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Alfredo Barona - Soft law in practice - assessing technology pools according to American and European antitrust law

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Alfredo Barona

Soft law in practice - assessing technology pools according to American and European antitrust law

Series: Schriften zum geistigen Eigentum und zum Wettbewerbsrecht

Volume 14 2008

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Subject of analysis S. 15-16

„… technology pools extensively by twenty-five paragraphs. Guidelines are so-called soft law, which is …” „… technology pools are concerned. Technology pools in US antitrust law in the context of the …” „… 15 Introduction A) Reasons for examination Comparing US and European antitrust law is always …”

Parameters S. 51-52

„… Landes/Posner, Economic Structure of IP Law, p. 383 f. 233 Compare para. 213(3) and (4) EC-Technology …” „… 51 of distribution, i.e. efficiency, can be one of them.228 The economic analysis of law allows a …” „… rational and conclusive approach, especially in law subjects that are so closely linked to economic …”

Legality S. 31-32

„… law.114 As far as the passage dealing with the nature of the pooled technology is concerned, the …” „… Chalmers/Hadjiemmanuil/Monti/Tomkins, European Union Law, p. 454. 114 Compare para. 212(2) EC-Technology Transfer-Guidelines. 115 …” „… achieves his ends since he gets the technology he is interested in. More than in the formal patent position …”

Criteria S. 47-50

„… reference to the nature of the pooled technology. This case law was already available at the publication …” „… pools in European competition law. The EC-Technology Transfer-Guidelines state expressis verbis that …” „… , Lizenzvertrag USA, p. 474 f.; Andewelt, Analysis of Patent Pools Under the Antitrust Laws, 53 Antitrust Law …”

Binding effect of the EC-Technology Transfer-Guidelines S. 21-23

„… 21 Part 2: Technology pools in European competition law Rules contained in guidelines are of high …” „… law which address technology pools substantially,31 the EC-Technology Transfer-Guidelines are not …” „… ‚Abbreviated law’ for full source data. 31 Para. 212(1) and para. 41(3) EC-Technology Transfer-Guidelines …”

Antitrust evaluation principle S. 43-45

„… separate regulation for the antitrust assessment of technology pools in European law. In contrast, the …” „… hardly any strict criteria or explicitly named restrictions to measure technology pools in antitrust law …” „… Antitrust Laws, Speech before the ABA Section of Antitrust Law Spring Meeting Washington, DC on April 6 …”

Legitimacy S. 32-33

„… binding effect as technology pools are only addressed by the Guidelines in European law.114 As far as the …” „… ’law-making’-process, neither in Art. 81 EC Treaty nor in the Reg. No. 1/2003. Presumably, several problems would have …” „… certainty as a basic principle of Community law,112 whereby Community law should be clear and its …”

Criteria S. 52-54

„… 52 b) Ambivalence of technology pools in competition The situation described under a), however …” „… , does not apply to technology pools. There is a conflict of targets. Technology pools are ambivalent in …” „… competition. The anti-competitive effects of technology pools affect product, technology and innovation …”

Aim and scope of examination S. 16-17

„… the significance of technology pools in economy and antitrust law. Part 2 discusses the content of the …” „… European Guidelines as far as technology pools are concerned. Technology pools in US antitrust law in the …” „… agreement but are not compulsively linked to technology pools.9 Technology pools are a special case of a …”

Legal evolution S. 42-43

„… Transfer-Guidelines are the first separate regulation for the antitrust assessment of technology pools in European law …” „… and the Antitrust Laws, Speech before the ABA Section of Antitrust Law Spring Meeting Washington, DC …” „… 42 Part 4: Comparison Comparing the EC-Technology Transfer- and US-Licensing-Guidelines with regard …”

Reasons for examination S. 15

„… 15 Introduction A) Reasons for examination Comparing US and European antitrust law is always …” „… interesting since both systems are closely related. American law found its way into European competition law …” „… the first draft of the GWB, US antitrust law had already existed since virtually half a century.3 The …”

Content S. 25-31

„… analogy of the Reg. No. 772/2004, the relevant law to assess technology pools in European competition law …” „… there is no binding effect of the EC-Technology Transfer-Guidelines, and no room for an application by …” „… is Art. 81 EC Treaty and the corresponding jurisdiction of the ECI (and the ECJ). The EC-Technology …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Barona, LL.M.Soft law in practice – assessing technology pools according to American and European …” „… 1: Significance of technology pools in economy and antitrust law 18 A) Application fields and …” „… pools 20 Part 2: Technology pools in European competition law 21 A) Regulation basis 21 I. Binding …”

Preliminary remark S. 50-51

„… Due to the existence of the Reg. No. 2659/2000, this rule is not contained in the EC-Technology …” „… Transfer-Guidelines. Establishing a threshold for intervention is of valuable avail in terms of gaining antitrust law …” „… orientation, especially as far as complex agreements like technology pools are concerned.222 Even though a …”

Critical remark S. 24-25

„… technology pools in European competition law is Art. 81 EC Treaty and the corresponding jurisdiction of the …” „… 24 this rule does not refer to technology pools.53 Finally, the inability to include technology …” „… . Critical remark The fact that technology pools were not included into an undoubtedly binding European …”

Content S. 35-40

„… applied flexibly.133 According to prevailing case law, the legal basis for the adjudication of technology …” „… restraints of trade are illegal, and is criminal law for the rest. The rule of reason treats licensing …” „… effects.135 However, an agreement is considered a violation of antitrust law without regard to potential …”

Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property S. 105-140

„… antitrust laws may seem, at first glance, wholly at odds.7However, the two bodies of law are actually …” „… , depending on the nature of the property and its status under federal or state law.The greater or lesser …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.2.2 Technology markets …”

Result S. 25

„… analogy of the Reg. No. 772/2004, the relevant law to assess technology pools in European competition law …” „… there is no binding effect of the EC-Technology Transfer-Guidelines, and no room for an application by …” „… is Art. 81 EC Treaty and the corresponding jurisdiction of the ECI (and the ECJ). The EC-Technology …”

Regulation basis S. 34-35

„… 34 Part 3: Technology pools in American antitrust law Due to the case law system, it is easier and …” „… the only catalogue of rules addressing technology pools in antitrust law. The ‘Antitrust Guidelines …” „… this context,127 do not contain specific regulations on technology/patent pools. Yet the …”

Intellectual property conception S. 45-46

„… of intellectual property and antitrust law is enhancing consumer welfare: intellectual property laws …” „… 45 dominant point of view in American literature.184 Case law is not quite clear in this point …” „… EC-Technology Transfer-Guidelines is not shared by the Treaty or the ECJ. The Guidelines deny a conflict between …”

Acknowledgements S. 57-62

„… Property and the Antitrust Laws, Speech before the ABA Section of Antitrust Law Spring Meeting Washington …” „… : Bechtold/Bosch/Brinker/Hirsbrunner, EG-Kartellrecht). Bowman, Ward S. Jr., Patent and Antitrust Law – A Legal and Economic Appraisal …” „… , Chicago/London 1973 (quoted: Bowman, Patent and Antitrust Law). Broder, Douglas F., A Guide to US Antitrust Law …”

Application fields and economic relevance of technology pools S. 18-19

„… 18 Part 1: Significance of technology pools in economy and antitrust law A) Application fields and …” „… Antitrust Laws, 53 Antitrust Law Journal 611, 615 f. (1985). …” „… economic relevance of technology pools The application field of technology pools covers the range from …”

Legal system S. 42

„… 42 Part 4: Comparison Comparing the EC-Technology Transfer- and US-Licensing-Guidelines with regard …” „… Guidelines are embedded into, the EC-Technology Transfer-Guidelines step out of the systematical framework …” „… guidelines, as in the case of antitrust assessment of technology pools, is a foreign matter to the European …”

Aims S. 46-47

„… compatibility of patent and antitrust laws, Kuss, Lizenzvertrag USA, p. 419. 197 Para. 1(2) EC-Technology …” „… 46 intellectual property protection, competition law is a useful tool to reduce market barriers …” „… intellectual property and antitrust law frequently changed in the past,193 unlike the European Guidelines, the …”

Result S. 54-55

„… Guidelines refer to three different market subjects in antitrust analysis – goods, technology and innovation …” „… technology market.246 The innovation market is referred to only in exceptions247 and these exceptional cases …” „… missing. Precisely this is a typical competitive hazard of technology pools. D) Result An examination of …”

Analogous application of the Reg. No. 772/2004 S. 23-24

„… 23 Guidelines were issued by the Commission without a legal basis in Community law. Besides …” „… , according to the EC-Technology Transfer-Guidelines themselves,43 they are without prejudice to the …” „… interpreted as a commitment to the non-bindingness of the EC-Technology Transfer-Guidelines. Furthermore, the …”

Affected interests S. 19-20

„… Antitrust Laws, 53 Antitrust Law Journal 611, 615 f. (1985). 20 C) Antitrust concerns about technology pools …” „… , Philips and Pioneer joined their patents on storage technology in 1998.19 Both standards have reached …” „… interests The idea behind technology pools is quite simple. It is assumed that the term derives from the oil …”

Result S. 33

„… ’law-making’-process, neither in Art. 81 EC Treaty nor in the Reg. No. 1/2003. Presumably, several problems would have …” „… provision of legality. The provision of legality is an unwritten general rule in EC law recognized by the …” „… been avoided if the block exemption had been expanded with regard to technology pools. Especially as to …”

Guidelines on the application of Article 81 of the EC Treaty to technology transfer agreements S. 63-104

„… laws to preventsales by licensees or buyers of such products incorporating the licensed technology (8 …” „… Treaty to technology transfer agreements(2004/C 101/02)(Text with EEA relevance)I. INTRODUCTION1. These …” „… guidelines set out the principles for the assessmentof technology transfer agreements under Article 81 of …”

Abbreviated law S. 11-14

„… 11 Abbreviated law A) European Community I. Regulations Council Regulation (EC) No. 17/62 of 6 …” „… of Technology Transfer Agreements, OJ L 031/2, available at …” „… categories of technology transfer agreements, OJ L 123/11, available at …”

Summary and Conclusion S. 56

„… 56 Summary and Conclusion Summarizing, the initial question, whether the EC-Technology Transfer …” „… this examination may sound old-fashioned with respect to European law. Nonetheless, one solution to …” „… concrete statements on technology pool agreements.249 What was criticized as schematic and unable to suit …”

Legality S. 40

„… intend to depict the antitrust policy of the Agencies. II. Legality In contrast to the EC-Technology …” „… economic activity’, and the American constitutional system equally demands law to be clear and …” „… ascertainable,159 the inconvenience relates to the interpretation of case law and not to the Guidelines …”

Legitimacy S. 40

„… intend to depict the antitrust policy of the Agencies. II. Legality In contrast to the EC-Technology …” „… economic activity’, and the American constitutional system equally demands law to be clear and …” „… ascertainable,159 the inconvenience relates to the interpretation of case law and not to the Guidelines …”

Result S. 40-41

„… intend to depict the antitrust policy of the Agencies. II. Legality In contrast to the EC-Technology …” „… economic activity’, and the American constitutional system equally demands law to be clear and …” „… ascertainable,159 the inconvenience relates to the interpretation of case law and not to the Guidelines …”

Antitrust concerns about technology pools S. 20

„… 20 C) Antitrust concerns about technology pools Antitrust concerns about technology pools usually …” „… gather around the same aspects. On2, a developer of streaming video technology, blamed the administrator …” „… companies to dominate a market and fix prices“. The allegations comprised that instead of pooling technology …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845205625

Burkhard Hess, Ana Koprivica Harvey - Open Justice

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Burkhard Hess (ed.), Ana Koprivica Harvey (ed.)

Open Justice

Series: Studies of the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for International, European and Regulatory Procedural Law

Volume 13 2019

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Cécile Chainais Open Justice and the Principle of Public Access to Hearings in the Age of Information Technology: Theoretical Perspectives and Comparative Law S. 59-90

„… , Transforming the Law. Essays on Technology, Justice and the Legal Marketplace (OUP 2007) 151. 41 Nathalie Blanc …” „… Open Justice and the Principle of Public Access to Hearings in the Age of Information Technology …” „… : Theoretical Perspectives and Comparative Law Cécile Chainais Preliminary Remarks The theme of the principle of …”

Jean-Claude Wiwinius Public Hearings in Civil Proceedings: From the Perspective of a Luxembourgish Judge S. 97-102

„… part in the Rule of Law. Transparency allows citizens to be kept informed, enabling them to develop a …” „… Criminal Proceedings’. 97 and mainly of civil cases, including commercial law, labour law, social security …” „… different understanding of what a transparent court system means due to technology which makes everything …”

Burkhard Hess, Ana Koprivica Harvey Open Justice in Modern Societies: What Role for Courts? S. 9-46

„… the law firm. The lawyers authenticate the signatures of the parties and the agreement is sent to the …” „… open justice is also widely recognised as an indispensable element of the rule of law3 and thus of …” „… today. In the age of information technology and the transformation of the public sphere, this question …”

Judith Resnik The Functions of Publicity and of Privatization in Courts and Their Replacements (from Jeremy Bentham to #MeToo and Google Spain) S. 177-252

„… Protection Regulation’ (forthcoming) Berkeley Technology Law Journal, available at …” „… ) 14 Colorado Technology Law Journal 219. Google and other third-party intermediaries may be held …” „… Centre for Ethics and Law’ (UCL Faculty of Laws, April 2018); House of Commons, The Women and Equalities …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Access to Hearings in the Age of Information Technology: Theoretical Perspectives and Comparative Law 59 …” „… .) Studies of the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for International, European and Regulatory Procedural Law …” „… Procedural Law edited by Prof. Dr. Dres. h.c. Burkhard Hess Prof. Dr. Hélène Ruiz Fabri Volume 13 BUT_Hess …”

Index S. 311-316

„… – person, 75 – records, 73 – revolution, 20, 75, 91 – technology, 20, 21 digitalisation, 139, 140, 179, 189 …” „… information technology, 9, 38, 59, 63, 65, 74, 76, 98, 277, 278, 279, 280, 297 integrity, 6, 11, 20, 44, 61 …” „… law, 6, 9, 10, 11, 18, 27, 28, 29, 44, 45, 61, 99, 101, 117, 125, 127, 129, 135, 140, 143, 144, 215 …”

Sir Ernest Ryder Securing Open Justice S. 125-142

„… outlaws; individuals and businesses whose disputes are outside the law’s protection and control. We would …” „… maintain ‘political liberty’, and the rule of law.1 Without effective open justice they would not be able …” „… encompass the principle of equal access to court. The commitment, a common law constitutional right in the …”

Michal Bobek Epilogue: Past and Looming Challenges to Open Justice S. 277-302

„… . However, precisely for such educational purposes, be it with regard to law students and trainee lawyers …” „… and effective judicial law-making in the individual case are the facts and the details of the …” „… , in particular a higher court that delves deeper into points of law rather than elements of fact …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845297620

A. Neelameghan, K.S. Raghavan - Categories, Contexts and Relations in Knowledge Organization

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A. Neelameghan (ed.), K.S. Raghavan (ed.)

Categories, Contexts and Relations in Knowledge Organization

Series: Advances in Knowledge Organization

Volume 13 2012

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Abhijit Dasgupta, V K Thomas Semantic Web Technology: A Key for Effective Knowledge Management: A Case Study on Facets of Law S. 365

Vera Dodebei, Miriam Gontijo, Evelyn Orrico Knowledge Representation by Social identity Categories: The Brazilian Institute for Web Science Research, A Case Study S. 366-367

„… Technology: A Key for Effective Knowledge Management: A Case Study on Facets of Law Abstract Economic …” „… compared to what it had been 10 or 15 years ago specially in the fields of science and technology and even …” „… rights management (DRM) adds to the problems. Law is an important and complex area seen from its …”

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS S. 381-388

„… . 13. Earth Sciences Science Comet U.K. 14. Other Subjects Law Dr. B. R. Ambedkar India 380 The …” „… roniberto@nit.ufscar.br Arastoopoor, Sholeh. Regional Information Center for Science and Technology, Shiraz, Iran …” „… gcampbel@uwo.ca Cerdeira, Pablo de Camargo Law School - Getulio Vargas Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil …”

Charles-Antoine Julien, Pierre Tirilly, John E. Leide and Catherine Guastavino. Using the LCSH Hierarchy to Browse a Collection S. 109-116

„… ; confirm the presence of a power law distribution of information within the LCSH structure (Bates, 2003 …” „… not found. It shows a power law with a long tail containing 64.86% of LCSH strings that are assigned …” „… systematic cataloging practice of creating subdivisions to assign most specific LCSH string (i.e., law of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… Technology Sangeeta Deokattey, D.K. Dixit and K. Bhanumurthy. Co-word and Facet Analysis 153 as Tools for …” „… Industrial Technology via Domain Analysis: An Empirical Study B.L. Vinod Kumar and Khaiser Nikam …” „… ABSTRACTS OF POSTERS Abhijit Dasgupta and V K Thomas. Semantic Web Technology: A Key for Effective 365 …”

SUBJECT INDEX S. 391-394

„… classification, 58, 291 taxonomy, 124 Facets of Law, 365 Fiction, 242, 250 Films and Facets Fishery industry …” „… , 298, 301, 304- 309 Food Science and Technology, 145, 148 FRBR 190, 193, 197, 198, 338, 341, 344 …” „… Industrial Technology, 298 Inference Engine RACER, 369 Information architecture, 8 mining, 320 …”

Miriam Gontijo, Vera Dodebei, Evelyn Orrico Discourse Analysis as an Approach to Categorizing the Domain of Public Policy: The Case of Brazilian E-Government S. 256-261

„… solving problems such as technology implementation, improved communication between departments within the …” „… Urban Sanitation 10. Industry 11. Justice and Law 12. Environment 13. Individual, family and …” „… (E-Government) as an information technology and communication policy which is public administration oriented …”

Rosa San Sengundo, Daniel Martínez Avila New Conceptual Structures for the Digital Environment: From KOS to the Semantic Interconnection S. 206-211

„… excellence will be technology; this implies a certain technological determinism as a universal law. In this …” „… proliferation of technology and a motor for rapid technological change. He suggests the existence of an …” „… gravitational singularity observed in black holes, where there is a point at which the laws of physics cease to …”

L. Hajibayova, E. K. Jacob A Theoretical Framework for Operationalizing Basic Level Categories in Knowledge Organization Research S. 159-165

„… power law & significance of the least effort. Knowledge Organization, 34(1), 16-33. Murphy, G. 2002 …” „… Information Science and Technology, 59(9): 1383-1392. Rosch, E., and Mervis, C. 1975. Family Resemblances …” „… ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Rips, L., Blok, S., and Newman, G. 2006. Tracing the identity …”

Eduardo Ismael Murguia, Rodrigo de Sales CNPq‟s Knowledge Area Table as a Knowledge and Power Apparatus S. 183-189

„… Science in a new effort to supply information using the latest innovations in knowledge and technology …” „… decisions, laws, administrative measures, scientific statements, philosophical, moral and philanthropic …”

Melodie J. Fox Communities of Practice, Gender and Social Tagging S. 352-358

„… ), membership characteristics, and reliance on technology. The original typology was then expanded by Hara …” „… . Lawson (2009, 577) divided tags into objective or content-oriented tags, and subjective or user-oriented …” „… . Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. New York: Cambridge UP. Lawson, Karen G. 2009 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783956504402

Dariusz Szostek, Mariusz Załucki - Internet and New Technologies Law

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Dariusz Szostek (ed.), Mariusz Załucki (ed.)

Internet and New Technologies Law

2021

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Fryderyk Zoll The Legal Tech and the Legal Profession – the New Technology Enters the Lawyers’ Offices S. 119-128

„… Technology. Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Law Practice’ (2017) 22.45 Appeal Law Journal 6. 119 …” „… Support Technologies and the Legal Profession’ (2019) 34 Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 853. The Legal …” „… technology. 28 § 19.1 of the advocates’ code of conduct and Article 15.1 of the attorneys-at-law code of …”

Doug Surtees, Craig Zawada A Quest for Technological Competence: Raising the Bar S. 145-158

„… education, tech ed, lawyers’ duties, code of conduct, law of technology, law and tech, law practice …” „… Technology (LOT) concepts such as Intellectual Property but also Law Practice Technology (LPT) concepts …” „… technology, law practice tech, law school curricula, law school reform, continuing legal education, legal ed …”

Gabriela Bar, Silvia A. Carretta, Shobana Iyer The Impact of Law Tech on the Future of Lawyers S. 129-144

„… as technology develops in using LawTech tools. Lawyers will be required to develop their know-how in …” „… : Impacts of Artificial Intelligence in Lawyer-Client Relationships’ (2019) 72 Okla. L. Rev. 149. 14 LawGeex …” „… , blockchain, technology, legal analytics, transparency, discrimination, judges, law firm, court. 129 …”

About the Authors S. 445-458

„… information technology law. She holds a quinquennial law degree, with a master of laws specialization in …” „… research About the Authors 446 focuses on commercial law and technology, company law and consumer contracts …” „… Associate professor within the Department of Civil law and also Institute of Law and Technology at the …”

Zofia Bednarz, Kayleen Manwaring Risky Business: Legal Implications of Emerging Technologies Affecting Consumers of Financial Services S. 59-74

„… dilemma, see Lyria Bennett Moses, ‘How to Think about Law, Regulation and Technology: Problems with …” „… “Technology” as a Regulatory Target’, (2013) 5 Law, Innovation and Technology 1, 8 and Kayleen Manwaring …” „… Change’ (2007) 2 University of Illinois Journal of Law, Technology & Policy 239, 269. 66 Manwaring, ‘Will …”

Hongyu Fu, Chong Liu Privacy by Design in China’s Digital Privacy Laws and its Application in Smart Cities S. 361-380

„… relevant laws and regulations of the Cybersecurity Law, Law on the Protection of Rights and Interests of …” „… different departmental laws and regulations. For example, Article 12 in Law of the People’s Republic of …” „… law’s jurisdiction; In the next place, the criminal law also clarifies that the network service provider …”

Bibliography S. 459-479

„… Technologies and the Legal Profession’ (2019) 34 Berkeley Technology Law Journal; Kontargirys X., IT laws in …” „… ) 82 Fordham L. Rev. 3041; Mckamey M, ‘Legal Technology: Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Law …” „… decisions and the GDPR, 2018 Harvard Journal of Law and Technology Vol 31.No2 …”

Alexandra R. Harrington, Magdalena Stryja Eco Smart City Method of Promoting Environmental Sustainability and Sustainable Development in an Industralised and Digitalized Society S. 275-294

„… significant connections between the ways in which law, regulation, policy and technology intersect to create …” „… technology and financial services, including microfinance.”25 There are many areas of law and policy …” „… implement what are essentially soft law mechanisms as part of national laws and policies, international and …”

Alexandre Cavalcanti Andrade de Araújo Connecting Law to New Technologies: Perspectives and Challenges S. 35-42

„… a new technology Administrative Law Public service and police power, besides other similar state …” „… related to a new technology Consumer Law Companies are everywhere (in your home and in your neighborhood …” „… . Connecting Law to New Technologies 39 Law Specialties Paradigms related to a new technology Philosophy of Law …”

Introduction S. 5-12

„… responsibility associated with them. This is the reason why law and technology, the Internet and law, cannot …” „… Legal Tech and the Legal Profession – the New Technology Enters the Lawyers’ Offices 119 Fryderyk Zoll …” „… The Impact of Law Tech on the Future of Lawyers 129 Gabriela Bar, Silvia A. Carretta, Shobana Iyer A …”

Zanda Davida, Dominik Lubasz Privacy by Design – Searching for the Balance Between Privacy, Personal Data Protection and Development of Artificial Intelligence Systems S. 337-360

„… , trust deficits in both the technology and its developers are becoming an important issue. Concerns arise …” „… about the application of technology in an instrumental way, arbitrary or discriminatory effects of …” „… becomes necessary to analyse whether these technologies may violate the law or ethical standards. One of …”

Ewa Rott-Pietrzyk, Dariusz Szostek, Marek Świerczynski Regulation and Control of Algorithmic Codes – a Necessity of our Times (?) S. 101-116

„… presented in natural language.5 Law and technology are increasingly interacting with 1. 2 See also Robert …” „… ’ (2021) Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology 85 ff. 5 For more on the transcription of spoken …” „… Law & Technology 889-938. Ewa Rott-Pietrzyk, Dariusz Szostek, Marek Świerczynski 108 convergence with …”

Monika Jagielska, Monika Namysłowska, Aneta Wiewiórowska-Domagalska The Changing Nature of the Consumer in the Digital Reality S. 43-58

„… NorbertReich, EU Consumer Law(Intersentia 2014); Hans Schulte-Noelke, Christian Twigg-Flesner and Martin Ebers …” „… law set in an off-line environment, require a critical analysis and, most likely, a significant …” „… of law was to protect the consumer as the final purchaser of goods.5 Logically, the legal means of …”

Wilfried Bernhardt The Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Field of Justice S. 173-196

„… Property Division Following Divorce’(1998) 6, 2 International Journal of Law and Information Technology 190 …” „… technology is used in a way that is safe and compliant with the law, including the respect of fundamental …” „… /law/help/artificial-intelligence/regulation-artificial-intelligence.pdf> accessed 24 June 2021. 2 Isabelle Biallaß, ‘Legal Tech und künstliche Intelligenz’ in Ory and …”

Maddalena Castellani, Roberto Giacobazzi, Cesare Triberti Cloud Computing Issues: A Possible Solution S. 381-392

„… laws (divergent regulations between States and conflict between civil and common law) without precise …” „… enterprise, it has also shown how current technology systems are increasingly at risk of cyberattacks. In …” „… hand, Information Technology allows economic relations to evolve, on the other, the business world is …”

Wojciech Filipkowski, Rafał Rejmaniak Criminal Liability in the Context of the Functioning of a Smart City S. 295-318

„… that reality - and technology in particular - is changing, and the role of criminal law is also to …” „… criminal law in this context? Their first goal is to present different roles of humans and AI concerning …” „… people and their organizations4. The question that arises is: What is the role of criminal law in this …”

Alexandra R. Harrington, Magdalena Stryja: S. 439-440

„… oversight mechanisms to ensure that technology and associated infrastructures needed to support it are …” „… generating sustainable incomes. 3) Create and encourage mechanisms for technology transfer between developed …” „… sustainable. 4) Encourage the entrenchment of the rule of law across all legal and regulatory systems …”

2. The IGF 2021 priorities as stated by the MAG S. 14-20

„… Laws, Technology and Culture, (1986) 27 3 Technology and Culture 544–560. Krzysztof Szubert 16 …” „… American historian of science and technology, pointed out, ‘Although technology might be a prime element in …” „… many public issues, nontechnical factors take precedence in technology-policy decisions.’4 Put simply …”

Beata Stępień-Załucka The Future of e-Voting. Some Remarks from the Perspective of the Polish Law S. 89-100

„… the Perspective of the Polish Law 93 technology (ICT) infrastructure, or computer skills.19 Therefore …” „… The Future of e-Voting. Some Remarks from the Perspective of the Polish Law Beata Stępień-Załucka …” „… Law 91 a system can be found in Australia, Brazil, Canada, France,7 India,8 Japan, Kazakhstan,9Peru …”

E. Niewiadomska-Szynkiewicz, M. Amanowicz, A. Wronska, P. Kostkiewicz Cybersecurity Resilience in Digital Society – the Practical Approach S. 405-432

„… information technology, which means that threats to the availability, integrity, and confidentiality of …” „… common form of human contact. The reliance on information technology means that threats to the …” „… Competence Centre for industry, technology and research with national coordination centres. The proposal aims …”

Charlie Northrup Digitally Transforming the Web into an EcoSphere of EcoSystems S. 241-254

„… as a disruptive technology opening a new digital frontier. Thirty years later, consumers would spend …” „… over $25.6 trillion online.1 Like every disruptive technology before it, the Web would forever change …” „… before. Four years later, a startup company which became Netscape licensed the web technology from the …”

Niewiadomska-Szynkiewicz, Amanowicz, Wrońska, Kostkiewicz: S. 442-444

„… of technology and law is inevitable. Dariusz Szostek, Mariusz Załucki Conclusions and Recommendations …” „… Woznica: With regard to the principle of predictability of law and legal certainty, we recommend that the …” „… , but only the decision-makers of the UN will be able to decide what technology it will be and how far …”

Mariusz Załucki The Road to Modern Judiciary. Why New Technologies Can Modernise the Administration of Justice? S. 159-172

„… Technology: Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Law Practice’ (2017) 22 Appeal: Review of Current Law …” „… lawyers to interact with the court, and the court itself will also rely on technology. Justice 2050 will …” „… to resolve disputes arising in connection with the application or making of law, they decide on …”

Mauro Arturo Rivera León, Rodrigo E. Galán Martínez Towards a Right to Digital Justice? The Constitutionalization of Digital Justice in Mexico S. 197-208

„… be a pioneer innovation, the authors conclude that many challenges lie ahead. Introduction Law is a …” „… evaluation process is required, which should be accompanied with technical training for a section of the law …” „… procedure, render interpretations of the law or the administrative regulations that hinder the procedure …”

Maddalena Castellani, Cesare Triberti, Roberto Giacobazzi: S. 441

„… recommend to conduct interdisciplinary research involving experts from various fields (i.e. IT, ethics, law …” „… Castellani, Cesare Triberti, Roberto Giacobazzi: While science and technology is progressing towards the new …” „… services. In order to concretely rise the level of confidence in the use of these technologies, lawmakers …”

Wojciech Filipkowski, Rafał Rejmaniak: S. 441

„… recommend to conduct interdisciplinary research involving experts from various fields (i.e. IT, ethics, law …” „… Castellani, Cesare Triberti, Roberto Giacobazzi: While science and technology is progressing towards the new …” „… services. In order to concretely rise the level of confidence in the use of these technologies, lawmakers …”

Felipe Garcia Teló, Ricardo Pinha Alonso The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and ist Influence Upon the Internal Context of Brazilian Companies S. 255-274

„… requires interdisciplinarity between Law, Economics and Information Technology (IT). This is also the case …” „… ethical scandals that have placed the issues of law enforcement and the fight against corruption on the …” „… means to act according to the law, an internal instruction, a command or an ethical conduct, that is, to …”

Przemysław Polański, Jacek Gołaczyński Online Dispute Resolution and the Form of an Arbitration Agreement S. 209-238

„… – International Private Law, Journal of Laws of 2015, item 1792, where even chapter 8 was titled Arbitration …” „… other hand, in Spanish law, the arbitration laws also stipulate that the arbitration agreement should be …” „… blockchain technology disputes has been launched. The blockchain arbitration court was established at the …”

Gabriela Bar, Silvia A. Carretta, Shobana Iyer: S. 436

„… labour through smart contract). 4) Lawyers will be expected to embrace technology even further as …” „… technology develops in Legal Tech tools. Lawyers will be required to develop their know-how in the use of the …” „… public authorities in all countries. 2) The use of technology to conduct court hearings should become an …”

Fryderyk Zoll: S. 436

„… labour through smart contract). 4) Lawyers will be expected to embrace technology even further as …” „… technology develops in Legal Tech tools. Lawyers will be required to develop their know-how in the use of the …” „… public authorities in all countries. 2) The use of technology to conduct court hearings should become an …”

Krzysztof Szubert: S. 433

„… optimistic. The development of technology, in particular the increasing complexity of algorithms, the growing …” „… technologies, but also the opportunities that technology offers for the future. The result of the work are …” „… . Not only for scientists and lawyers, but also for politicians, NGOs, IT specialists and ordinary …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748926979

Thomas Hoeren, Stefan Pinelli - Künstliche Intelligenz – Ethik und Recht

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Thomas Hoeren (ed.), Stefan Pinelli (ed.)

Künstliche Intelligenz – Ethik und Recht

2022

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. Artificial Intelligence and Automatic Enforcement Systems, Risk Prevention: Chinese Legislation and Case Studies (Lin) S. 323-342

„… automati-cally detects vehicles that violate the law through artificial intelligence technology and automatically …” „… information law includes not only the study of sectoral laws such as copyright law, internet law and personal …” „… law”2 – information is free, but the freedom is not free – and while the application of new technolo …”

. Algorithmic Decisions Between Process and Fairness: A Transatlantic Perspective (Guggenberger) S. 93-118

„… letter of the law, specifically as it relates to equity and inclusion: “AI technology should be developed …” „… /technology/youtube-radical.html Andrew D. Selbst, Disparate Impact In Big Data Policing, 52 Georgia Law Re-view 109 (2017) Selena …” „… , Algorithms and The Practice of Criminal Law, 29 Kansas J. L. & Pub. Pol. 329 (2020); Andrew D. Selbst …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen HARV. J. L. &. The Harvard Journal of Law & Technology TECH HEG-KI . . . . . . Hochrangige …” „… . Information Security Technology – Personal Informa- tion Security Code …” „… technology in fighting the pandemic, credit system and smart city construction …”

. Risikoregulierung von künstlicher Intelligenz und automatisierten Entscheidungen (Orwat/Bareis/Folberth/Jahnel/Wadephul) S. 255-288

„… Agenda, in: European Journal of Law and Techno-logy, 10. Jg., H. 3, S. 1–21 Bradbury, Judith A. (1989 …” „… Technology, in: Brownsword, Roger; Scotford, Eloise; Yeung, Karen (Hrsg.): The Oxford Handbook of Law …” „… of European National Data Protection Laws, in: Computer Law Journal, 3. Jg., H. 1, S. 167–188 …”

Sachverzeichnis S. 389-393

„… 230 − Grund 231 Geheimnisschutzrecht 358 General-Purpose-Technology 225, 227, 229 generatives …” „… Fairness 149 Infinite Scroll 365 Informatik 223 Information Security Technology – Personal Information …” „… − embedded technology 60 f. − evolutionär 224 − Framing 248 − Institutionenähnliche Regelungs-elemente 52 …”

. Verantwortliche Gestaltung von KI-Systemen. Ethik, Recht und Technikfolgenabschätzung (Grunwald) S. 45-66

„… . Internationale Politik. IP Special 3/ 2020, 1 Bijker/Law (Hrsg.), Shaping Technology Building Society. Boston …” „… Legitimation 6 Kehl. 7 Grunwald 2019a, S. 122. 8 Vgl. zB VDI; Bijker/Law; Grunwald 2003. B. Der doppelte …” „… Anwendungskontexte zielen, in die die KI-Systeme eingebettet werden (embedded technology). Die Gestaltung der …”

. The Heterogeneity of AI Ethics Guidelines Examined: Varying Natures, Actors, and Perceptions (Rudschies/ Schneider/Simon) S. 67-92

„… the field of biotech-nology and medicine, on the one side, and the information technology sector on …” „… promotes virtuous “personality traits and behav-ioral dispositions on the part of technology developers”.11 …” „… explainability, fairness and non-discrimination, human control of technology, professional responsibility, and …”

. KI, Demokratie und das Recht (Djeffal) S. 221-254

„… Law” in: Sudmann (Hrsg.), The Democratization of Artificial Intelligence, transcript Verlag (2019 …” „… . 27. 16 Bozdag/van den Hoven Ethics and Information Technology 17 (2015), 249 (254). 17 Irrgang …” „… / post-loescht-alle-informationen-zu-parteiaffinitaet. 23 Eine Abbildung der Bedrohungen findet man bei Zuiderveen/Borgesius ua Utrecht Law Review 14 …”

. KI, Ethik und Recht: Herausforderung und Perspektive (Hoeren/Pinelli) S. 1-16

„… Georgetown Law Technology Review 4.1 (2019), 1. B. Zweiter Mythos: KI-Ethik gibt es 5 mit dem allgemeinen …” „… Manipulation: Hidden Influences in a Digi-tal World, Georgetown Law Technology Review 4.1 (2019), 1 Tractica …” „… comply with the principles of limiting the negative externalities of technology used, of ensuring …”

. Regulierung von Künstlicher Intelligenz – DS-GVO als Leitbild? (Haag/Risthaus) S. 289-322

„… Europäischen Datenschutzaufsichtsbehörde vgl. Hörnle International Journal of Law and Information Technology 27 …” „… Amram, The Role of the GDPR in Designing the European Strategy on Artificial Intelligence: Law-Making …” „… Public Law 20 (2014), 127 (144 f.). 103 Unger ZRP 2020, 234 (235). 104 Für die Errichtung einer eigenen …”

. Rechtliche Bewertung möglicher Fairnessmaße (Kevekordes/Hauer/Amir Haeri) S. 141-190

„… Rule of Law., S. 18. 5 Aristoteles, Nikomachische Ethik, 1131b, zitiert nach Aristoteles/Gigon/Nickel …” „… :// www.uniformguidelines.com/uniform-guidelines.html#18 (zuletzt aufgerufen am 19.4.2021); Fredman, Discrimination Law, 2. Aufl. 2011, S. 178 ff …” „… .; Zuiderveen Borgesius European Business Law Review 31 (2019), 401 (405). 76 Wachter/Mittelstadt/Russell, Why …”

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