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Matthew J. Sheridan, Thomas J. Lalka - Contemporary Criminal Justice Careers

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Matthew J. Sheridan, Thomas J. Lalka

Contemporary Criminal Justice Careers

2022

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Chapter 5 The Federal Government S. 67-76

„… 67Chapter 5The Federal GovernmentThe federal government is comprised of a complex set of criminal …” „… federal government is the largest employer in the nation with more than two million law enforce-ment and …” „… diversity of employment in the federal service.THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT SEARCHThe federal …”

Appendix J S. 223-226

„… Jersey should review the appropriate websites in the list below. Other states and the federal government …” „… the U.S. federal government, the U.S. Department of Defense, and the military service.• www .statejobs …” „… . JobBankUSA provides a search of federal gov-ernment jobs and employment information.• www .indeed .com.• www …”

Glossary S. 269-274

„… government.Private Employer: A for-profit or a nonprofit business or organization which is non-governmental …” „… ethic.Prosecutor: An attorney who, at the local, county, state, and federal level of government, is the …” „… : A local, state, or federal government agency.Service Learning: Community service which makes a …”

Appendix I S. 219-222

„… federal government’s official one-stop source for federal jobs and employment information).• US Customs …” „… 219Appendix IU.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies and Websites This appendix covers federal …” „… . Drug Enforcement Administration: http: // www .usdoj .gov /dea /index.htm• U.S. Federal Bureau of …”

Appendix K S. 227-230

„… review of civil service bulletins for a specific state or for the federal government (found in libraries …” „… , government buildings, many college CJ departments, career services offices, and other places, including the …” „… , could be state or federal, juvenile, or county.• Teacher: including special needs titles, such as …”

Appendix A S. 157-180

„… College with a degree in business. Soon after joining local government, I was asked to manage federal …” „… , Warden, ADX Florence (Supermax); Correctional/Criminal Justice Consultant8. James F. Kenny, PhD, Federal …” „… of Government Accountants and the Trenton/Princeton/Monmouth Chapter of the American Production and …”

Chapter 4 The Courts, Its Actors, and Its Functions S. 55-66

„… JudgesArticle III courts are those that make up the judicial branch of the federal government:• U.S. District …” „… contact with an individual who has been a federal prosecutor, a state deputy attorney general, a sheriff …” „… Jersey Governor Chris Christie made his reputation as a tough federal prosecutor who fought public …”

Notes S. 259-268

„… San Francisco.2. This website answers many questions about careers in the federal government, as well …” „… down by a federal court upon finding that an agency or some function of state government is in …” „… governmental agencies because of constitutional violations. The court then appoints a federal master who will …”

Preface

„… : The Federal Government 67Chapter 6: Internships, Volunteering, Externships, and Part-Time Employment …” „… Appendix H: Civil Service Examinations 215Appendix I: U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies and …” „… whether COVID-19 was a real disease or simply the flu as infections and deaths skyrocketed. The Federal …”

Appendix L S. 231-236

„… residential treatment services to federal, state, and local government agencies. BI provides a full continuum …” „… are not government positions. Private and nonprofit service providers operate through govern-ment …” „… donations, grants, and contracts. The agencies work independently and in partnership with governments …”

Subject Index S. 281-292

„… government employment search, 68Federal Jobs Digest, 68, 224Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC …” „… , xxvi, 3–5, 55, 59–64, 66, 130, 132–133, 145, 263judicial branch of federal government, 61judicial …” „… , 170–171, 176, 177, 197, 233, 237–240, 247, 251. See also; Federal Bureau of Investigations Training …”

Chapter 10 Privatized Criminal Justice (Careers in the Private Sector) S. 149-156

„… gov-ernment level enables him to facilitate relationships with federal, state, local law enforcement …” „… most cases, are performed by government agencies. Privatization is controversial with strong arguments …” „… that the practice is unethical, that punishment is a government function. Nevertheless, privatized …”

Appendix N S. 241-248

„… must be enrolled for a minimum of six credits per semester, or federal assistance may be eliminated …” „… FOR COLLEGEFirst, fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) online at www .fafsa …” „… .ed .gov /. The FAFSA will establish your eligibility for federal financial aid. (Caution: There are …”

Chapter 3 Careers in Corrections S. 35-54

„… and the federal government. There are instances where the educational requirement is as minimal as a …” „… juvenile or federal prisons, nor private prisons, or private nonprofit community corrections centers.“An …” „… positions at the federal, state, and local levels. Private correctional enterprises, which include armed …”

Appendix H S. 215-218

„… 215Appendix HCivil Service Examinations Many jobs with local, state, and federal government …” „… states and in the federal government. Pennsylvania also includes a tutorial to help with the process.216 …”

Chapter 1 Exploring Careers in Criminal Justice S. 1-16

„… operations from state to state, and there may be jurisdictional issues between federal government agencies …” „… operations and responsibilities of state and federal agencies often overlap, and they may come into conflict …” „… locations to patrol. Exploring Careers in Criminal Justice 5Federal enforcement agents encounter different …”

Appendix O S. 249-254

„… facility, federal and state law enforcement office, colleges and universities, and local offices of related …” „… CJ-related issues. “PLN” has a national (U.S.) focus on both state and federal prison issues, with some …” „… for leaders in business, government, and institutional sectors in print, in person, and online. …”

Chapter 8 Criminal Justice Ethics S. 121-134

„… instance, or the agency like the New Jersey State Police, is placed under Federal Consent Decree15 in the …” „… constitutional guarantees. In such cases, the severity is greater and can include a Federal Consent Decree.25 …” „… names or around which some special commission or governmental investiga-tion occurs. In other cases …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538168110

Phil Gramm, Robert Ekelund, John Early - The Myth of American Inequality

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Phil Gramm, Robert Ekelund, John Early

The Myth of American Inequality

2022

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Appendix A. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TRANSFER PROGRAMS S. 185-188

„… 185Appendix AFEDERAL GOVERNMENT TRANSFER PROGRAMSThe following list of federal transfer programs …” „… comes from the US Senate Budget Committee, “CRS Report: Welfare Spending the Largest Item in the Federal …” „… Budget,” Washington, DC, 2013, and the Congressional Research Service (CRS), “Spending for Federal …”

CHAPTER 2. Inequality in Producing and Consuming in America S. 13-34

„… different federal programs consti-tuted 93 percent of all government transfers.11 (See Appendix A for a list …” „… dollars)Earned income quintileTotal government transfer payments per householdFederal program transfer payments …” „… but funded in total or in part by the federal government, the state contributions to the funding are …”

Notes S. 199-248

„… underwritten by government, like Federal Housing Authority loan subsidies in the United States. These subsidies …” „… -food-stamp-work-requirement-cuts-non-parent-caseload-80-percent). But the federal government generally took an opposite approach and encouraged states …” „… Economic Research, October 2013. Medicare and Medicaid are government-run insurance companies. Market …”

CHAPTER 6. Measures of Well-Being S. 83-100

„… health of the nation. Many government payments such as Social Security and federal employee pensions are …” „… smaller.Ironically, while the federal government continues to use a traditional CPI for cost-of-living adjustments on …” „… government consumer price indexes used for most of these adjustments has been challenged and disputed by many …”

CHAPTER 7. What about the “Super Rich”? S. 101-118

„… , it would fund the federal government for less than six days.The argument that the rich do not pay …” „… 1962. Whether the federal government could actually impose a higher top rate, such as 50 percent, on a …” „… , Xerox, and Federal Express make about $10 million per year, falling at the lower end of the top 1 …”

CHAPTER 1. Introduction: OFFICIAL STATISTICAL MEASURES UNDERSTATE AMERICA’S WELL-BEING S. 1-12

„… governments as income to the recipients of those transfer payments. In 2017, federal, state, and local …” „… beneficiaries buy food with government-issued debit cards; and numerous other programs such as Medicare and …” „… , Not Government StatisticsThe Economist magazine in 2020 summed up the contemporary public assess-ment …”

CHAPTER 10. Policy Implications and Conclusions S. 165-184

„… . Legislation is required to assure that the statisti-cal agencies of the federal government measure income …” „… able-bodied but destitute workers. The Federal Government must and shall quit this business of relief.”14 When …” „… standard, America’s government-run primary and secondary schools, 174 CHAPTER 10especially those in inner …”

Index S. 249-254

„… , 185–88; federal and state government combined, 22, 203n11; in-kind, 14, 18–19; international comparison …” „… ; race comparisons and, 159; state and local government finances and, 28. See also Current Population …” „… (government agencies). See specific departmentsdependence by households, 66–68Dickens, Charles, 6, 108–9 …”

CHAPTER 3. Poverty in America S. 35-42

„… payments undertaken by the federal government to alleviate poverty was never counted in the of-ficial …” „… declined by more than 20 percent. At the same time, the federal govern-ment loosened its eligibility …” „… proportion of Americans living in poverty according to the official measure set by govern-ment was falling …”

CHAPTER 4. Trends in Income Inequality S. 43-58

„… , https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/2016/econ/local/public-use-datasets.html. “Table 3.2. Federal Government Current Receipts and …” „… /econ/local/public-use -datasets.html. “Table 3.2. Federal Government Current Receipts and Expenditures,” National Bureau …” „… government-paid medical care for all citizens.22 But in those countries, every citizen is supposed to get the same …”

CHAPTER 8. The American Dream Is Alive and Well S. 119-140

„… legitimate concerns about how former slaves would even survive in an age of little government and private aid …” „… these time periods [1987 to 1996 and 1996 to 2005].”11 In another study, economists at the Federal …” „… extended into the 1990s, the Federal Reserve study concluded, “Tracking individuals’ incomes over time …”

CHAPTER 9. Fifty Years of Economic Progress S. 141-164

„… more maligned than in the last fifty years. The official statistics of the US government and …” „… in. The official statistics compiled by our government do not reflect the economic progress we see …” „… , by design, they don’t count most government transfer payments as income to the recipients and fail to …”

CHAPTER 5. Causes of the Growth in Earned-Income Inequality S. 59-82

„… Federal Government must and shall quit this business of relief.”31 Despite government’s stated intention …” „… government transfer payments to lower-income households. In 2017, transfer payments increased the average …” „… percent because the reforms focused on moving families with children from total dependence on government …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538167397

James V. Koch - The Impoverishment of the American College Student

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James V. Koch

The Impoverishment of the American College Student

2019

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William Bennett's Gauntlet: Is the Federal Government Part of the Problem? S. 161-176

„… 161EIGHTWilliam Bennett’s GauntletIs the Federal Government Part of the Prob lem? There is an …” „… federal government will come to their rescue by semi- automatically allocating additional need- based …” „… they would ordinarily because they are aware that someone else (in this case, the federal government …”

A Rising Flood of Student Indebtedness S. 51-68

„… ex-penses. They can do so because the federal government has made it relatively easy for them to borrow …” „… trillion.THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AS CREDITORThe federal government (as opposed to private lenders) has become …” „… of all individuals who held a student loan with the federal govern-ment were making payments on that …”

The Student Fallback Options: Loans and Debt S. 25-50

„… government or a private lender is the banker. In 2014–15, the federal government was the lender for more than …” „… Options27FEDERAL LOANSThe federal government has assumed a huge role in providing loans to Amer-ican …” „… government, ac-cording to the College Board. The annual volume of federal loans of all types to American …”

Notes S. 245-262

„… federal government.5. Federal Reserve Economic Data, “Real Median House hold Income in the United …” „… federal government’s Public Ser vice Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) program. The PSLF program enables student …” „… ,” Liberty Street Economics (blog), Fed-eral Reserve Bank of New York, April 3, 2017; Meta Brown and Sydnee …”

Index S. 263-0

„… , 63–65; federal govern-ment as creditor for, 53–54; fraud claims in relation to, 58; growth of, 52, 53f …” „… rates on federal loans, 59, 59f; institutional comparisons, 229. See also Historically Black Colleges …” „… , 172–73; government adoption of, 173; lit er a ture review, 165–72; opposing arguments, 166, 174, 213 …”

Parsing the Evidence and Evaluating Solutions to the College Cost Crisis S. 211-244

„… , when the federal government infuses additional financial aid, many institutions tend to reduce their …” „… who consume the ser vice. Thus, agencies such as the federal government pay, but students consume …” „… ically rational reaction. If the federal government (or a foundation) is going to pick up a cost, then …”

Cross-Subsidies and Affordability in Public Higher Education S. 69-92

„… in-stitutions of higher education from state governments, even while the federal government has become an …” „… education includes the following:Revenue Subsidies• Governments (local, state, federal) provide financial …” „… a fine to the federal government. Were some variant of this policy to be implemented, it likely …”

Preface

„… and What It 149 Means for Amer i ca 8 William Bennett’s Gauntlet: Is the Federal Government 161 Part …” „… the federal government. Because the reasons why we are experiencing a higher education cost crunch are …” „… . An example is the role of federal student financial aid in stimu-lating tuition and fee inflation …”

The Spiraling Costs of Higher Education S. 1-24

„… - intentioned, the federal government has made the tuition and fee inflation prob lem worse via its financial …” „… state and federal agen-cies and competition among institutions also emerge as factors.A typical way to …” „… than optimal federal financial aid policies; co- opted interested parties including governing board …”

A Closer Look at Redistributive Student Pricing S. 93-130

„… universities is the size of the general fund tax support they receive from their state governments.Within …” „… discloses that the average Top 28 member reaped more than triple the government grants and contracts …” „… either the public or elected officials.FINANCIAL SUPPORT: ARE STATE GOVERNMENTS TO BLAME?A recurring …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815732624

William G. Gale, J. Mark Iwry, David C. John - Wealth After Work

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William G. Gale (ed.), J. Mark Iwry (ed.), David C. John (ed.)

Wealth After Work

2021

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Public Pensions in Flux: How the Federal Government's Experiences Can Inform State Responses S. 203-229

„… 203NINEPublic Pensions in FluxHOW THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT’S EXPERIENCE CAN INFORM STATE …” „… governments face difficulties financing future pension obligations for their workers. The fed-eral government …” „… examine the situation the fed-eral government faced and how it responded to the funding challenge. We pre …”

Index S. 371-0

„… : federal employees’ opposition to, 206, 212, 222; investment in private sector as issue in, 207; as model …” „… ; percentage of workers enrolled, 158, 160, 160f; recent federal policy and, 158; variation by workers …” „… , 264 Family and medical leave program, 77Federal deficits of 1980s, CSRS and, 205Federal employees …”

State-Sponsored Retirement Saving Plans: New Approaches to Boost Retirement Plan Coverage S. 158-181

„… states and the fed-eral government must spend in the future to support retirees with inadequate …” „… fund than for a plan administered by the federal government or a state government. As a result …” „… American Savings Account, similar to the Thrift Savings Plan currently offered to federal government …”

Introduction S. 1-10

„… in the case of low- income workers, the federal government, would make contri-butions to the STARTs …” „… obligations for their workers—an area where the federal government faced similar prob lems in the 1980s and …” „… implemented a successful reform. Chapter 9, “Public Pensions in Flux,” describes how the federal government …”

Structuring State Retirement Saving Plans: A Guide to Policy Design and Management Issues S. 182-202

„… Are the Costs to Employers and the Federal Government, Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392 …” „… business without access to an employer- administered plan (Government Accountability Office 2013).Lack of …” „… ) plans (Madrian and Shea 2001). It was designed as a federal retirement savings initiative with …”

A Retirement Dashboard for the United States S. 82-115

„… provided through a website sponsored or co- sponsored by the federal government that is designed …” „… heads up a twenty- two- agency federal government– wide Financial Literacy and Education …” „… information themselves.One value of a central dashboard sponsored or co- sponsored by the fed-eral government …”

Contributors S. 365-368

„… graduated from Harvard College, Harvard Law School, and the Harvard Kennedy School of Government.David C …” „… 365CONTRIBUTORSEDITORSWilliam G. Gale is the Arjay and Frances Miller Chair in Federal Economic …” „… policy. She received her BA in economics and government with highest honors from the University of Texas …”

How Will Retirement Saving Change by 2050? Prospects for the Millennial Generation S. 11-46

„… FEDERAL FISCAL IMBALANCESThe federal government faces a long- term debt prob lem that will create …” „… likely having longer lifespans.1 They will face burdens from any eventual resolution of the government’s …” „… , government, and businesses. However, it also generates unique opportunities for creative public policies and …”

How Does Gender Equality Affect Women in Retirement? S. 73-81

„… - Wage - Jobs - are - Womens - Jobs . pdf.Whitehurst, Grover J. 2017. “Why the Federal Government Should …” „… replaced DB plans, which are common now only for govern-ment and unionized workers.15The shift away from …” „… . First, a robust federal paid family and medical leave program would let people save for re-tirement …”

From Saving to Spending: A Proposal to Convert Retirement Account Balances into Automatic and Flexible Income S. 255-283

„… eligible for 403(b) plans; federal employees and certain state and local government employees are eligi-ble …” „… : Australian Government.National Employment Savings Trust. 2015. “The Future of Retirement: A Retirement …” „… regulatory structure for the pools is expected to be considered during 2019, and the government proposes to …”

Preface

„… Frances Miller Chair in Federal Economic Policy and director of the Retirement Security Project at the …” „… 203HOW THE FEDER AL GOVERNMENT’S EXPERIENCE CAN INFORM STATE RESPONSESWilliam G. Gale, Sarah Holmes …” „… , as did the Arjay and Frances Fearing Miller Chair in Federal Economic Policy at the Brookings …”

Changing Wealth Accumulation Patterns: Evidence and Determinants S. 47-72

„… Federal Reserve Board’s Survey of Con-sumer Finances (SCF) we document how mean and median house hold …” „… 42.0 43.7 41.175+ 54.3 44.3 43.9Source: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2017 …” „… : Federal Reserve Board of Governors Survey of Consumer Finances (1989–2016 …”

When Income Is the Outcome: Reducing Regulatory Obstacles to Annuities in 401(k) Plans S. 284-331

„… legislation by requiring each federal agency, “to the extent appli-cable,” to review and modify its …” „… houses the Federal Insurance Office), the SEC (which includes the Office of Credit Ratings), and perhaps …” „… ), the Trea sury Department (Federal Insurance Office), the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the SEC …”

Supplemental Transitions Accounts for Retirement: A Proposal to Increase Retirement Income Security and Reform Social Security S. 135-157

„… taxes.9The federal government would contribute to the STARTs of low- income workers. The maximum …” „… arguably the most successful federal program in US history. The program has substantially reduced se nior …” „… , and a progressive government contribution. STARTs would be fully inte-grated into the Social Security …”

Retirement Tontines: Using a Classical Finance Mechanism as an Alternative Source of Retirement Income S. 332-364

„… proposed a capital investment tontine to pay off Revolutionary War debt. Although the federal government …” „… is simple and elegant: Invest the tontine in zero- coupon government bonds with maturities and …” „… the seventeenth to the nineteenth century, helping governments and monarchies raise money for public …”

Chapter Credits S. 369-370

„… States from the Federal Government’s CSRS- to- FERS Transition.” Originally published by the Brookings …”

You Get What You Pay For: Guaranteed Returns in Retirement Saving Accounts S. 230-254

„… interest in the idea of hav-ing the government provide minimum rate- of- return guarantees for retirement …” „… businesses. In 2016, state governments in California and Connecticut were actively re-searching the …” „… benefits associated with a government- provided guarantee and who would bear the costs. Guarantees are a …”

Retirement Plans for Contingent Workers: Issues and Options S. 116-134

„… government match; instead of receiving the credit as part of their refund (where it is likely to be spent …” „… retirement accounts (and to have state and federal tax withheld). This requirement would apply to full- and …” „… - content / uploads / 2017 / 09 / WP - 2017 - 12 - John - Gale . pdf.Government Accountability Office (GAO …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815739357

Gudrun Wansing, Felix Welti, Markus Schäfers - The Right to Work for Persons with Disabilities

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Gudrun Wansing (ed.), Felix Welti (ed.), Markus Schäfers (ed.)

The Right to Work for Persons with Disabilities

2018

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Verena Bentele Foreword from the German Federal Government Commissioner for Matters relating to Persons with Disabilities S. 13-16

„… Foreword from the Representative of the German Federal government on the Needs of Persons with …” „… awareness among employers Foreword from the German Federal Government Commissioner for Matters relating to …”

Arne Frankenstein Workplace Accessibility and Universal Design S. 211-230

„… amendment of the Ordinance im‐ plements the sustainability strategy of the German Federal Government – as …” „… federal government and federal states address only public authorities. Looking at the private sector in …” „… assigned to the German federal government within the framework of competing legislation in accordance with …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-11

„… June 2018 Markus Schäfers Preface 8 Content Foreword from the German Federal Government Commissioner …” „… Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of the Federal Republic of Germany as part of a national …” „… and the effects of those laws. Governments, along with legislators, must pay close attention to this …”

Mario Schreiner A Need for Sheltered Workshop Reform? Perspectives from Employees and Legal Trends due to the German Federal Participation Act S. 327-342

„… German Federal Participation Act by Mario Schreiner This article addresses the perspectives of shop …” „… those affected are addressed in relation to the changes brought about by the German Federal …” „… amendments to work‐ force participation services formulated in the Federal Participation Act [BTHG …”

Felix Welti, Eva Nachtschatt Equal Rights of Persons with Disabilities to Work per Article 27 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities S. 51-84

„… , the Federal Government Commissioner for Matters relat‐ ing to Persons with Disabilities holds this …” „… the right to work for people with disabilities increased in visi‐ bility through the Federal …” „… concerning these questions in the Federal Republic of Germany, in its position as a signatory to the UN CRPD …”

Friedrich Mehrhoff Return to Work as a Central Aim of Rehabilitation S. 155-168

„… federal government (www.einfach-teilhaben.de). Many laws from 2015/2016 implemented the objectives and …” „… the Federal Ministry of Health and the Federal Min‐ istry of Labour and Social Affairs here in Germany …” „… of social security institutions in single cases of individual needs in participation (Federal …”

Heinz Willi Bach The Situation for Blind and Visually Impaired Persons in the Labour Market, in Employment and in Continuing Education – Including International Perspectives S. 231-260

„… specialized educational institutions and the agencies and job centers of the German Federal Employ‐ ment …” „… (blind) identification mark recipients in Ger‐ many sorted by federal states from 2011 to 2014 German …” „… federal state Population Blind persons (Bl) Baden-Wuerttemberg 10,569,111 9,981 Bavaria 12,519,571 14,301 …”

Bert Wagener The Role of Higher Education in Promoting the Right to Work for Persons with Disabilities S. 273-280

„… exemplary overview. Accessibility In order to implement the UN CRPD, the German Federal Government and the …” „… ) and funded by the German Federal Min‐ istry of Labour and Social Affairs, by the Research Association …” „… teaching Before the government approves courses of study, an accreditation of the course of study is …”

Authors S. 359-362

„… of Ireland Verena Bentele, until May 2018 Federal Government Commissioner for Matters relating to …”

Eberhard Eichenhofer The UN CRPD as an International Social Law S. 17-34

„… foreigners; II. 1. 1 John Locke, Über die Regierung, The Second Treatise of Government, 1689, p. 140; the …” „… [GG] of the Federal Republic of Germany, is not a fundamental right for Germans but for everyone16 …” „… relating to human rights. This is because the Basic Law [GG] of the Federal Republic of Germany makes …”

Madan M. Kundu, Alo Dutta, Fong Chan Developing International Standards of Competencies for Return-to-Work Professionals: An Overview S. 169-182

„… employment settings of these professionals can be in clinical, corporate, insurance, and government sectors …” „… . However, the largest employment-based support service provider in the country is the state-federal …” „… measure was constructed with active participation of several government entities, leading employers …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845291673

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