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Hartmut Ihne - Global Governance und wissenschaftliche Politikberatung - Tendenzen und Prinzipien

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Hartmut Ihne

Global Governance und wissenschaftliche Politikberatung - Tendenzen und Prinzipien

2007

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Development Research and Development Policy S. 123-127

„… Research and Development Policy The world, or more appropriately the picture we have of it, is becoming …” „… regard to development policy, since it touches on all political areas, thus in itself constituting a …” „… . Especially in as much as the cross-sectional task of development policy is concerned, it is vital that the …”

International commissions S. 78-88

„… (334).173 The commission also expresses their conviction that a committed policy of development would have …” „… idea of subjectivity and personality. Thereby political science is obviously tending to the policy of …” „… Independent Commission for International Questions on Development (North-South-Commission) In 1980 the report …”

Auswahlbibliographie/Selected Bibliography S. 129-134

„… , Expertise and Public Policy: Workshop on “Advice for Policy-Making in Western European States”. Papers …” „… World Politics for the 1990s, Toronto/New York 1989. Crocker, D.A., Toward development ethics, in: C. K …” „… . Wilber et al. (Ed.), Economics, ethics, and public policy, New York, Oxford 1998. Crozier, M., The …”

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) S. 88-94

„… the social democratic-oriented policy of development. In their earlier analysis of the work of the …” „… is a critique of the undifferentiated policy of growth of industrial nations and their international …” „… respect to the development of the Global Governance idea, is recognised as a pioneer in this field. This …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… . Development Research and Development Policy 1235. Concluding remarks 1277Auswahlbibliographie/Selected …” „… governance and evidence-based policy advice –tendencies and principlesNomos1. Auflage 2007© Nomos …” „… (Nord-Süd-Kommission) 18b) World Commission on Environment and Development - Brundtland-Kommission 20c) Commission on …”

Research institutes S. 94-97

„… , become one of the most important think tanks for the social democratic-oriented policy of development. In …” „… steps.” 2.3 Research institutes Institute for Development and Peace (INEF) The Institute for Development …” „… Development and Peace (SEF) which was founded in 1986 on the initiative of Willy Brandt. Franz Nuscheler both …”

Global Governance as a socio-political principle of order and integration S. 102-105

„… framework of its development policy. 105 In any case the global governance debate marks the problematic …” „… a title for a global structural policy. German development policy is based on this framework and is …” „… objective, economic and social aid for construction and development. The BMZ as well talks about good …”

A Critique S. 105-112

„… policy. German development policy is based on this framework and is guided by the leitmotif of global …” „… sustainable development as well as the goal of fighting poverty. Beginning on the second page and without any …” „… the developing reality of that active society (…) whose development it both productively participates …”

General definition of terms S. 73-78

„… political tasks in the fields of economics, development and also the environment will, in the future, only …” „… as the diverse forms of global structural formations and cross-border developments of new spaces …” „… individuals and society under the banner of Global Governance. It is merely noted that this development has …”

Guidelines for an efficient form of a science-based political consultancy S. 120-123

„… special science and art of consultancy is necessary. 4. Development Research and Development Policy The …” „… with it adequately. This holds particularly true with regard to development policy, since it touches on …” „… such studies are especially important that deal with the current and concrete status of development of …”

Trade Unions S. 97-98

„… pillar-supported World Order policy - does that not remind one of an anachronistic desire for stability? Of this …” „… development of international work standards. The US trade unions have supported the formation of multilateral …” „… and cultural skills; development of skills in international economic conditions; and initiating …”

Index S. 137-140

„… .......................................................................................................81 Development policy ................................................ 104, 105, 114, 123, 124, 125 …” „… , 99, 105, 113 Development aid …” „… .......................................................................................................72, 85, 97, 113 Independent commission for international questions on development …”

Global Governance as a neo-liberal principle of order S. 99-102

„… and foreign policy.” Scherrer, 2002, 118. Scherrer, moreover, refers to the work conducted by Murphy …” „… the state in the role of the decisive development reformer and economic actor neither on the national …” „… : OECD, The Development Dimension of Trade. Paris 2001. The World Bank, Globalization, Growth and …”

Global Governance within the framework of the commission of enquiry of the German Federal Parliament S. 113-115

„… countries. 114 ‚ “Global governance in development policy”(438) ‚ “Embedding non-state actors in global …” „… ), ‚ “Strengthening of a coherent nation-state policy” (421) ‚ “Support for regionalization efforts of developing …” „… international organizations”(432) ‚ “Strengthening and democratising the UN”(432) ‚ “International gender policy …”

Allgemeine Begriffsbestimmung S. 11-16

„… Bericht des United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) zeigt bezüglich des globalen Problems der Armut …” „… automatic link between democracy and equity, no automatic link between democracy and human development …” „… .“ UNDP, Human Development Report 2002, Deepening democracy in a fragmented world, New York, Oxford 2002 …”

Models of political consultancy S. 115-120

„… situations”246. In a positivist tradition, 241 A historical overview on the development of political …” „… determines societal development: Even the “communal issues of a community” presuppose knowledge of the matter …” „… policy which is supported by the Federal Government. 260 A. Murswiek, Wissenschaftliche Beratung im …”

Global Governance als neoliberales Ordnungsprinzip S. 39-42

„… neben der Wirtschaft als die zentralen Akteure gelten: OECD, The Development Dimension of Trade. Paris …” „… Social Policy in Europe and East Asia, Bangkok, Oktober 26-27, 2000) sprechen, sondern zunehmend auch von …”

Der Fall Entwicklungsforschung und Entwicklungspolitik S. 64-68

„… schon bestehende Netzwerke (wie etwa das Global Development Network) einbezogen werden, ‚ dass neue …” „… Universität von Warwick mit dem Thema „Bridging Research and Policy“ deutlich gemacht. Dazu liegt ein gutes …” „… mit Problemen der Entwicklungspolitik und ihre Erkenntnisse und Policyempfehlungen nach Außen hin …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845200682

Hubert Heinelt, Michèle Knodt - Policies within the EU Multi-Level System

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Hubert Heinelt (ed.), Michèle Knodt (ed.)

Policies within the EU Multi-Level System

2011

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Michèle Knodt, Xandra Schnurre-Weiß Development Policy S. 81-100

„… processes which are simultaneously applied. 3. Policy-making Development policy is regulated in the …” „… policy-making. However, this development has only been institutionalized within the framework of the ACP …” „… – development policy faces the challenge of cross-pillar policy-making. This fact in no way simplifies the …”

Tanja Kopp-Malek, Marta Lackowska Structural Funds S. 153-170

„… policy. However, the European Regional Development Fund was limited (like the European Social Fund) to …” „… principles for the further development of the structural policy, was predominantly an exclusive work of the …” „… , John/Martins, Marion Ruis/Gibney, John T., 1985: The Development of European Community Regional Policy, in …”

Peter H. Feindt Agricultural Policy S. 205-230

„… products must be accompanied by the development of a common agricultural policy among the Member States …” „… policy development. The reasonable consumer prices goal does not require a ‘cheap food policy’ as was …” „… Development Policy (2006/144/EG) the European Council stated in 2006 that ‘the CAP and its future …”

Dirk Lehmkuhl Transport Policy S. 283-302

„… (European Environment Agency 2009). 3. Policy-making From a historical perspective, developments in …” „… been present in the development of a transport policy at the European level early on. The fact that …” „… policy in particular. Examples for this development include the realm of transport safety, the European …”

Julian Siegl Internal Security Policy S. 349-370

„… to analysing the past developments of the policy area in the former third pillar, this chapter also …” „… political pressure from the European Council that takes stock of policy developments in the justice and home …” „… cooperation. The Commission’s assessment of policy development under the Hague Programme (2005-2009) listed a …”

Berndt Keller Labour and Employment Policy S. 231-260

„… Social Policy throughout the 1990s, and more recent developments since 2000 (Lisbon strategy). Social …” „… Furthermore, these developments in the monetary and economic policy spheres have no functional equivalent in …” „… : ‘Implementation may be seen not as a stage separated from policy-making, but rather as the continuation of policy …”

Michèle Knodt, Sigita Urdze Democratisation Policy S. 21-38

„… cooperation, development cooperation, humanitarian aid, as well as foreign, security, and defence policy …” „… N. 64B, European Centre for Development Policy Management, Maastricht. Holland, Martin, 2002: The …” „… the decision-making processes related to democracy promotion. 3. Policy-making In the field of …”

Gabriele Abels Gender Equality Policy S. 325-348

„… (including the European Neighbourhood Policy) and development policies. Activities are laid out in …” „… then adopted as the EU’s key governing principle for gender equality policy. 4.2 Development of the …” „… . This development reflects the widespread policy of the Commission to organize constituency support …”

Carolin Balzer, Christoph Humrich Education Policy S. 303-324

„… information, which is needed for policy-development (e.g. exemplary and effective policy measures). It plays a …” „… development of the instruments for European education policy, but also the roles of 4 The 1995 White Paper …” „… policy. In 1974 the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP) was founded …”

Hubert Heinelt, Michèle Knodt Conclusion S. 385-408

„… ) or more consensual (like in democratisation policy) and why further developments are blocked or …” „… role and the subnational level no role at all in the development of a coordinated public policy. 391 …” „… development policy. In this case one can speak of an ‘outward’ extended EU multi-level system because it …”

Michael Blauberger, Annette Elisabeth Töller Competition Policy S. 123-152

„… development of EU competition policy. By and large, the Courts’ judgements 129 have significantly …” „… policy by presenting it as three long-term developments and counter-developments: (i) centralisation …” „… development of EU competition policy exhibits a trend from soft to hard law. Originally, only antitrust …”

Peter Kotzian Health Policy S. 261-282

„… other policy domains, for instance, the Framework Programme for Research and Development. There is a …” „… . Developments towards a ‘European health policy’ emerge from the fact that economic integration cannot work if …” „… exclude the EU level. The most frequent policy-making mode is that of member states setting a narrowly …”

Christoph Knill, Jale Tosun Environmental Policy S. 171-188

„… reflected by the differences across the development of individual policy areas. The reason for this …” „… its right to initiate the development of programme concepts. Despite the fact that policy proposals …” „… patterns involving the use of ‘new’ environmental policy instruments. This development was stimulated by …”

Dirk Peters, Wolfgang Wagner Common Foreign and Security Policy S. 39-58

„… developments either via discreet diplomatic channels (démarche) or publicly (declarations). The foreign policy …” „… foreign and security policy objectives. The most important of these are foreign trade and development …” „… realms of policy, such as foreign trade policy, development cooperation or environmental policy. The …”

Dieter Wolf Monetary Policy S. 101-122

„… solutions and monitor the implementation of the recommendation. 3. Policy-making 3.1 Monetary policy …” „… .): Policy-Making in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 5 th edition, 141-160. Moravcsik …” „… 101 Monetary Policy Dieter Wolf 1. Introduction Traditionally monetary policy entails two major …”

Petra Bendel Asylum and Migration Policy S. 371-384

„… with the necessary support in organising joint return operations. 3. Policy-making Immigration policy …” „… . Stockholm. Guiraudon, Virginie, 2000: European Integration and Migration Policy: Vertical Policy-making as …” „… , William/Wallace, Helen/Pollack, Mark (eds.): Policy-Making in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press …”

Michèle Knodt Common Commercial Policy S. 59-80

„… development policy, treaties made with third countries or groups of third countries primarily contain …” „… association and cooperation policy, and are thus not relevant in this context. 3. Policy-making The area of …” „… with economic actors. And finally, the inclusion of civil society actors in policy-making at the …”

Hubert Heinelt, Michèle Knodt Introduction: EU Policies in the European Multi-level System S. 7-20

„… on the policy-making taking place within them – or in other words: to address the structures of the …” „… EU and EU policy-making through specific (research) questions. Firstly of all, the following …” „… section deals with policy-making by distinguishing between agenda-setting, policy formulation and …”

Martin Große Hüttmann Consumer Policy S. 189-204

„… . 2010). The development of EU consumer policy is based on a long history that dates back to the 1960s …” „… chapter seeks to analyse the gradual development of EU consumer policy towards one of the most important …” „… ). Two factors are decisive for the development of the EU consumer policy. On the one hand, the Treaties …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… Knodt 59 Development Policy Michèle Knodt and Xandra Schnurre-Weiß 81 Monetary Policy Dieter …” „… Hubert Heinelt and Michèle Knodt 7 Democratisation Policy Michèle Knodt and Sigita Urdze 21 Common …” „… Foreign and Security Policy Dirk Peters and Wolfgang Wagner 39 Common Commercial Policy Michèle …”

Contributors S. 409-410

„… the Department of Local Development and Policy, University of Warsaw. Tanja Kopp-Malek was researcher …” „… Political Science, University of Tübingen. Peter H. Feindt is Reader for Environmental Policy at the …” „… Comparative Public Policy, Public Administration and Urban Studies at the Institute of Political Science …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845228266

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Reimund Seidelmann (ed.)

The New Germany

2011

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Christoph Schuck Germany’s Development Policy S. 382-392

„… 382 Germany’s Development Policy Christoph Schuck 1. Introduction Over the past decades, Germany’s …” „… development policy has refl ected global trends and has been adjusted to changing perceptions of poverty …” „… descriptions. Among the changes the fi eld of development policy has undergone in recent years is the …”

Kirsten Westphal Germany and Russia S. 373-382

„… Energieversorgung in Deutschland. Aktualisierte Ausgabe. Berlin, April 2009. 382 Germany’s Development Policy …” „… Christoph Schuck 1. Introduction Over the past decades, Germany’s development policy has refl ected global …” „… changes the fi eld of development policy has undergone in recent years is the introduction of the term …”

Christoph Schuck The Concept of Good Governance S. 177-188

„… cooperation constitutes a further development of good neighbourhood policy. If several states in one region …” „… cover both state and socio-economic development concepts. Their application is thought to improve the …” „… support the development of cooperative and non-aggressive foreign policies. Although they cannot be …”

Reimund Seidelmann Germany’s Foreign Policy S. 275-301

„… foreign policy’s objectives means to look at the instruments used by the national actor to pursue its …” „… PART V: Germany’s Foreign Relations 277 Germany’s Foreign Policy Reimund Seidelmann 1 …” „… European state system regarding all of its important developments such as democracy, global engagement …”

Hanne-Margret Birckenbach Germany and European Integration S. 316-335

„… priority, i.e. German sovereignty. French policy-makers felt pressured by the U.S. and had diffi culties …” „… developments in Germany. Furthermore the formation of the Soviet bloc and the emerging Cold War pushed the FRG …” „… of continuity in German European policy during the last 60 years. On part of attitudes one fi nds a …”

Markus Paesler Theory and Historical Development of the Social Market Economy in Germany S. 111-121

„… gain social progress and development a social and economic policy is desperately needed as to …” „… 111 Theory and Historical Development of the Social Market Economy in Germany Markus Paesler 1 …” „… ordoliberalism includes the doctrine of a free market but complements it with a regulatory policy. – The state …”

Reimund Seidelmann Germany’s Security Policy S. 301-316

„… and the USSR/Russia, the development of the military dimensions of its security policy has to be …” „… 301 Germany’s Security Policy Reimund Seidelmann 1. Introduction Understanding security policy in …” „… , independence, and self-determination, Germany’s security policy can be divided into three periods: First, the …”

Dieter Eissel The German Economy S. 75-103

„… matter of government policy. However and in contrast for example to the U.S. model, the German …” „… created by policy makers after World War II having a vivid memory of market distortions and social …” „… given much more authority over monetary policy than ever before in the German history. The West German …”

Kirsten Westphal German Energy Policy S. 137-146

„… 137 German Energy Policy Kirsten Westphal 1. Energy Demand and Supply in Germany Germany is the fi …” „… German energy consumption refl ects its level of economic development as a highly developed industry …” „… security. 2. Energy Policy and the Energy Sector in Germany The fi gures and facts of German energy supply …”

Alexander Grasse Federalism in Germany S. 239-269

„… policy-making autonomy, i.e. their own political and administrative structures and exclusive responsibilities …” „… opportunities to exercise their right to vote and to participate in policy-making. Social resources for …” „… trap’. According to this theory, policy-making and fundamental changes to the rules via which policy …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Kirsten Westphal Germany’s Development Policy …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Dieter Eissel Theory and Historical Development of the Social Market Economy in Germany …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Dieter Eissel German Energy Policy …”

Peter Walter The German Chancellors since 1949 S. 65-74

„… followed a policy of continuity in foreign policy. Successes in economic development until the economic …” „… farreaching orientation to the West both out of strategic interests and the conviction that this policy would …” „… accept that German foreign policy could only made by the thre allies. Nevertheless, he had a cohesive …”

Wichard Woyke French-German Cooperation: Axis and Engine in European Politics S. 335-349

„… Germany France preferred a policy of punishment against Germany, it had to accept the international …” „… developments – at least by American demand and pressure - and as a consequence that a new German state could …” „… presidential constitution, a policy of new grandeur, and political stability, accepted the continuation of …”

Ursula Birsl The German Parliamentarian System S. 189-208

„… security policy (including European policy), policy on development cooperation or labour-market, social …” „… action of the government or even the policy-outcome – the effect of legal actions – can be established …” „… development in Great Britain since the fi fteenth century to a parliamentary democracy (Westminster System …”

Dieter Eissel The German Social Security System and its Reforms S. 121-137

„… unemployment benefi ts, and the demographic developments in an ageing society with low birth-rates. 2 …” „… pension-policy decisions, this approach will be supplemented by the principles of demographic sustainability …” „… , intergenerational equity, and opportunities for labour market participation. 125 These downward developments …”

Hans-Juergen Schroeder From Division to Unity: The History of the Federal Republic of Germany S. 11-65

„… political 18 development. First of all, it provided the fi nancial resources for a revitalization of the …” „… worlds apart. From the very beginning, the Soviet Union had pointed the way for a Socialist development …” „… Germany. Adenauer’s Policy Agenda Adenauer had set six main objectives: 1. To rebuild Western Germany and …”

Iwona A. Hanska Germany and Poland S. 360-373

„… attitude towards Poland. Détente policy in general and the FRG’s policies3 in particular towards Poland …” „… to the test. In view of the political development in Poland the FRG was caught up in the political …” „… needed to stabilise the political development in the East and therefore actively supported Poland in …”

Andreas Vasilache The Idea of Democracy in the West S. 147-168

„… regional particularities in policy-making and to provide a direct and immediate contact 8 See Montesquieu …” „… appropriate framework in order to accommodate policy-making to the different local circumstances within a …” „… its development in the past have to be understood in relation to the tradition of democracy in the …”

Thomas Meyer Social Democracy: The Underlying Political Philosophy of the German Constitution S. 168-177

„… policy making. Basic Rights The starting point of the concepts of social democracy in its modern form …” „… opportunity to personal development and full participation of all individuals in social life should be …” „… ratifi ed by 148 countries from all cultural zones and stages of development in the world of today. It …”

Michael Dreyer Germany and the United States S. 349-360

„… setbacks and irritations notwithstanding. The recent development of German-U.S. relations can roughly be …” „… moved away from the confrontational JCS 1067 and toward a cooperative approach in its German policy …” „… gave a speech in Stuttgart on the “restatement of Policy on Germany”, which opened the path away from …”

Dieter Eissel Elections to the German Bundestag S. 208-225

„… the image of the candidates, economic situation and outlook, important internal and foreign policy …” „… developments from 1949 until now: Table 1: Changes in the Rule of Parties* West Germany after Re-unifi cation …” „… Adenauer era but more in the socio-economic developments – as the effects of campaign slogans of accusing …”

Mathias Fich Local Politics in Germany: Constitutional Basics, Problems and Current Developments S. 269-274

„… planning and business development. Within the municipalities’ tasks welfare policy plays an important role …” „… 269 Local Politics in Germany: Constitutional Basics, Problems and Current Developments Mathias …” „… of waste and sewage. One further task is the development of local infrastructure. This is related to …”

Dieter Eissel The German Social Market Economy S. 103-111

„… policy, fi rstly setting the market forces free and then subsequently carrying out income corrections of …” „… supplement their economic policy by a social policy but not forgetting about an unambiguous border: “If …” „… social policy aims at guaranteeing all people – already from the hour of birth – a full security against …”

About the contributors S. 393-395

„… Integration, German Foreign Policy, and International Relations Westphal, Kirsten: Dr., Energy Expert and …” „… Madrid/Spain and Center for International Development and Environmental Research (CIDER)/University of …” „… foreign policy, and German domestic and foreign policy …”

Mathias Fich The German Party System S. 225-239

„… window policy’ which promises a better commercialisation of information. Actually, these developments …” „… party spectrum; second, selected critical aspects and current developments of the German party system …” „… will be considered. 2. The Basics of the German Party System Historical Development of the German Party …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845227115

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Wilfried Loth (ed.)

Experiencing Europe

Series: Veröffentlichungen der Historiker-Verbindungsgruppe bei der Kommission der EG

Volume 12 2009

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Antonio Varsori Development of European Social Policy S. 169-192

„… 169 5. Social Europe Development of European Social Policy Antonio Varsori Introduction During the …” „… . The present report will analyse both the origins and the development of a European social policy …” „… vocational training policy capable of contributing to the harmonious development both of the national …”

Anne Deighton Foreign and Security Policy after the End of the Cold War S. 255-268

„… by these developments in the foreign policy sphere. The historical context In the nineteenth century …” „… policy – aid, development, diplomatic and military involvement etc. ‘Our history, geography and cultural …” „… of policy-making. The above issues defy easy pigeon-holing as internal or external security issues …”

Gérard Bossuat Origins and Development of the External Personality of the European Community S. 217-254

„… the other hand, the Communities applied a policy of association with a view to the development of the …” „… Stephen Dearden, ‚The Evolution of European Union Development Policy‘, in Anne Deighton/ Gérard Bossuat …” „… countries competed with aid to the ACPs. Finally, ‘EU development policy exhibits a particularly stark and …”

Josefina Cuesta Bustillo A Social Europe (1970-2006)? S. 193-216

„… harmony. Moreover, ‘the objectives of social and employment policy include: the development of civil …” „… development of EU social policy’, according to community documents117. Henceforth, the Agreement is an …” „… policy (European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), since they serve to further the objectives of several …”

Eric Bussière, Michel DUMOULIN, Sylvain Schirmann THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION S. 45-102

„… that he wished for the development of a common industrial policy with, as one of its mechanisms, the …” „… transfer of economic policy jurisdiction taking place. This development can be explained by the effect of …” „… Development of the Common Transport Policy‘, in Bulletin of the European Communities, Supplement 3/93; The …”

Johnny Laursen The Enlargement of the European Community, 1950-95 S. 269-304

„… the institutional and policy development of the community and infused the community with new dynamism …” „… initiatives. First, the French government had proposed the development of a system of closer foreign policy …” „… Portuguese mebership were also utilized as levers for policy development and new initiatives. Thus, Jacques …”

Anne Faber Eastern Enlargement in Perspective: A Comparative View on EC/EU Enlargements S. 305-325

„… . Richardson (ed.), European Union. Power and policy-making, London/ New York: Routledge, 1996, pp. 233-246 …” „… way on the level of day-to-day policy-making – even though no major reform treaty has been …” „… the culmination of certain trends and developments resulting from previous enlargement rounds. The …”

Marie-Thérèse Bitsch, Wilfried Loth EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS AND POLITICAL INTEGRATION S. 103-126

„… policy, and the development of a common social policy, continued to depend on a unanimous vote, even …” „… strategic advice which could favour European constitutional development emerge from this analysis1. I. The …” „… policy, such as the creation of customs union, rules on competition, the harmonisation of legal …”

N. Piers LUDLOW Widening, Deepening and Opening Out: Towards a Fourth Decade of European Integration History S. 33-44

„… multiple other milestones in the development of integration.46 The structure and scope of such volumes does …” „… analysis was better on the way in which national policy towards European issues was made than it was on …” „… condemned other moments in the development of the integration process to languish in comparative darkness …”

Gérard Bossuat, Eric Bussière, Robert Frank, Wilfried Loth, Antonio Varsori Introduction S. 9-16

„… : economic, social policy, European public space, external relations, institutions, and the enlargement of …” „… non-existence of a European social policy and a European social space. As was observed recently in the case of …” „… the vote on the draft European constitution, many voters doubt that a European social policy exists …”

Marie-Françoise Lévy, Marie-Noële Sicard Culture in the Public Sphere as an Issue of European Construction: Missions and Experiences S. 142-151

„… institutionalisation of a European policy and the establishment of institutional legitimacy regarding cultural matters …” „… periods: post-war hopes, the wait-and-see policy and slight movement of the Trentes Glorieuses, and the …” „… this body on February 12th 1950 coincided with the development of television, the new technique for …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… . SOCIAL EUROPE Development of European Social Policy 169 Antonio Varsori A Social Europe (1970-2006)? 193 …” „… : Towards a Fourth Decade of European Integration History 33 N. Piers Ludlow 2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC …” „… Josefi na Cuesta Bustillo 6. EUROPE AS AN INTERNATIONAL ACTOR Origins and Development of the External …”

Antoine Marès Central Europe in the ‘Fifth’ Enlargement of the European Union S. 326-346

„… statements, by making countless public opinion polls, by analyzing the development of legislative assemblies …” „… 1981 against the Solidarity trade union, a wide range of reactions and developments arose. Of …” „… the American policy with regard to Czechoslovakians analysed by Justine Faure, L’Ami américain, Paris …”

Hartmut Kaelble The Concept and Debates on the Idea S. 127-133

„… to draw at the European level, where the European Union encourages the development of public spheres …” „… often linked to a sceptical view of the development of the media in the 20th century, especially the …” „… cant infl uence on European impressions regarding good economic growth, the policy to be adopted …”

Robert Frank Conclusion S. 347-358

„… , enlargement, and external policy. In the 1950s (1950-1957), the choice of an economic Europe which must …” „… . There was not yet any possibility of a common external policy, especially since the Fouchet plan …” „… mere agricultural reasons rather than by major reasons of national policy.3 Functionalists, imbued …”

Robert Frank Cultural, Memorial and Reference Sphere, Public Sphere and European Democracy S. 152-168

„… continent with its heroes, collaborators, partisans of a wait-and-see policy, and the shared hopes of …” „… development of European political civilisation, lends itself to transnationalisation and Europeanisation. On …” „… .45 It is obviously diffi cult to evaluate the results of this policy. There have also been attempts …”

Jost Dülffer The History of European Integration: From Integration History to the History of Integrated Europe S. 17-32

„… was no revolution’. Arnulf Baring opined on West German foreign policy: ‘in the beginning there was …” „… had more to do with the expectations and development paths for further integration than with an …” „… idea was to compare the development of ‘power’ in the four major Western European states – France …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845213323

Karl-Heinz Nassmacher - The Funding of Party Competition

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Karl-Heinz Nassmacher

The Funding of Party Competition

2009

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Policy development (research and training) S. 84-86

„… environment. Such expenses may inseparably include spending on a third cost object, policy development, which …” „… is desirable but cannot be established independently.3. Policy development (research and …” „… current operations and media scrutiny. All of this adds up to the cost of policy development, an …”

Organisation maintenance S. 79-84

„… bureaucracy 163 with research on and development of policy.If a party leadership wants to re-position their …” „… inseparably include spending on a third cost object, policy development, which is desirable but cannot be …” „… established independently.3. Policy development (research and training)Among the services, which are provided …”

Earmarked funds S. 300-302

„… (Germany, 1959), support of the party press (Sweden, 1965) and provision for policy development (Britain …” „… pro vide part of the public funding for policy research and institutional development of partisan …” „… , India, New Zealand, Switzerland and the U.S.67Policy analysis in other ? elds of public policy …”

Different levels of the party organisation (headquarters, branches and chapters) S. 378-387

„… and technological developments. Especially the challenge of the media is seen as most important to …” „… of all parties. Major developments in organisational change seem to be similar. That is, there is a …” „… , albeit to different degrees. These hy potheses require analysing the development of party organisations …”

Parliamentary party groups (caucuses) S. 58-60

„… rarely bene? t from such spend ing on parliamentary routine, policy development and publicity. As a rule …” „… groups have always dominated the process of policy formation, the development of a “parliamentary party …” „… the research does not concern current issues of public policy, but rather the maintenance of party …”

Election campaigns (campaign spending) S. 73-79

„… data are available: campaign spending and organisation maintenance. In addition, policy development …” „… cost(s) of policy development (research and training) or intra-party competition can be expected to reach …” „… provide services for the party leadership. Among these are public opinion polls, research on policy issues …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… (campaign spending) 742. Organisation maintenance 793. Policy development (research and training) 84CHAPTER …” „… development 121a) Economic development 122b) Democratic tradition 1232. Size of the electorate (economies of …” „… competition (individual candidates, factions and primaries) 13811C) Consequences of public policy 1411 …”

National, regional and local tiers (levels of party organisation) S. 47-54

„… tions (possibly including policy development), types of cost will be caused by either cost ob ject and …” „… ) election campaigns, (2) organisation maintenance, (3) policy development (research and training).Readers …” „… abundant. Data for cost units regularly lacks information on policy development, recruitment and training.3 …”

Bibliography S. 407-450

„… : Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002.Camby, Jean-Pierre (1995): Le ? nancement de la vie politique en …” „… Interpretation of the Development of National Politics. In: Thorburn, Hugh G. (ed.), 1996, pp. 128-145.413Carty …” „… ): Developments in Australian Election Finance. In: Alexander, Herbert E./ Shiratori, Rei (eds.), 1994a, pp. 29-40 …”

Stages of political and economic development S. 121-124

„… also reemphasises the need to follow the development of political expenses over time. Can we discover a …” „… competitive politics or impacts of public policy cause the im pressive spread of spending levels, which was …” „… electorate, political routines or stage of development. Among these, political scientists identify the most …”

Index S. 451-467

„… development (research) 57-8, 73, 84-5policy, impacts on spending levels 141-9political action committees …” „… revenuepolitical research see party institutes, policy development, research (political)political spending see …” „… development/ growth, impact on political spending 114, 122-3, 183-90, 192economies of scale 123-7, 151-2 …”

Party spending S. 37-40

„… on the fairness of party competition, the development of party systems, and the structure of party …” „… competitive politics or various impacts of public policy cause the impressive spread of spending levels, which …” „… 1996 and Guthmann 2007, pp. 107-115.40decisions in the realm of public policy may contribute towards …”

Interaction of causal factors S. 149-154

„… variables, which can be run in a regression: Gross domestic product per capita in PPP-$, Human Development …” „… spending: per capita GDP in PPP-$, Human Development Index, experience with democracy (measured by years of …” „… independent variables: public subsidies in percent of total revenue and Human Development Index.151Excluded …”

Cartel parties S. 402-406

„… of party development. The question arises wheth-35 Janda 1980, p. 113. - Details computed from ICPSR …” „… “an early stage” of its development.41 Some scholars advocate an increase in the number of party types …” „… , which did accompany their development from mass suffrage to majority rule (Kirchheimer).47 Party …”

Access for new parties: Openness of the party system? S. 346-352

„… . (the recently created policy development fund), in Italy (during the 1980s) or in the Netherlands …” „… party type(s)In general, stability and change of party systems are caused by social developments and …” „… policy dispute with his old Likud par ty) and it was led to political victory (although a moderate one …”

Sources of revenue S. 40-43

„… practice to policy-makers? How signi? cant is public funding for parties and taxpayers?Although it may be …” „… 40decisions in the realm of public policy may contribute towards higher or lower levels of …” „… involved.Looking at the development of political expenses over time (i.e. the dynamic aspect of politi cal ? nance …”

State intervention in the economy S. 146-149

„… ]. This applies especially to policy-makers, who hand out government contracts or grants to special …” „… Management Development, Fraser Institute and Bertelsmann Foundation). The major difference between these …” „… include, among others, trade policy, monetary policy, foreign investment, property rights and black market …”

Catch-all parties S. 398-402

„… stepping stone for the understanding of party politics and party development.B) Consequences for the debate …” „… and mass parties.6 This typology was rooted in a century of political development. Both types of party …” „… of ideological baggage, a loose connection with the electorate, the mobilisation of voters on policy …”

Areas of interest: issues in political finance S. 19-26

„… granted by public policy are offered now and then. Party members sometimes buy membership cards to improve …” „… politics is washing cash into parties’, candidates’ or administrators’ coffers, most policy studies simply …” „… ? nance regime, are determined by policy decisions or non-decisions of politicians. Together with other …”

Level of the taxpayers’ contribution S. 322-324

„… / Svasand/ Widfeldt 2000, p. 12.324the current policy development grants (introduced in 2002).170 The almost …” „… has facilitated the development of the major opposition parties (PAN, PRD) and contributed to the …”

Demarcation of the subject of this study: party funding S. 34-37

„… frequent is the general impact of public policy. A well-designed programme implemented ef? ciently may work …” „… for policy develop ment. Thus scholars from the Netherlands (Koole), Austria (Sickinger) and Sweden …” „… parties. Third, im pacts of funding on the fairness of party competition, the development of party systems …”

Access to public funding S. 310-314

„… restrictive rule among parliamentary democracies.In Britain the policy development fund is distributed among …” „… different policy option de? nes the threshold by using seats and votes as an alterna tive or in combination …”

Offices (rent of premises etc.) S. 64-66

„… communication (including policy development), but is also caused by the public presentation of policies and …”

Communication S. 66-68

„… rallies is, in part, aim ed at intra-party communication (including policy development), but is also …”

Influence of party competition on funding rules S. 324-326

„… 324the current policy development grants (introduced in 2002).170 The almost constant level of …”

Summary of findings for party organisation S. 389-392

„… af? liated bodies. This development must be seen in connection with more professional approaches in …” „… event-culture. Co-ordination of such activities will become complex, including the policy as well as the poli …”

Distribution of subsidies S. 314-317

„… application of this option has been adopted for the very moderate policy development grants in Britain. Half …”

Revenue/ income S. 393-397

„… is mainly caused by the impacts of public policy and the absence thereof. A practice of corrupt …” „… individual candidates and extend to the development of party systems. If money is a means to success in …”

Membership dues S. 199-215

„… scholarly books only the development of membership numbers, more sophisticated as a percentage of the …” „… million members between 1950 and 1970. Two steep increases (during a heated debate over foreign policy in …”

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