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Michael E. O'Hanlon - The Senkaku Paradox

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Michael E. O'Hanlon

The Senkaku Paradox

2019

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Preface

„… reduce the risks of great power war and military escalation over very limited stakes. “Although the U.S …” „… ShimbunBROOKINGS INSTITUTION PRESSWashington, D.C.www.brookings.edu/pressRISKING GREAT POWER WAR OVER SMALL STAKES …” „… AMO'Hanlon_Senkaku Paradox_i-xiv_1-258.indd 2 2/7/19 11:41 AMThe Senkaku ParadoxRisking Great Power War Over …”

Introduction: Expanding the Competitive Space S. 1-18

„… command and control systems, of a major power.19 These arguments echo views prominent during the Cold War …” „… its 2017 National Security Strategy and 2018 National Defense Strategy.But over what issues might war …” „… against Russia or China erupt? And if war were to occur, how might it be contained before it took the …”

Notes S. 209-249

„… of the Great Powers (New York: Random House, 1987); Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics …” „… Joseph S. Nye Jr., The Future of Power (New York: PublicAffairs, 2011).39. Juan C. Zarate, Treasury’s War …” „… , O’Hanlon, The Science of War, pp. 83–85; and Kurt M. Campbell and Michael E. O’Hanlon, Hard Power: The New …”

Conclusion and Recommendations S. 147-158

„… other ways the great powers could arrive at the brink of general war over limited stakes. For example …” „… avoid cognitive dissonance in a situa-tion where the potential benefits of going to war did not justify …” „… elect to escalate. The post–World War II American strategic culture tends to incline the country toward …”

Index S. 250-0

„… region balance of power, 89; sanctions during World War II, 17; and strate-gic planning, 55–57, 69, 153 …” „… reduce the risks of great power war and military escalation over very limited stakes. “Although the U.S …” „… ShimbunBROOKINGS INSTITUTION PRESSWashington, D.C.www.brookings.edu/pressRISKING GREAT POWER WAR OVER SMALL STAKES …”

Plausible Scenarios S. 19-52

„… dynamics of major wars fought near Russia or China, this chapter devel-ops several combat scenarios. They …” „… na-tional power, including military force, in response. In other words, these are Article 5 scenarios— one …” „… stand, the international order that has made interstate war extremely rare since World War II could be …”

Integrating Economics into War Plans S. 109-146

„… when the immediate physical stakes are too limited to warrant the risk of major great power war as a …” „… risks of great power war, however, they would be tolerable. Indeed, for the specter of sanctions to …” „… weapons, it is doubtful that the bite of sanctions would be so debilitating as to make great power war …”

China and Russia Scenarios in 2040 S. 53-76

„… systems. Great power war in the twenty- first century will, if it occurs, not be easy to control. Nor will …” „… difficult to project large and inherently un-stealthy forces near an adversary’s bastions of military power …” „… . Combat models that have been based largely on the technologies and war outcomes of the late twentieth and …”

Military Elements of Integrated Deterrence S. 77-108

„… War III to liberate a Senkaku island or a single farming village in eastern Estonia or a partially …” „… and risks are more realistically aligned with the immediate stakes in play. If war occurred, I submit …” „… incentives themselves not to fire the first shot in what could then easily become a full- on hot war. The …”

Appendix 1: The So-Called Revolution in Military Affairs, 2000-20 S. 159-182

„… perhaps because the needs for such capabilities were dramatized by the realities of war: lives could be …” „… in World War II?3 As evidenced by this historical reference, the debate was of more than academic …” „… significance. A nation that failed to profit from new opportunities in how war might be waged might not just …”

Appendix 2: Forecasting Change in Military Technology, 2020-40 S. 183-208

„… digital and computational realms, where increasing computational power can dramatically accelerate the …” „… in many areas.For example, improved computing power can allow a multitude of sat-ellites and other …” „… the opening (and perhaps decisive) phases of a war. A military and a national infrastructure with key …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815736905

Robert A. P. Glawe - Organkompetenzen und Handlungsinstrumente auf dem Gebiet der nationalen Sicherheit

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Robert A. P. Glawe

Organkompetenzen und Handlungsinstrumente auf dem Gebiet der nationalen Sicherheit

Reihe: Studien und Materialien zur Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit

Band 109 2011

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Die War Powers Resolution der Vereinigten Staaten S. 133-135

„… Schlüsselrollezukommen.Die War Powers Resolution der Vereinigten StaatenSeit dem Jahr 1973 existiert in den USA ein …” „… drohendenKampfsituationen577 regelt. Die War Powers Resolution578 legt fest, dass der Präsident ausschließlich nach einer …” „… beiderKammern handelt, steht dem Präsidenten in dieser Frage kein Vetorecht zu.580Mit dem Erlass der War Powers …”

Andere Mitgliedsstaaten der Europäischen Union S. 131-133

„… alsI.572 Vgl. S. Böckenförde, Die War Power Resolution, S. 10, Fn. 16; ausführlich dazu Siedschlag …” „… gestaltenwird, wird den Verfahren in Ländern mit Parlamentsvorbehalt eine Schlüsselrollezukommen.Die War Powers …” „… nationalenKongressvorbehalt für den Einsatz der US-Armee in akuten oder drohendenKampfsituationen577 regelt. Die War Powers …”

Zusammenfassung S. 137-138

„… Situation in den USA, deren War Powers Resolution die jeweiligen Präsidenten nie grundsätzlich oder förmlich …” „… ausschließliche Domäne des Staatspräsidenten war. Seit der Verfassungsänderung vom 23.07.2008 liegt die …” „… demokratischen Ländern wäre es undenkbar, dass das Verfassungsgericht auf Antrag einer Fraktion geltend …”

Die Parlamentsaufsicht in der Französischen Republik S. 136-137

„… , deren War Powers Resolution die jeweiligen Präsidenten nie grundsätzlich oder förmlich, wohl aber in …” „… die Außenund Sicherheitspolitik seit jeher eine ausschließliche Domäne des Staatspräsidenten war. Seit …” „… Punkt ist daher dieKritik von Müller unzutreffend: „In anderen demokratischen Ländern wäre es undenkbar …”

Das KSE-BVG der Republik Österreich S. 135-136

„… ausschlaggebend sind fürdie geringe Bedeutung der War Powers Resolution in der US-amerikanischen Verfassungspraxis …”

Änderungsmöglichkeiten S. 214-219

„… .977 BVerfGE 90, 286/389; befürwortend auch S. Böckenförde, Die War Powers Resolution,S. 26.978 Dreist …” „… Staatswohls, der hiergegenüberzustellen wäre, keinen Raum. Der Gesetzentwurf hatte gewiss die Intention einer …” „… Parlamentsvorbehalts oder einer darüber hinausgehenden Verfassungsergänzung erkennbar.976 Sie wäre nichtsdestotrotz …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-16

„… zu den Unionsund Bündnispartnern§ 6131Andere Mitgliedsstaaten der Europäischen UnionI. 132Die War …” „… Powers Resolution der Vereinigten StaatenII. 13312Das KSE-BVG der Republik ÖsterreichIII. 135Die …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 225-240

„… . 1881-1890Böckenförde, Stefan, Die War Powers Resolution, Studie der Deutschen Stiftung Friedensforschung …”

Folgerungen S. 109-128

„… derUS-amerikanischen War Power Resolution von 1973.521Hier ist eine präzise Unterscheidung der Verfassungsvorschriften …” „… schränkteinsofern die kaiserliche Prärogative ein. Dieser Parlamentsvorbehalt war auf dasklassische Bild des …” „… stark unilateralausgerichtet war und sich zudem nur in den starren Schlachten stehender Heerebbb.469 …”

Einsatz deutscher Streitkräfte im multilateralen Rahmen S. 174-210

„… Streitkräfte-2.782 BVerfGE 104, 151/208.783 S. Böckenförde, War Powers Resolution, S. 25.784 Die gegenwärtige …” „… Aktionsfeld der EUBG werden die sog. „military operations other than war“ sein,792 die ohne Zweifel Einsätze …” „… war mit dem AWACS-Geschwader wiederum derjenige NATO-Verband mit dem höchsten militärischen …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845232294

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Marc Gallicchio

The Scramble for Asia

2011

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Chapter 02. The Politics of Surrender S. 29-62

„… SupremeCommander of the Allied Powers.”While the Americans waited for a response, Marshall issued a stop orderon …” „… The Politics of Surrender2By the end of the Potsdam Conference the great powers had yet to pierce …” „… Soviet Union into the war introduced the strongpossibility that the war might suddenly end without …”

Index S. 203-208

„… unconditional surrender,6, 10–11Supreme Commander Allied Powers(SCAP), 42, 54, 56, 64, 75, 144, 153–54,161 …” „… , 29, 79–80, 88–89,94–96, 111, 153, 181; Supreme204 I N D E XCommander Allied Powers in, 64,75–77 …” „… ; and French inIndochina, 50; and Manchuria, 108,179–81; prepares for civil war, 20;responds to …”

Preface

„… . Military Power in the Aftermath ofthe Pacific WarGeoffrey Megargee, War of Annihilation: Combat and …” „… , Marc S., 1954–The scramble for Asia : U.S. military power in the aftermath of the Pacific War …” „… . Title: U.S. military power in the aftermath of the Pacific War.DS518.1.G34 2008355'.0330509045—dc22 …”

Chapter 07. Conclusion: No Peace for Asia S. 187-192

„… war and revolution eruptedthroughout the region. The volatile conditions in Asia posed a new …” „… power in the region reached its zenithin September 1945, and swiftly ebbed after that. A month after …” „… that country than existed during the entire war. The samemonth the combat ready XXIV Corps under …”

Chapter 03. The High Water Mark S. 63-98

„… expect to see in the weeks to come. Aftereight years of war, he explained, everyone in China wanted to …” „… Japan’s surrender,63American power reached its high water mark in Asia. More than 40,000 combat-ready …” „… General Douglas MacArthur. As Supreme Com-mander for the Allied Powers in Japan (SCAP) MacArthur wielded …”

Chapter 01. Intermission S. 1-28

„… pronouncements during the war, hehad never challenged the right of France or the other European powers to re-gain …” „… newmilitary campaigns were scheduled until autumn. For the moment much ofAsia existed somewhere between war …” „… of Europe and to coordinatediplomatic policies and military planning for the last stages in the war …”

Selected Bibliography S. 193-202

„… perspective on the aftermath of the war. For an earlyvivid account of these events by a veteran journalist see …” „… of the great powers’ failure to accommodate the forces of Asian na-tionalism was originally published …” „… in 1947.For the diplomatic background see Akira Iriye, The Cold War in Asia: A His-torical …”

Chapter 06. A Lingering Presence S. 145-186

„… Japanese enemyor indigenous groups that had collaborated with the Japanese during the war.Reliance on …” „… purposes of the war. In or-der to deflect criticism from this practice, American officials stressed the …” „… the post-war era. In theory, the Americans preferred a democratically created reform-minded popular …”

Chapter 05. Occupational Hazards S. 125-144

„… , APreponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and theCold War (Stanford, CA: Stanford …” „… advantage in insisting on conditions overwhich the Americans had little power. In the end, the conference …” „… yielded a tra-ditional great power accord that addressed most of the issues on Byrnes’s list.The Russians …”

Chapter 04. Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy S. 99-124

„… Domestic Politics andForeign Policy4The abrupt termination of the war and the subsequent movement …” „… was the frayingrelationship with the Soviet Union.99Soviet power had defeated the bulk of the German …” „… mid-August, he permitted the War Production Board to revokemore than 210 orders governing production of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780742564817

Gary Armstrong, James Rosbrook-Thompson, Iain Lindsay - Power Plays

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Gary Armstrong, James Rosbrook-Thompson, Iain Lindsay

Power Plays

Reihe: Academia Sport

Band 57 2021

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Chapter Five: Hard & Soft Power in Cold War Sport S. 39-46

„… Hard & Soft Power in Cold War Sport In many ways, the Cold War – the peace that was no peace – was …” „… – the loss of human life (Westad 1999). In one sense the story of soft power and Cold War sport begins …” „… suspicion – and on the lat- Chapter Five: Hard & Soft Power in Cold War Sport 40 ter score, at least, they …”

Chapter Eleven: Hard & Soft Power in Bosnia-Herzegovina Football S. 89-96

„… Germany, this period saw inter-war tensions reach their fullest expression. Amid occupation by Axis powers …” „… the aftermath of World War Two it was the least economically de- Chapter Eleven: Hard & Soft Power in …” „… Hard & Soft Power in Bosnia-Herzegovina Football The Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH) capital of Sarajevo …”

Chapter Three: Hard & Soft Power in the Workers’ Sport Movement S. 21-28

„… aftermath of World War One, the movement had finally run aground on the rocks of hard power. Were Nye’s …” „… Hard & Soft Power in the Workers’ Sport Movement The political left has always had a fraught and …” „… opposition to both economic and military power to the realpolitik of armed struggle and resistance, the lofty …”

Chapter Eight: Hard & Soft Power in Northern Irish Sport S. 63-70

„… Hard & Soft Power in Northern Irish Sport If many of the expressions of soft power detailed thus …” „… far have gained their potency from threatening allusions to the potentialities of hard power, the case …” „… and seize power for themselves. However, the attempted coup was unsuccessful, leading to fighting …”

Chapter Ten: Soft Power & Sporting Celebrity S. 79-88

„… Soft Power & Sporting Celebrity In this chapter we will consider how sportspeople can act as …” „… ambassadors for a given cause and themselves become instruments for the projection of soft power. One thing …” „… in the context of the Cold War. In many ways Muhammad Ali epitomises sporting superstardom. He …”

Chapter Two: Hard & Soft Power in the Olympic Games S. 13-20

„… Hard & Soft Power in the Olympic Games ‘Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is …” „… concept of the “Olympic family”; the potentialities of soft power are strained in attempts to keep the …” „… and the use of military force. In this chapter we examine the play between soft and hard power in the …”

Chapter One: Setting the Scene S. 9-12

„… Setting the Scene The distinction between ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ power was drawn in the 1990s by Joseph …” „… Nye of Harvard University (Nye 1990). “Broadly speaking,” Nye (2006: 2) has argued, “power is the …” „… co-opt them”. An exponent of ‘hard’ power would pursue his or her desired outcome using threats and …”

Chapter Nine: Sport, Soft Power & the United Nations S. 71-78

„… Sport, Soft Power & the United Nations As a global organisation tasked with facilitating …” „… equity, the United Nations (UN) must achieve its brief using soft power alone. Since its inception in …” „… to sport as an instrument of soft power, using it to realise the ideals of peace-keeping, security …”

Chapter Seven: Hard & Soft Power in Cuban Sport S. 55-62

„… Hard & Soft Power in Cuban Sport Following the Cuban revolution in 1959 and the imposition of …” „… used sport to exert different levels of soft and hard power. Throughout Fidel Castro’s tenure, the …” „… political tug of war between the US and Cuba saw hard-line politics implemented by both sides. Although …”

Chapter Four: Hard & Soft: Power, Gender & Sexuality in Sport S. 29-38

„… Hard & Soft: Power, Gender & Sexuality in Sport Pierre de Coubertin’s inspiration for reviving the …” „… evidenced in the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1). The Modern Olympics were thus built …” „… 1908 Games female winners received diplomas for their efforts; the men Chapter Four: Hard & Soft: Power …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Four: 29 Hard & Soft Power in Cold War SportChapter Five: 39 Soft Power & the Struggle against …” „… ACADEMIA The Projection of Hard and Soft Power in Sport Armstrong | Rosbrook-Thompson | Lindsay …” „… Power Plays Academia Sport 57 Gary Armstrong | James Rosbrook-Thompson | Iain Lindsay Power Plays The …”

Chapter Six: Soft Power & the Struggle against Apartheid Sport S. 47-54

„… Soft Power & the Struggle against Apartheid Sport Much has been said in recent times about the …” „… (Sampson 2011), used a combination of hard and soft power in his efforts to put an end to racial …” „… richly documented. In this chapter we explore the role of sport as an instrument of soft power in …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783896659040

Anna Kronlund - US Congress’ Powers under Debate

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Anna Kronlund

US Congress’ Powers under Debate

Reihe: Politics-Debates-Concepts. Politik-Debatten-Begriffe

Band 9 2022

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4. FROM UNILATERAL PRESIDENTIAL POWERS TO COLLECTIVE JUDGMENT IN WARMAKING S. 76-162

„… . 93-148)Presidentialists, Congressionalists, and the Constitutional Interpretation of War PowersThe war …” „… to Restore Its PowersThe enactment of the new war power legislation was seen as an ‘historic …” „… a constitutional crisis in the course of the debates on war powers:The issue before us today rests …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-18

„… natures of war and emergencies pose a challenge to the definition of these powers.The idea for this book …” „… US Congress’ Powers under Debate Separation of Powers and Parliamentary Politics in Times of War …” „… War and Crisis US Congress’ Powers under Debate Anna Kronlund© Cover picture: Haeferl …”

6. THE RHETORIC OF THE EXCEPTION AFTER 9/11 S. 215-259

„… Commander-in-Chief powers to act in ‘the war on terror’. Scheppele (2006, 861) has noted in this regard: ‘[The …” „… certain shifts regarding the separation of powers and the role of the Congress in ‘the war on terror’. In …” „… foreign policy enshrined in the Constitution (such as the capacity to declare war), powers that presidents …”

Bibliograhpy S. 297-317

„… Record (Senate), October 9, 1974, 34557.Committee reports and hearings:War Powers:Committee on Foreign …” „… : Congress, the President, and The War Powers’.Subcommittee on National Security Policy and Scientific …” „… House Joint Resolution 542, War Powers Resolution of 1973’. Congressional Record (House), October 12 …”

8. ‘CONSTITUTIONAL CANNIBALISM’, SEPARATION OF POWERS, AND THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION S. 267-279

„… powers before. For example, ‘the Feed and Forage Act of 1861’ of the Civil War period was used when the …” „… powers cover multiple areas but one of the continuous themes has been war and emergency powers. However …” „… Commander-in-Chief powers during the war on terror.While the debates have been ongoing since the Constitution was …”

1. EMERGENCY POWERS PROBLEMATIC AND PARLIAMENTARY OVERSIGHT S. 19-29

„… connected to the constitutional debates on norms, authority, and division of power. Related powers to war …” „… constitutional separation of powers is in the core of analysis. The book also covers the use of war and emergency …” „… war and emergency powers provide the chance to examine US constitutional politics from a perspective …”

9. CONCLUSIONS S. 280-290

„… CONCLUSIONSEmergency and war powers are of particular political interest because they illuminate …” „… Congress shall declare war? What does it mean to maintain a separation of powers in times of war and …” „… Constitution and the separation of powers principle. That Congress shall declare war may be more a …”

5. CONGRESSIONAL OVERSIGHT OVER NATIONAL EMERGENCIES S. 163-214

„… and authorities in front as highlighted by the Covid 19-pandemic. While the war and emergency powers …” „… parliamentary control to diminish the discretionary powers of the executive in the field of war and emergency …” „… momentum of Congress established by enacting the War Powers Resolution in 1973 was continued in 1976 when …”

7. PRESIDENT OBAMA’S CALL ON CONGRESS S. 260-266

„… on both authorising and committing war powers.As pointed out by Obama, there was no ‘public appetite …” „… authorisation.Zeisberg (2013, 8) has written on war powers how, ‘[…] branches interpretive claims are driven by partisan …” „… in Goldberg 2016).According to the data provided by the War Powers Resolutions reporting project by …”

2. PARLIAMENTARY POLITICS IN THE SEPARATION OF POWERS SYSTEM S. 30-43

„… powers and constitutional checks and balances forming the broader framework for the war and emergency …” „… even when they are constitutionally provided. For example, the war powers provisions in the US …” „… ambition’. Indicating that in the checks and balances system war powers are divided between Congress and …”

3. CONSTITUTIONALISING THE EXCEPTION S. 44-75

„… able in Germany after the war. Emergency powers were not in themselves necessarily ‘objectionable’ as …” „… as an example of how extensively emergency powers had been used during war in order 25 About the …” „… urge members to be cautious when granting emergency powers to the president:Dieses alte Gesetz war also …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748934257

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