. 681-703

„… Auftrag gegebene Ashurst-Studie, welche die Situation in den 25 EU-Mitgliedstaaten empirisch untersucht …” „… http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/antitrust/others/ actions_for_damages/study.html. 4 Zu den nötigen Präzisierungen s. David Gerber, Law and …” „… Zivilgerichtsbarkeit, 1971. 10 Grundlegend zum Thema Clifford Jones, Private Enforcement of Antitrust Law in the EU, UK …”

Daniel Thürer Libanon-Konflikt: Zur Struktur einer (völker)rechtlichen Argumentation S. 580-598

„… UN-Doc. A/HRC/2/7, Nr. 98. 41 UN-Doc. A/HRC/2/7, Nr. 99 f. 42 Report of the Commission of Inquiry on …” „… weder auf UNO- noch auf EU-Ebene über eine militärische Infrastruktur und insbesondere eine …” „… Bericht der International Law Commission on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts …”

Vincent Martenet La Cour européenne des droits de l’homme et la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne S. 215-230

„… arrêts, dont certains revêtent une 1 * Professeur à l’Université de Lausanne, membre de la Commission …” „… fédérale de la concurrence. Les opinions émises dans le présent article ne lient pas ladite Commission. 1 …” „… . 4 Pour des illustrations récentes, cf. CJCE, arrêts AIT c. Commission du 19 janvier 2006, aff. C-547 …”

Pierre Engel La Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, miracle ou mirage d’un humanisme juridique effectif? S. 197-204

„… sur la politique extérieure de la Suisse en matière de droits de l’homme» de la Commission de …” „… violateur d’habitude. Y a-t-il eu un précédent à ce jour? Et pourtant, il y aurait matière à faire un …”

Etienne Grisel Fusion de cantons S. 324-337

„… , bureau, lieu des réunions, nomination de commissions et d’experts, modalités de travail de la …” „… sur le problème posé. En effet, l’alinéa 3 de l’article 53 a été élaboré par les Commissions …” „… avec le point douteux; tout au plus a-t-il, lui aussi, eu le précédent de Vellerat à l’esprit en …”

Frank Emmert Market Economy, Democracy, or Rule of Law – What Would You Pick, if You Had to Choose? S. 104-116

„… Council, the European Parliament and the Commission on European Union Development Policy: ›The European …” „… are many ways for such promotion. One approach that has been applied by the United States, the EU and …” „… available at http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/61.htm. 16 The EU has suspended aid to …”

Suzette Sandoz Ebauches de réflexions sur les limites de la démocratie S. 167-174

„… nous avons eu le privilège de partager des tâches décanales de 1998 à 2000 –, dédicataire de cet …” „… renoncer à faire allusion à l’Etat de droit dans le texte constitutionnel (Rapport de la Commission …”

Barbara Wilson The Right to Know One’s Origins and the Margin of Appreciation of States: the Case of Jäggi v. Switzerland (ECHR) S. 262-274

„… ; Mikulic v. Croatia (note 7), § 58. 29 See the early decisions of the European Commission of Human Rights …” „… . L’ordre juridique admet toutefois une prolongation de la protection, eu égard à la dignité du défunt et …”

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