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Julia Iliopoulos-Strangas, Egils Levits, Michael Potacs, Jacques Ziller - Die Herausforderungen der digitalen Kommunikation für den Staat und seine demokratische Staatsform | The Challenges of Digital Communication for the State and its Democratic State Form | Les défis de la communication numérique pour l’État et sa forme démocratique

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Julia Iliopoulos-Strangas (ed.), Egils Levits (ed.), Michael Potacs (ed.), Jacques Ziller (ed.)

Die Herausforderungen der digitalen Kommunikation für den Staat und seine demokratische Staatsform | The Challenges of Digital Communication for the State and its Democratic State Form | Les défis de la communication numérique pour l’État et sa forme démocratique

Series: Societas Iuris Publici Europaei (SIPE)

Volume 14 2021

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Herwig C.H. Hofmann EU Public Law of Information and Automated Decision-Making Systems S. 175-196

„… EU Public Law of Information and Automated Decision-Making Systems Herwig C.H. Hofmann* This …” „… today’s developments of automated decision-making systems, based on advanced algorithms using lar‐ ge …” „… information-based network administration in the EU. Automated Decision-Making Systems in EU Public Law In EU public …”

Irēna Kucina Algorithms in Courts and Predictive Justice S. 27-34

„… types of algorithms can be developed in the judicial system: algorithms that support decision-making, or …” „… that support decision-making should aim to provide support to the decision-making process by …” „… own decisions would aim at providing an automated court system. It is this system introduced by …”

Anna Ludin A Legal Framework for Artificial Intelligence? S. 35-44

„… algo‐ rithmic decision-making (ADM) processes published in October 20195. The designated experts did …” „… 6 discussion of how to legally construct a world increasingly permeated with automated decisions has …” „… interdiction of automated deci‐ sion-making. Based on the French example12, it reflects in essence principles …”

Lorenzo Cotino Hueso The danger of disinformation for democracy and the constitutional risks of its regulation S. 121-136

„… 20183, disinfor‐ mation is pursued if it is “artificially or automated and massive through an online …” „… framework for research and policy-making. Report to the Council of Europe, 2017, https://r …” „… the internet communication ecosystem, post-truth techniques are the most common, making it less …”

Sabine Schäufler Menschliche Autonomie vor den Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung und der künstlichen Intelligenz S. 45-66

„… Article 29 Working Party, Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and Profiling for the …” „… ; ähnlich Article 29 Working Group, Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and Profiling for the …” „… Guiseppe Palmisano, Making the Charter of the Human Rights a Li‐ ving Instrument, 2014. 3 Die …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-24

„… Information and Automated Decision-Making Systems 175 Herwig C.H. Hofmann Vierte Sitzung – Fourth Session …” „… ‐ mocracy is the increasing dehumanisation of decision-making in the realms of both public and private law …” „… (decision-making through algorithms, artificial intel‐ ligence). Does the legal conception of the State allow this …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748923787

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Hans-Holger Herrnfeld, Dominik Brodowski, Christoph Burchard

European Public Prosecutor's Office

2021

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Hans-Holger Herrnfeld Article 56 Automated individual decision-making, including profiling S. 488-490

„… 56 Automated individual decision-making, including profiling The data subject shall have the right …” „… “automated decision-making” is thus not absolutely prohibited, but requires a legitimate legal basis. During …” „… is now Article 56, allowing the EPPO to apply systems of automated decision making, “if such a …”

Hans-Holger Herrnfeld Article 44 Case management system S. 443-447

„… for the exercise of its decision-making, monitoring and direction, and supervision tasks”. In order to …” „… Delegated Prosecutors are available to the Central Office for the exercise of its decision-making …” „… connection referred to in Article 9 of Council Decision 2008/976/JHA1). 4. The case management system shall …”

Hans-Holger Herrnfeld Article 45 Case files of the EPPO S. 447-453

„… the exercise of its decision-making, monitoring and direction, and supervision tasks”1, the concept of …” „… decision-making, monitoring and direction, and supervision tasks”. In order to ensure this, Article 45(3) sentence …” „… personal data “by automated means or in structured manual files”6. Against this background, paragraph 5 …”

Hans-Holger Herrnfeld Article 55 Processing of special categories of operational personal data S. 487-488

„… 56 Automated individual decision-making, including profiling The data subject shall have the right …” „… not to be subject to a decision of the EPPO based solely on automated processing, including profiling …” „… “decisions based solely on automated processing, including profiling, which produces an adverse legal effect …”

Hans-Holger Herrnfeld Article 57 Communication and modalities for exercising the rights of the data subject S. 490-492

„… individual decision-making” by the EPPO, where such decisions would produce legal effects concerning the data …” „… e.g., prohibit the automated transmission of the results of such processing to an outside recipient …” „… . Where the EPPO has reasonable doubts concerning the identity of the natural person making a request …”

Hans-Holger Herrnfeld Article 47 Principles relating to processing of personal data S. 461-470

„… against a decision taken by the European Data Protection Supervisor following a complaint filed by the …” „… automated means and when processing other than by automated means personal data which form part of a filing …” „… repealing Council Framework Decision 2008/977/JHA, OJ L 119, 4.5.2016, 89. 3 Cf. further on the data …”

COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) 2017/1939 S. 683-771

„… organisational structure of the EPPO should allow quick and efficient decision-making in the conduct of criminal …” „… protection of the Union’s financial interests, the organisational structure and the internal decision-making …” „… competent Permanent Chamber. (36) The Permanent Chambers should exercise their decision-making power at …”

Christoph Burchard Article 2 Definitions S. 11-17

„… a decision adopted in accordance with the second or third subparagraph of Article 331(1) TFEU; (2 …” „… which are performed on personal data or on sets of personal data, whether or not by automated means …” „… , consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 55 487 Automated individual decision-making, including profiling …” „… assist political decision-makers VII (on the level of the EU and in the Member States) in assessing the …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 68 514 Logging in respect of automated processing …”

Dominik Brodowski Article 21 Internal rules of procedure of the EPPO S. 138-144

„… and for taking decisions on strategic matters and general issues”, which includes its decision-making …” „… Recitals 25 and 26), and their decision-making processes, including delegation of the supervision to a …” „… Prosecutor, Article 11(1) sentence 2 clarifies that he/she only has a numerus clausus of decision-making …”

Hans-Holger Herrnfeld Article 61 Right to rectification or erasure of operational personal data and restriction of data processing S. 499-504

„… making the selected data unavailable”4. Furthermore, Recital 47 of the DPD stipulates: “In automated …” „… . Article 88) or to seek a judicial remedy at the CJEU against the EPPO’s decision in accordance with …” „… decision is based and to make that information available to the EDPS on request, serves to “implement” the …”

Hans-Holger Herrnfeld Article 24 Reporting, registration and verification of information S. 178-195

„… to the applicable procedures for decision making within the EPPO, it is less clear in which …” „… limiting the decision-making basis to the information that has initially been reported to the EPPO in …” „… evaluation and the report under Article 24 to a national prosecutor: Within the EPPO, a decision whether to …”

DIRECTIVE (EU) 2017/1371 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL S. 771-798

„… cross-border cases 10 13 – decision on prosecution 36 9 – delegation of decision-making power 10 27 ff …” „… – decision-making competences 27 13 ff. – failure to take a decision 27 27 – internal reporting obligations 27 15 …” „… criminal offence is committed within a criminal organisation as defined in Council Framework Decision …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845290768

Indra Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Vagelis Papakonstantinou, Gerrit Hornung, Paul De Hert - General Data Protection Regulation

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Indra Spiecker gen. Döhmann (ed.), Vagelis Papakonstantinou (ed.), Gerrit Hornung (ed.), Paul De Hert (ed.)

General Data Protection Regulation

2023

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Art. 22 Automated individual decision-making, including profiling Olivia Tambou S. 525-542

„… ).Art. 22Automated individual decision-making, including profiling1. The data subject shall have the …” „… GDPR: Right to object’.Automated individual decision-making, including profiling Art. 22Olivia Tambou …” „… =3311370; G. Malgieri, ‘Automated decision-making in the EU Member States: The right to explanation and …”

Art. 6(1)(f) Credit scoring Hans-W. Micklitz and Giovanni Sartor S. 356-362

„… , adopted on 9 April 2014; Art. 29 WP, Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and Profiling for …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13V. Credit scoring and automated decision-making …” „… consumers’ rights relative to automated decision making (according to Art. 22 GDPR). Art. 19 grants …”

Art. 13 Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject Alexander Dix S. 448-457

„… possible consequences of failure to provide such data;(f) the existence of automated decision-making …” „… , Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and Profiling for the purposes of Regulation 2016/679, 17 …” „… difficult? An interdisciplinary primer on XAI and meaningful information in automated decision-making …”

Art. 4(4) Profiling Olivia Tambou S. 158-161

„… , behaviour, location or movementsLiterature: Art. 29 WP Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making …” „… , especially when algorithms are an integral part of decision-making processes in both the private and the …” „… individual decision-making and Profiling for the purposes of Regulation 2016/679’ (adopted on 3 October 2017 …”

Art. 2 Material scope Vagelis Papakonstantinou and Paul De Hert S. 92-115

„… engaging in “judicial tasks, including decision-making” and “courts”, under the same perspective, when …” „… made between these authorities when engaged in decision-making and when carrying out other …” „… their “judicial tasks, including decision-making”. Even so, however, data protection supervision is not …”

Art. 15 Right of access by the data subject Alexander Dix S. 466-479

„… existence of automated decision-making, including profiling, referred to in Article 22 (1) and (4) and, at …” „… Legibility of Automated Decision-Making Exists in the General Data Protection Regulation’, IDPL, 2017, 243 …” „… . Floridi, ‘Why a Right to Explanation of Automated Decision-Making Does Not Exist in the General Data …”

Art. 21 Right to object Laura Carmichael, Emma Cradock and Sophie Stalla-Bourdillon S. 518-524

„… Regulation (Art. 58 para. 2 lit. d).Section 4Right to object and automated individual decision-makingArt. 21 …” „… ), ECLI:EU:C:2010:159.Literature: Art 29 WP, ‘Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and Profiling …” „… stated in: Art 29 WP, ‘Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and Profiling for the purposes …”

Art. 6(1)(f) Content personalisation Marco Almada, Juliano Maranhao, Giovanni Sartor S. 328-339

„… does not extend to the use of personal data for automated decision-making. Under Art. 22 para. 1 …” „… required for the qualified prohibition of automated decision-making (→ Art. 22 mn. 24). It is true that the …” „… However, filter bubbles are not the product of individual automated decisions, but rather the product of …”

Index S. 1169-1211

„… – appropriate safeguards 15 21– artificial intelligence 15 19– automated decision-making including profiling …” „… – staff 52 29Automated decision-making 12 17, 13 10, 15 20, 22 1 et seq.Automated individual …” „… decision-making, including profiling 22 1 et seq.– algorithm(s) 22 2, 14, 32, 44, 47 et seq.– automated …”

Art. 12 Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject Alexander DixTransparent information, communication and modalities S. 434-447

„… , WP 242 rev.01, adopted 5 April 2017; ‘Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and …” „… Automated Decision-making: Will it deliver? Potentials and limitations in ensuring the rights and freedoms …” „… , https://www.leibniz-hbi.de/de/publikationen/the-general-data-protection-regulation-and-automated-decision-making-will-it-deliver, (last accessed 11 February 2019); Z. Efroni, J. Metzger, L. Mischau and M. Schirmbeck, ‘Privacy …”

Art. 35 Data protection impact assessment Jens Ambrock and Moritz Karg S. 687-705

„… . Mazur, ‘Automated Decision-Making and the Precautionary Principle in EU Law’, Baltic Journal of European …” „… Kosta, ‘Art. 35’ in Kuner/Bygrave/Docksey, 665 (p. 675); Mazur, ‘Automated Decision-Making and the …” „… is based on automated processing, including profiling, and on which decisions are based that produce …”

Art. 4(11) Consent Judith Rauhofer and Burkhard Schafer S. 195-215

„… use of the data for automated decision-making (Art. 22 para. 2 lit. c, → mn. 36)); the possible risks …” „… 15/2011, section III.A.1; Art. 29 WP, Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and Profiling …” „… individual decision-making and Profiling for the purposes of Regulation 2016/679, WP 251rev.01, version of 6 …”

Art. 25 Data protection by design and by default Marco Almada, Juliano Maranhao and Giovanni Sartor S. 580-601

„… for the analysis of new applications, such as automated decision-making systems, the existing …” „… affected by automated decision-making, such as the right to obtain human intervention in the …” „… , no. 2 (2018), 114.53 Almada, ‘Human Intervention in Automated Decision-Making: Toward the …”

Art. 6(1)(f) Video recording Domingos Farinho S. 363-375

„… automated decision-making (according to Art. 22 para. 2 lit. b), under the assumption that such …” „… decision-making is based on lawful profiling; national legislation cannot regulate the lawfulness of profiling …” „… 36919202122have to be used however regarding fully automated decision through video-surveillance regarding Art …”

Introduction S. 1-76

„… potentially a distortion of decision-making processes. Public administration or corporate databases by no …” „… tendency to monopolise information and the latent effects on the scope for decision-making and action of …” „… establishing a supervisory authority and at the same time making every automated 1.a)30 On the legislative …”

Art. 7 Conditions for consent Judith Rauhofer and Burkhard Schafer S. 376-390

„… requirement essentially means that information relevant for making informed decisions on whether or not to …” „… ) decision-making and to target individuals with advertising or content on the basis of their interests or …” „… automated tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21IV. Formal …”

Art. 4(2) Processing Vagelis Papakonstantinou and Paul De Hert S. 148-155

„… automated means, such as collection, recording, organisation, structuring, storage, adaptation or alteration …” „… , retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233. “Whether or not by automated means”; this is however not the time for examination of the means of …”

Art. 6(1)(f) Data processing for marketing purposes Domingos Farinho S. 345-355

„… 251rev.01, ‘Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and Profiling for the purposes of …” „… predict behaviour.12 And it may lead to automatic decision-making,13 which adds further challenges to the …” „… . 22 para. 1 a right “not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including …”

Art. 6(1)(f) Opinion and market research in the age of Big Data Domingos Farinho S. 340-344

„… sented on Art. 22 para. 3, including at least the right to contest automated decisions, the right …” „… to request human intervention in the decision-making process, and the right to express their opinion …” „… software to extract new and predictive knowledge for decision-making purposes regarding individuals and …”

Art. 88 Processing in the context of employment Achim Seifert S. 1094-1112

„… Protection Act (1050/2018), Art. 29. See also Tietosuojavaltuutetun toimisto decision 8205/154/18 where the …” „… related decision 6722/154/2018 of Tietosuojavaltuutetun toimisto, where the Finnish DPA instructed Google …” „… have been adopted by them in making use of the opening clause of para. 1.II. Evolution of employee …”

Art. 20 Right to data portability Alexander Dix S. 508-517

„… contract pursuant to point(b) of Article 6(1); and (b) the processing is carried out by automated means.2 …” „… automated data processing as well. However, the provision as it stands is unlikely to effectively overcome …” „… an example for transmitting personal data from one automated processing int another, although the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Art. 20 508Section 4Right to object and automated individual decision-makingRight to object …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Art. 21 518Automated individual decision-making, including profiling …” „… decision-making: The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) took effect. Conditions of consent, core principles …”

Art. 28 Processor András Jóri S. 626-645

„… portability, (7) the right to object, (8) the right not to be subject to automated individual decisions (and …” „… been implemented”) shall be given to the controller in order to make its decision about authorization …” „… decision about granting or withholding the authorization shall also be made in light of the obligation of …”

Art. 23 Restrictions Alexander Dix S. 543-563

„… , to draw inferences on racial origin and then make automated decisions ultimately based on such …” „… decision-making including profiling under Art. 22 (Art. 13 para. 2 lit. f, Art. 14 para. 2 lit. g and Art. 15 …” „… F. Art. 22 para. 4: The qualified prohibition on decisions based on special categories of personal …”

Art. 14 Information to be provided where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject Alexander DixInformation to be provided where personal data have not been obtained S. 458-465

„… accessible sources;(g) the existence of automated decision-making, including profiling, referred to in …” „… existence or absence of an adequacy decision by the Commission, or in the case of transfers referred to in …” „… and legitimate interests, including making the information publicly available;(c) obtaining or …”

Art. 4(7) Controller András Jóri S. 175-185

„… EDPB.67 Call center operators providing outsourced customer services, even if making decisions on …” „… agency extends to making its own decisions regarding the scope of data processed (or other attributes …” „… databases are to be treated as a single database (making therefore, for example, requests by data subjects …”

Art. 16 Right to rectification Alexander Dix S. 480-486

„… : Art. 29 Data Protection Working Party, Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and …” „… data ‘always correct’ without the data subject’s final say may end up making it impossible for people …”

Art. 5 Principles relating to processing of personal data Alexander Roßnagel and Philipp Richter S. 261-290

„… , this duty to supply information applies “at least” in cases “of automated decision-making, including …” „… , which “consists of any form of automated processing of personal data evaluating the personal aspects …” „… respective activity or decision. Extensive data protection statements covering every conceivable processing …”

Art. 17 Right to erasure (‘right to be forgotten’) Artemi Rallo and Jorge Viguri S. 487-495

„… the unexpected decision of the CJEU in Google Spain.1 It resolved a long dispute related to the …” „… it automatically, storing it temporarily and, finally, making it available to internet users …” „… have the “most effective and least restrictive means of making the information inaccessible”;24 and …”

Art. 83 General conditions for imposing administrative fines Olivia Tambou S. 1051-1063

„… portability, the right to object and the right not to be subjected to automated individual decision-making …” „… and the SA concerned regarding the exact among of the fines which lead to binding decisions of the …” „… EDPB see of instance the Decision 01/2020 on the dispute arisen on the draft decision of the Irish …”

Art. 1 Subject-Matter and Objectives Gerrit Hornung and Indra Spiecker gen. Döhmann S. 77-91

„… its own sake, but, rather, as the basis for the preparation and making of decisions.10 This means 1 …” „… active and decision-making subject. It is essential that the individual is able to be aware of and …” „… excessively large margins of assessment where decisions are made under conditions of uncertainty. In view of …”

Art. 45 Transfers on the basis of an adequacy decision Peter Schantz S. 785-802

„… ) and automated individual decision-making (Art. 22).25 However, these prerequisites are very detailed …” „… adequate level of protection.56Art. 45Transfers on the basis of an adequacy decision1. A transfer of …” „… draft adequacy decision, adopted on 13 April 2016, 21.56 Case C-311/18, 16.07.2020, Schrems II …”

Art. 9 Processing of special categories of personal data András Jóri S. 400-419

„… data” is expressly referred to by Art. 22 on automated individual decision-making, Art. 27 on …” „… on data security measures; Art. 35 on data protection impact assessments (also making a direct …” „… the Comm-P, the GDPR builds on Art. 8 of the DPD. During the law-making process, data relating to …”

Art. 47 Binding corporate rules Peter Schantz S. 823-834

„… the means to exercise those rights, including the right not to be subject to decisions based solely on …” „… automated processing, including profiling in accordance with Article 22, the right to lodge a complaint with …” „… in a joint economic activity, in particular by making available to the supervisory authority the …”

Art. 6 Lawfulness of processing Giovanni Sartor S. 291-327

„… processing, if it leads to automated decisions. If Big Data-analyses result only in statistical patterns …” „… for making data processing legitimate”, and indeed the wording of Art. 6 para. 1 of the GDPR matches …” „… requirement of a legal basis does not apply to processing not being automated or part of a filing system, or …”

Art. 46 Transfers subject to appropriate safeguards Peter Schantz S. 803-822

„… processing for the purpose of direct marketing and the right not be subject to an automated decision (cf …” „… December 2022, the Commission issued the draft of a new adequacy decision legitimizing the transfer of …” „… decision (recitals 113 to 192). On 7 October 2022, US-President Biden signed Executive Order (E.O.) 14086 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845276984

Alexander Roßnagel, Christian Geminn - Datenschutz-Grundverordnung verbessern

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Alexander Roßnagel, Christian Geminn

Datenschutz-Grundverordnung verbessern

Series: Der Elektronische Rechtsverkehr

Volume 43 2020

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9 Executive Summary S. 182-188

„… personal data for automated individual decision-making. – Special consideration of the fundamental rights …” „… division of labour or cooperation in the context of automated individual decision-making must not lead to …” „… ) or in English. Automated individual decision-making: – Deletion of the limitation “solely” in the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748920991

Paul Vogel - Künstliche Intelligenz und Datenschutz

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Paul Vogel

Künstliche Intelligenz und Datenschutz

Series: Robotik, Künstliche Intelligenz und Recht

Volume 26 2022

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Literaturverzeichnis S. 243-262

„… Data Protection Regulation and Automated Decision Making, 2019, abrufbar unter https://papers.ssrn …” „… – profiling and automated decision-making, 2017, abrufbar unter https://ico.org.uk/media/about-the-ico/consul …” „… tations/2013894/ico-feedback-request-profiling-and-automated-decision-making. pdf. – Big data, artificial …”

Teil 3: Vereinbarkeit von Künstlicher Intelligenz mit den Grundprinzipien des Datenschutzrechts (de lege lata) S. 86-171

„… , Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and Profiling for the purposes of Regulation 2016/679 (WP …” „… ); Information Commissioner’s Office, Feedback request – profiling and automated decision-making, S. 19. 450 …” „… decision-making and Profiling for the purposes of Regulation 2016/679 (WP 251 rev.01), S. 20. 444 HK-DSGVO/Atzert …”

Teil 2: Das Datenschutzrecht als Regulierungsinstrument für Künstliche Intelligenz? S. 64-85

„… werden dürfen.247 Ein Zustand ganz- 243 Sample, AI watchdog needed to regulate automated decision-making …”

Teil 4: Regulierungsansätze für einen transparenten Einsatz von KI S. 172-231

„… anzugreifen. 704 Art.-29-Datenschutzgruppe, Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and Profiling …” „… algorithmic decision-making and a “right to explanation”, S. 6 f. 621 Roßnagel/Geminn, Evaluation der …” „… . 108; Goodman/Flaxman, European Union regulations on algorithmic decision-making and a “right to …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748930952

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