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Felix Beck - Self-Spreading Biotechnology and International Law

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Felix Beck

Self-Spreading Biotechnology and International Law

Series: Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht

Volume 316 2022

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Chapter 1: The Emergence of Self-Spreading Biotechnology S. 47-106

„… Self-Spreading BiotechnologyLegal practitioners and scholars alike often tend to break down the facts of a case …” „… Industrial BiotechnologyIt is assumed that genome editing based on the CRISPR-Cas technique will have a large …” „… Part One:Self-Spreading Biotechnology Challenges International LawChapter 1:The Emergence of …”

Chapter 3: The Regulation of Biotechnology in International Law S. 131-246

„… transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology’.The subject …” „… Modern BiotechnologyThe Cartagena Protocol applies to ‘living modified organisms’, which is defined in …” „… through the use of modern biotechnology’.As noted earlier, the Cartagena Protocol uses this term instead …”

Chapter 9: State Responsibility for Transboundary Harm Caused by Biotechnology S. 495-594

„… Harm Caused by BiotechnologyChapters 6 to 8 have analysed the rules of international law relating to …” „… gives rise to transboundary harm, including in the context of biotechnology.In any event, neither …” „… biotechnology or products of biotechnology. However, as mentioned above, liability may be imposed not only on …”

Chapter 2: Concepts and Terms Relevant to Transboundary Harm Caused by Biotechnology S. 107-128

„… Chapter 2:Concepts and Terms Relevant to Transboundary Harm Caused by BiotechnologyThe first …” „… transboundary damage caused by the application of biotechnology.Before we embark on a detailed analysis of the …” „… chapter has shown that recent advances in biotechnology open up many new possibilities, but also pose …”

Chapter 4: Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Biotechnology Under Customary International Law S. 247-316

„… Chapter 4:Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Biotechnology Under Customary International LawThe …” „… biotechnology such as living modified organisms (VII.).HarmThere is no consistent terminology to describe the …” „… , which Chapter 4: Prevention Under Customary International Law260In the context of biotechnology …”

Concluding Remarks S. 665-670

„… of self-spreading biotechnology is a megatrend that will vastly change the modus operandi of …” „… molecular biotechnology. Genetic engineering is no longer confined to the laboratory but will be carried out …” „… plants in already-planted fields. In this way, self-spreading biotechnology will ‘allow to remotely …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-44

„… of Self-Spreading BiotechnologyChapter 1: 47Concepts and Terms Relevant to Transboundary Harm Caused …” „… by BiotechnologyChapter 2:107Prevention of Transboundary HarmPart Two: 129The Regulation of …” „… Liability of StatesPart Four: 493State Responsibility for Transboundary Harm Caused by BiotechnologyChapter …”

Summary of Results S. 671-688

„… drives and other forms of self-spreading biotechnology.Compensation for Environmental Damage in …” „… Summary of ResultsThe Emergence of Self-Spreading Biotechnology1. Molecular biotechnology has made …” „… also enable the development of various types of self-dispersing biotechnology, which refers to modified …”

Bibliography S. 743-808

„… Biotechnology Perspective (2016), available at: https://static.scientificamerican.com/wv/assets/2016 …” „… . Breeding, Biotechnology and Molecular Tools (Springer, Cham 2015), 115–158African Centre for …” „… , Caution Required for Handling Genome Editing Technology, 32 (2014) Trends in Biotechnology 234–237 …”

Chapter 7: A Private Liability Scheme: The ‘Biodiversity Compact’ S. 461-476

„… The Compact was concluded by six major biotechnology corporations in June 2010, only a few months …” „… in the present text.9 Biodiversity Compact (n. 4), 10.10 Thijs F. Etty, 7. Biotechnology, 22 (2011 …” „… Compact, referred to as ‘Members’, currently comprise five major biotechnology companies.12 Membership in …”

Table of Treaties and Instruments S. 721-742

„… 2022) Compilation of Codex Texts Relevant to Labelling of Foods Derived from Modern Biotechnology (2011 …” „… : http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/thematic-areas/biotechnology/en/ (last accessed 28 May 2022) Principles for the Risk Analysis of Foods Derived from Modern …” „… Biotechnology (2011), CAC/GL 44–2003, available at: http://www.fao.org/input/download/standards/10007/CXG_044 …”

Chapter 11: Compensation for Environmental Damage in International Law S. 617-664

„… biotechnology in a transboundary context. A remaining question is whether damage to the environment is subject …” „… compensation for damage caused by applications of self-spreading biotechnology such as engineered gene …” „… monitor its effectiveness.23In the context of damage resulting from biotechnology, mitigation measures …”

Chapter 10: Strict State Liability for Transboundary Harm? S. 595-616

„… releases, particularly of organisms containing self-spreading biotechnology.Chapter 10: Strict State …” „… transboundary harm, neither in general international law nor specifically in the context of modern biotechnology …” „… , this finding means that a state is not generally liable for transboundary harm caused by biotechnology …”

Chapter 5: The International Governance of Engineered Gene Drives S. 317-364

„… modern biotechnology that combines science, technology and engineering to facilitate and accelerate the …” „… United Nations, 37 (2019) Trends in Biotechnology 1146; Heidi J. Mitchell/Detlef Bartsch, Regulation of …” „… using biotechnology to reduce the transmission of vector-borne human pathogens.98 It begins by …”

Chapter 6: The Nagoya – Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Redress and Liability S. 367-460

„… (LMOs) obtained through modern biotechnology. It complements the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety,3 …” „… Compensation, 6 (1997) RECIEL 293; Philippe Cullet, Liability and Redress for Modern Biotechnology, 15 (2006 …” „… Implementation Guide published by an association of biotechnology companies (G.).Negotiating HistoryDuring the …”

Chapter 8: A Customary Obligation to Ensure Prompt and Adequate Compensation for Transboundary Damage? S. 477-492

„… shortcoming because its membership is limited to a few biotechnology corporations, it only applies to …”

Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache S. 689-712

„… Biotechnologie („self-spreading biotechnology“). Mit Gene Drives und ähnlichen molekularbiologischen Verfahren …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748913528

Joel Gotkin - The United States Bayh-Dole Act and its Effect on University Technology Transfer

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Joel Gotkin

The United States Bayh-Dole Act and its Effect on University Technology Transfer

Series: Munich Intellectual Property Law Center - MIPLC Studies

Volume 18 2012

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The Emergence of the Biotechnology Field S. 29-30

„… Biotechnology Field Another perceived success of the Bayh-Dole Act is apparent from the emergence of the …” „… biotechnology field over the past quarter-century. Research indicates that the major share of university patents …” „… , supra note 73, at 292. 29 of the inventions it recognizes are related to biotechnology.81 Since the …”

It Would Have Happened Anyway S. 30-31

„… of the inventions it recognizes are related to biotechnology.81 Since the majority of these …” „… may be able to concede that Bayh-Dole did not explicitly create the biotechnology revolution, the …” „… incentives it provides are critical for promoting innovation in this field.83 The biotechnology field …”

Bayh-Dole's Effect on Patenting S. 43-46

„… Biotechnology Industry Organization (September 3, 2009), hereinafter Economics Report, at page 15 (reproduced in …” „… biotechnology fields, it is fairly clear that Bayh-Dole led to the creation of numerous FDA approved drugs. In …” „… the critics, one can hypothesize that the uptick in biotechnology and patenting in general was, in …”

Perceived Weaknesses and Asserted Ineffectiveness of the March-In Provision S. 39-41

„… theory suggests that "the Government will never initiate a march-in proceeding against a biotechnology …” „… biotechnology if the threat of government march-in ever became a reality."158 March-in has further been …” „… . 156 Id. Though McCabe's article specifically analyzes biotechnology, it can be inferred to relate to …”

Increase in Patents. Cooperative Ventures, and Commercial Products S. 29

„… Biotechnology Field Another perceived success of the Bayh-Dole Act is apparent from the emergence of the …” „… biotechnology field over the past quarter-century. Research indicates that the major share of university patents …”

Single, Uniform Policy S. 28-29

„… successfully licensed and exploited.79 The Emergence of the Biotechnology Field Another perceived success of …” „… the Bayh-Dole Act is apparent from the emergence of the biotechnology field over the past …”

Undermining Research, Development, and Technology Transfer S. 31-32

„… contention that Bayh-Dole spurred the biotechnology industry. Mowery et al. show that biomedical technology …” „… only one of many variables leading to the biotechnology boom in the latter part of the twentieth …”

Non-Journal Articles and Other Supplementary Materials with Author Explicit (alphabetical by author) S. 71-73

„… Engineering & Biotechnology News, Mar 17, 2011, available at …” „… Inventions Originating in University Research, 1996-200, Final Report to the Biotechnology Industry …”

The "Anticommons" Effect S. 33

„… problem occurs in patenting generally, it is particularly prevalent in the biotechnology field, where …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… Increase in Patents. Cooperative Ventures, and Commercial Products 2. 29 The Emergence of the Biotechnology …”

Bayh-Dole's Effect on Commercialization S. 46-47

„… the Act had a positive effect on patenting, especially in biotechnology, they advance the argument …”

Misallocated Research Priorities S. 32-33

„… patenting generally, it is particularly prevalent in the biotechnology field, where patents are incredibly …”

Evaluating the March-in Provision S. 41-43

„… Research, 1996-200, Final Report to the Biotechnology Industry Organization (September 3, 2009 …”

Abstract S. 9-12

„… increase in number. The paper will also look into the biotechnology field and assess its dependency on …”

Perceived Advantages of the March-in Provision S. 37-39

„… the provision as it relates to biotechnology. The scholars note that allowing march-in as something …”

Future Implications S. 54-57

„… . Roche Could Place Tech Transfer on Shaky Ground, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, Mar 17, 2011 …”

Cases in Point: CellPro, Fabrazyme, and the Government Refusal to March-in S. 34-37

„… ") was licensed by JHU to Baxter, a biotechnology company which performed work related to stem cell …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845242217

Achim Maas, Balázs Bodó, Clementine Burnley, Irina Comardicea, Roger Roffey - Global Environmental Change

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Achim Maas, Balázs Bodó, Clementine Burnley, Irina Comardicea, Roger Roffey

Global Environmental Change

2013

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Roger Roffey Proliferating Biotechnology: Risk and Threats to People and Ecosystems S. 183-202

„… attacks are becoming available as well.189Do-it-yourself biotechnologyOne example of promoting innovation …” „… EngineeredMachine), a competition for the best innovative approaches in biotechnology.Participants design new …” „… biotechnology.The deliberate spread of disease-causing agents can take many forms ?- outbreaks of infectious …”

Achim Maas , Irina Comardicea , Balázs Bodó Environmental Terrorism – A New Security Challenge? S. 203-220

„… ‘biohacking’ or ‘doit–yourself’ biotechnology (DIYBio): individuals who experiment as a hobbywith DNA …” „… spread anddevelopment of biotechnology and specifically the diffusion of competencies andcapacities …” „… not limited to biotechnology, but may also include the emerging risks of nanotechnology, such as the …”

Achim Maas , Balazs Bodo , Clementine Burnley , Irina Comardicea Introduction S. 11-14

„… aggravate grievances and risks of social discontent. Furthermore, the competence to use biotechnology and …” „… . Although biotechnology may make attacks more damaging, it does notautomatically translate into a dramatic …”

Balázs Bodó, Clementine Burnley, Irina Comardicea, Achim Maas, Roger Roffey List of authors S. 293-298

„… Stockholm. His researchhas covered BW-defence R&D, developments in biotechnology, BW/bio-terrorism including …” „… biotechnology, biological warfare/bio-terrorism threats and non-proliferation. He was project leader forthe FOI …”

Balázs Bodó, Clementine Burnley, Irina Comardicea, Achim Maas, Roger Roffey Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… Biotechnology: Risk and Threats to People andEcosystems 183Roger RoffeyEnvironmental Terrorism – A New Security …”

Balázs Bodó, Clementine Burnley, Irina Comardicea, Achim Maas, Roger Roffey List of abbreviations S. 7-10

„… AuthorityCR Carbon RemovalDB Deutsche BundesbahnDIYBio Do-it-yourself BiotechnologyDNA Deoxyribonucleic …”

Jürgen Scheffran and Thomas Cannaday Resistance to Climate Change Policies: The Conflict Potential of Non- Fossil Energy Paths and Climate Engineering S. 261-292

„… . In: P.N. Mascia; J. Scheffran and J. Widholm (eds.): Plant Biotechnology for Sustainable Production …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845238586

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Monica Armillotta

Technology Pooling Licensing Agreements: Promoting Patent Access Through Collaborative IP Mechanisms

Series: Munich Intellectual Property Law Center - MIPLC Studies

Volume 10 2010

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Patent Pools and Biotechnology: Legal and Business Considerations S. 139-140

„… A. Patent Pools and Biotechnology: Legal and Business Considerations A growing number of concerns …” „… consumer electronics, they remain largely untested in biotechnology. Therefore, this last part of our …” „… cooperation lay at hand: as IP portfolios of flourishing biotechnology industries are taking shape …”

Some Common Remarks S. 159-166

„… characterizing the establishment of a biotechnology patent pool may be briefly outlined as follows: • First of …” „… well represent the typical licensors, often holding key biotechnology patents, given their major …” „… discussion on the interface between patent pools and standards in biotechnology, see: Eversible T., “Patent …”

Technology Exchange Clearinghouse S. 174-184

„… For a clear outlook on the model at hand, see i.a.: Skorohod O., “Biotechnology Transfers and Models …” „… Facilitate Access to Biotechnological Inventions”, In: Friedman Y. “Best Practices in Biotechnology Business …” „… As reported in: Skorohod O., “Biotechnology Transfers and Models Facilitate Access to …”

Information Clearinghouse S. 169-174

„… platform to gather biotechnology-related information worldwide. Said platform has been established within …” „… Biotechnology”, In: Rimmer M., “Patent Law and Biological Inventions”, Federation Press, 2006, Law in Context …” „… al., “Towards an Intellectual Property Clearinghouse for Agricultural Biotechnology”, Agricultural …”

List of Works Cited S. 205-226

„… Development for the Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industry”, “Profiling and Searching for Opportunities …” „… then what we know now - Anticommons effects”, Nature Biotechnology, March 2006, vol. 24, n. 3, p. 322 …” „… ”, CABI, 2009, p. 231 et seq. Boettiger S., Schubert K., “Agricultural Biotechnology and Developing …”

Cases at Hand S. 140-159

„… “core-business” of biotechnology. Given the complex and evolving dynamics of biotechnology research and …” „… one-to-one basis in the biotechnology sector, because we ought to take into due consideration the specific …” „… organization of a biotechnology patent pool should differ from the general model. B. Pilot Experiences I …”

Open Source Clearinghouse S. 188-197

„… , although not specifically limited to biotechnology, a peculiar and remarkable model of worldwide technology …” „… Source Patenting”, Journal of International Biotechnology Law, 2004, vol. 1, p. 221 et seq. According to …” „… migrated to the field of biotechnology, where patents rather than copyrights dominate proprietary rights …”

Defining Characteristics S. 167-169

„… in Biotechnology A. Defining Characteristics Clearinghouse mechanisms might constitute another …” „… respect: Krattinger A., “Financing the Bioindustry and Facilitating Biotechnology Transfer”, Ithaca NY …” „… ., “Towards an Intellectual Property Clearinghouse for Ag-biotechnology”, IP Strategy Today, 2001, vol. 3, p …”

Conclusions: the Way Forward S. 198-204

„… Patented Inventions in Biotechnology”, In: Rimmer M., “Patent Law and Biological Inventions”, Federation …” „… domain, the motivations for cooperation lay at hand: as IP portfolios of flourishing biotechnology …” „… biotechnology. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the patent pool’s stereotype that has emerged in the …”

Royalty Collection Clearinghouse S. 184-188

„… domain of agricultural biotechnology, which has the major aim to implement a practical framework to …” „… Protection”, “Institutional Initiatives to Encourage Biotechnology Innovations”, In: Kesan J …” „… ., “Agricultural Biotechnology and Intellectual Property: Seeds of Change”, CABI Publishing Series, 2007, p. 12 et …”

Acronyms and Abbreviations S. 15-20

„… Source Biotech. Biotechnology BNI Bernhardt-Nocht institute CAFC Court of Appeals for the Federal …” „… International Consortium on Agricultural Biotechnology Research ICTSD International Centre for Trade and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… Biotechnology: Legal and Business Considerations 139 B. Pilot Experiences 140 I. Cases at Hand 140 1. Golden …” „… : Distinctive Features and Applications in Biotechnology 167 A. Defining Characteristics 167 B. Models and …”

Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission’s Joint Hearings on Competition and IP Law Policy and the Ensuing Innovation Reports: Paving the Way for a Sustainable Balance S. 86-88

„… industries in the sectors of pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, computer hardware and software and the Internet …”

The Solution Offered by Collaborative IP Mechanisms: A Brief Overview S. 25-27

„… Clearinghouses: Distinctive Features and Applications in Biotechnology”. 27 operators. Indeed, by allocating …”

Process Leading to the Establishment of a Patent Pool S. 27-29

„… ., “Patent Pools and Diagnostic Testing”, TRENDS in Biotechnology, vol. 24, no. 3, 2006, p. 117. 29 tal …”

Driving Criteria for Patent Pools in the IP Guidelines and Business Review Letters: Sanctioning an Overall More Favourable Approach S. 83-86

„… representatives were mostly from high-tech industries in the sectors of pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, computer …”

The Debated Case of Software: The “Open Innovation Network” Initiative S. 62-69

„… Open Source Revolution and Biotechnology”, Harvard University Press, 2008; Raymond E., “The Cathedral …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845226316

Franz-Josef Deiters, Alex Fliethmann, Birgit Lang, Alison Lewis, Christiane Weller - Limbus – Australisches Jahrbuch für germanistische Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaft - Nach der Natur - After Nature

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Franz-Josef Deiters (ed.), Alex Fliethmann (ed.), Birgit Lang (ed.), Alison Lewis (ed.), Christiane Weller (ed.)

Limbus – Australisches Jahrbuch für germanistische Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaft - Nach der Natur - After Nature

Series: Limbus. Australisches Jahrbuch für germanistische Literatur und Kulturwissenschaft | Limbus. Australian Yearbook of German Literary and Cultural Studies

Volume 3 2010

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Birte Giesler Questioning Human Nature on the Theatrical Stage in an Age of Biotechnology S. 233-248

„… of BiotechnologyZusammenfassungDer folgende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit Igor Bauersimas im Jahr 2002 …” „… ›after nature‹ in the age of biotechnology. Its theatrical form combines traditional dramatic features …” „… , cinematic elements, and audience participation with a focus on biotechnology and genetics. The »laboratory …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… of Biotechnology …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783968219530

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