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Tobias Scheunchen - Cosmology, Law, and Elites in Late Antiquity: Marriage and Slavery in Zoroastrianism, Eastern Christianity, and Islam

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Tobias Scheunchen

Cosmology, Law, and Elites in Late Antiquity: Marriage and Slavery in Zoroastrianism, Eastern Christianity, and Islam

Reihe: Arbeitsmaterialien zum Orient

Band 32 2019

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Chapter VII: Slaves S. 91-114

„… Chapter VII Slaves A. Sasanian law: slave trade—a risky financial venture 1. Prelude: basic …” „… theorized the critical concepts in Sasanian property law. Considering that slaves are deemed to constitute …” „… , particularly, the law of inheritance and endowments. As for the slave, the substance (bun) is her body. The …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… ............................................................... 87 VII. Slaves …” „… ................................................................................................. 91 A. Sasanian law: slave trade—a risky financial venture ................... 91 1. Prelude …” „… (ḫwēšīh) and possession (dārišn) ................. 91 2. Transacting slaves …”

Chapter III: Literature review S. 17-28

„… support of my first main argument—the types of matrimony and the legal configuration of slaves being …” „… status of slaves and their configuration in Sasanian jurisprudence. Macuch specifies four ways of …” „… transaction in which she pledges a slave.19 Although Zoroastrians are not safeguarded from being enslaved, it …”

Chapter I: Introduction S. 1-6

„… of society. Slave law restricts the legal capacity of certain individuals as opposed to other members …” „… of society who are granted freedom. The legal status of slaves frequently constitutes an …” „… masters and slaves. The mere fact of selecting these two realms of jurisprudence arguably affects the …”

Chapter VIII: Conclusion S. 115-120

„… slaves who were owned by Christian masters to convert to Mazdaism. The Sasanian slavery laws, then, were …” „… Islamic law illustrated that al-Shāfiʿī and Saḥnūn were keen to justify slave practices by reference to …” „… unbelief. Meanwhile, sinful believers were encouraged to atone for their sins by manumitting slaves. It is …”

Chapter V: Jurisprudence in Late Antiquity S. 33-40

„… lawmaking Before looking at matrimony and slaves more closely, we need to reflect on the sources of and …” „… discloses some important theoretical notions governing matrimony and the juridical configuration of slaves …” „… source against which I analyze matrimony and slaves in the Islamic tradition.30 The Mudawwana allocates …”

Chapter IV: Methodology S. 29-32

„… , serves as a lens through which I can gauge how the legal stipulations on marriage and slaves were …” „… and the legal configuration of slaves in Sasanian/East Syrian/Islamic law by discussing relevant …”

Index S. 137-144

„… , 37, 41, 47, 49, 52–53, 55–56, 69, 79, 87, 91, 93, 96, 99, 103, 112–116, 121, 125 slave 2, 20, 39 …” „… ) ix, 99–100, 104, 112, 117 Siyāvaḫš 98 slave -convert 96, 113, 117 female 79, 92, 98 …”

Chapter VI: Matrimony S. 41-90

„… sasanidisches Familienrecht,” 152– 153. 19 Ibid., 154. 45 and a maximum of two slaves.20 However, there is …” „… annulled if it encompasses either a manumission, presumably her own if she was the slave girl (jāriya) of …”

Chapter II: Historical, social, and religious context S. 7-16

„… . 47 Patricia Crone, Slaves on Horses. The Evolution of the Islamic Polity (Cambridge: Cambridge …” „… University Press, 1980), 49–50. 48 Daniel Pipes, “Mawlas: Freed Slaves and Converts in Early Islam,” in …”

Bibliography S. 121-136

„… University Press, 1987). —, Slaves on Horses. The Evolution of the Islamic Polity (Cambridge: Cambridge …” „… (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1974), pp. 224–32. Pipes, Daniel, “Mawlas: Freed Slaves and Converts in Early …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783956504686

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Ruma Chopra

Choosing Sides

2013

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Chapter 7. Slaves S. 165-176

„… war in the South translated into a transatlantic journey for some black loyalists. Slave to a Mr …” „… many other southern slaves, King found refuge in British-held New York City. He established life as a …” „… slaves about Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New-York, have as good victuals as many of the English; for …”

Introduction S. 1-64

„… Americans and African Americans (slaves and free) in the thirteen mainland colonies to choose the British …” „… imagined his future in an integrated empire. The loyalist may be an American-born slave or a Mohawk Indian …” „… . Indeed, the most disadvantaged in the colonies—the African-American slaves and the Native …”

Chapter 9. Loyalist Losses S. 197-210

„… com-pensation for his losses in income, property, and slaves.The Memorial of James Stuart, clerk.ShewethThat he …” „… provided no protection for Indians, slaves, or white loyalists. The Treaty did not mention Indian …” „… , which assured Americans that the British would not carry off slaves or other rebel property outside of …”

Index S. 229-242

„… , 26–27; rebels and, 13, 65–66; reluctance in, 13; by slaves, 3; Tories, motives for, 65–66; Whigs …” „… ; colonial governments and backcountry, 32; New England elite, 75; stolen slave children, 172–73Fanning …” „… British, 36; for husband of Reynolds, 162; for property and slaves of Stuart, James, 203–5; for slave …”

Preface

„… controver-sies. (Did slave conspiracies actually exist, for example? Why did witch trials in Salem spiral out of …” „… Potential 28Loyalist Women 32Slaves 37Indian Allies 41The Peace Treaty and Its Aftermath 43Refugees in the …” „… Seeking Relief (1779) 161Receiving Allowance from British (1783) 162Seeking Compensation for Slave …”

Chapter 8. Indian Allies S. 177-196

„… 1750s until his death; their eight half-breed children; his white servants; and slaves. The will …” „… slaves; it is also my desire that the sachems of both Mohawk villages C H A P T E R E I G H TIndian …” „… all my slaves, and the same of my stock of cattle of every kind. To my two daughters, Anne Claus and …”

Chapter 6. Loyalist Women S. 141-164

„… Seeking Compensation for Slave Property (1786)IntroductionOf the 3,225 loyalists who presented claims to …” „… City and finally to England. Webb hopes the British government will compensate her for her two slaves …” „… the best of her way to New York and took with her two women slaves the one named Sarah and the other …”

Chapter 2. Early Loyalist Voices S. 75-92

„… thereof may endanger it. In the English provinces, exclusive of negroe and other slaves, we have one …” „… are infallibly undone. Our most fertile provinces, filled with unnumbered domestic enemies, slaves …” „… their present condition viz. to make the Mother Country drudge and slave to support, and protect them …”

Chapter 4. Loyalist Resilience S. 109-122

„… herself has begun; perhaps it may be said, it is better to die than to be made slaves. This indeed is a …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781442205734

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J. Michael Martinez

Libertines

2022

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Ch02. “Dreams of Freedom in His Slave’s Embrace” S. 25-32

„… 25CHAPTER 2“Dreams of Freedom in His Slave’s Embrace”Thomas Jefferson and Sally HemingsThomas …” „… the peculiar institution, Jefferson’s views on race and master-slave relations were complex. He was …” „… not a man who could profess ignorance of the slave’s plight. He knew all too well from both personal …”

Ch05. “I Never Kissed Miss Tilton, I Never Told a Lie!” S. 57-68

„… female slaves after their father asked for his assistance. The Beecher family certainly harbored …” „… been abolished enforced the Fugitive Slave Act, which required them to return escaped slaves to their …” „… “one or the other must die.” A genuine Christian must reject slavery and feed and clothe escaped slaves …”

Introduction and Acknowledgments S. 1-10

„… clearly evidence of his poor judgment did not aid his cause.Jefferson’s relationship with his slave Sally …” „… his slave. Moreover, Sally Hemings did not possess the autonomy that Maria Reynolds enjoyed. As a …” „… with a much older man? Could a slave consent to having sex with her master? Does it rob Sally Hemings …”

Preface

„… wife”: aLexander hamiLton and maria reynoLds 11CHAPTER 2. “dreams of freedom in his sLave’s embrace …”

Afterword S. 217-222

„… that he had engaged in sexual relations with his slave and fathered one or more of her children.At the …”

Index S. 235-248

„… Fugelsang, John, 185Fugitive Slave Act, 61Full Disclosure (book), 199Fullerton, William, 63Funk, Jane …”

Ch03. “She Is as Chaste as a Virgin” S. 33-44

„… prostitute who in-termarried with a Negro, and my eldest brother sold as a slave in Carolina,” the old …”

Ch01. “My Real Crime Is an Amorous Connection with His Wife” S. 11-24

„… about the master of Monticello and his slave Sally Hemings. Callender was often in the Republicans …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538167540

Wolfram Brandes, Helmut Reimitz, Jack Tannous - Legal Pluralism and Social Change in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages

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Wolfram Brandes (Hrsg.), Helmut Reimitz (Hrsg.), Jack Tannous (Hrsg.)

Legal Pluralism and Social Change in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages

Reihe: Studien zur europäischen Rechtsgeschichte

Band 337 2024

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D. Fernández Reputable Slaves and Visigothic Law S. 229-248

„… the respectability of these slaves.Legislation on crimes committed by slaves further corroborates the …” „… using the same mechanism in the case of slaves,Visigothic laws delivered an important tool to determine …” „… Reputable Slaves and Visigothic Law*IntroductionIn the late seventh century, the Visigothic king …”

W. Pohl Legal Pluralism in Lombard Italy S. 401-422

„… other peoples,11 slaves acquiring personal freedom12 or the state-ment that a piece of land belongs “ad …” „… Paul the Deacon, Historia Langobardorum 1.12, edd. Bethmann / Waitz, 54: After a heroic deed, a slave …” „… 643: the only exception being the single occurrence of an “ancilla Romana”, a Roman slave woman …”

Z. Chitwood The ‘Part for the Soul’ (psychikon) and the Commemoration of the Dead in Byzantine Law S. 151-174

„… soul.47 Interestingly, slaves were excluded from 44 Eis. 30.5 (ed. C. E. Zachariä von Lingenthal …” „… debts of the deceased, they were to be granted freedom. The prominence of slaves as assets of estates …” „… deceased”. Slaves belonging to the deceased person would have their value included in this third portion …”

Index S. 425-436

„… , 312, 317Iceland 96, 113iconoclasm 41icons 41–62, 258idonei (slaves) 230–232, 235, 237, 239–240 …” „… Constanti-nople) 374Skleroi (Byzanine family) 343Skylitzes 341Slaves 229–247, 406, 407Slavs 112, 179–180, 182, 184 …”

I. Wood Towards a Temple Society S. 379-390

„… as to manumit the slaves they possessed, and to provide the Church with an alimentum. Augustine’s own …” „… some slaves (servuli) he would soon emancipate.62 But as Augustine says, ‘No one says that he is rich …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… ... ... ... ... ... ... 175Damián Fernández (DeKalb / Illinois)Reputable Slaves and Visigothic Law …”

A.D. Beihammer Treaty Making and Legal Concepts in Byzantine-Latin Diplomacy in the Time of the First Crusade S. 345-366

„… Anna’s phrases εἰς δούλου τάξιν ἑαυτὸν συνήλασας,“having reduced oneself to the status of a slave,” and …” „… ποιῆσαι δουλείαν τῷ βασιλεῖ, “becoming the emperor’s slave,”6460 Anna X 7, 5 (303 Reinsch), X 11, 5 (319 …”

J. Shepard Laws of Nations, Border Treaties and Roman Override S. 299-322

„… Byzantines were drawing on customs they took to be current among the Rus and their Slav tributaries, yet the …” „… Sviato-slav’s receipt of a ‘deceitful’ message in 971, remark: ‘the Greeks are crafty even to this day!’74There …”

H. Reimitz From Roman "Rechtsgewohnheiten" to the Post-Roman Law-codes S. 117-136

„… slaves and mancipii, or burglary by freemen.47The list of crimes and charges in the extant law code …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783465145509

Jonathan W. White - A House Built by Slaves

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Jonathan W. White

A House Built by Slaves

2022

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5. “THE PROMISE BEING MADE, MUST BE KEPT” S. 57-64

„… slaves—would simultaneously strengthen the Union and weaken the Confederacy by taking away the labor source of …” „… on Janu-ary 1, 1863, he transformed the nature of the war. The proclamation freed the slaves in areas …” „… mention of colonization or of compensation for slave owners, important steps forward in Lincoln’s thinking …”

Preface

„… A HOUSE BUILT BY SLAVESA HOUSE BUILT BY SLAVESAfrican American Visitors to the Lincoln White …” „… Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: White, Jonathan W., 1979- author. Title: A house built by slaves : African American …” „… above a former slave named Archer Alexander. To be sure, Frederick Douglass expressed misgivings about …”

1. “A CONTINUAL TORMENT TO ME” S. 1-20

„… night on board the ship he and his friend Joshua F. Speed observed a dozen Kentucky slaves “shackled …” „… Lincoln was struck that these slaves appeared to be “the most cheerful and apparantly [sic] happy …” „… ,” Lincoln wrote in wonder. (Lincoln could have only known 1C H A P T E R 12the slave’s offense from having …”

INTERLUDE 6. Richmond S. 181-184

„… greeted by an enthusiastic crowd of former slaves shouting, “Hallelujah!” “Glory! Glory! Glory!” “Bress de …” „… sight of the great conqueror,” and “Thank you, Master Lincoln.” Former slaves gathered around the …” „… Volunteers approached an ex-slave woman and told her, “Madam, there is the man that made you free.” She …”

9. “THE OBJECT IS A WORTHY ONE” S. 101-112

„… in Virginia in 1815. As a young man in the 1830s, he was imprisoned in Richmond for helping slaves …” „… “hundreds of escaping slaves” on their way to Canada. During the Civil War he recruited black sol-diers …” „… slave in Tennessee 9C H A P T E R 91 0 2in 1818 to an enslaved woman and an Irish immigrant. When he …”

NOTES S. 207-236

„… visited the area in 1862 or 1865.25. Elizabeth Keckley, Behind the Scenes; Or, Thirty Years a Slave, and …” „… Historical Society, 1991), 173–86; Ralph Clayton, Cash for Blood: The Baltimore to New Orleans Domestic Slave …” „… First Freed Slave: A Review of Bailey v. Cromwell, 1841,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical …”

17. “THE GREAT GUIDING HAND THAT NOW LAY PARALYZED IN DEATH” S. 185-192

„… for Abraham Lincoln, the True Friend of Liberty.” At Indianapolis, Mattie Jackson, a former slave …” „… erection of the monument, $8,000 of which came from black soldiers.27Ex-slaves and black Union soldiers in …” „… will soon be back with your masters under the lash, where you ought to be, damn you.”28 Some ex-slaves …”

10. “A TESTIMONIAL OF HER APPRECIATION” S. 113-128

„… nightly prayers. In Maryland, for example, a white woman observed that her slave named Jim “offers up a …” „… never had the opportunity to meet his commander in chief. A year later, in March 1864, an escaped slave …” „… several white soldiers taught him how to read and write. As a newly freed slave who was fighting for the …”

14. “I’VE COME TO PROPOSE SOMETHING TO YOU” S. 159-164

„… and a plantation slave in Charles Town, Virginia (now West Virginia), in 1812, Martin R. Delany would …” „… advisors ought to do something “to check this growing feeling against the slave, else nothing that we could …” „… until every slave is free, according to the letter of your proclamation. I would also take from those …”

8. “TO KEEP THE JEWEL OF LIBERTY WITHIN THE FAMILY OF FREEDOM” S. 89-0

„… people in criminal prosecu-tions, and to not be testified against by slaves. However, the ability to …” „… masses of darker-skinned ex-slaves, who were not.In language that echoed the Declaration of Independence …” „… Louisiana, and that “justice” required that those who had been “born slaves” should also be given the …”

3. “A SPECTACLE, AS HUMILIATING AS IT WAS EXTRAORDINARY” S. 37-46

„… the first months of the war, the border slave states would have almost certainly joined the …” „… slaves, Lincoln knew that doing so would be futile. Northern sup-port for the war effort would plummet …” „… trans-Atlantic slave trade, and he tried to induce Border State slaveholders to relinquish their “property” in …”

11.“DOUGLASS, I HATE SLAVERY AS MUCH AS YOU DO” S. 131-142

„… .’” The thought of continual war for the sake of black slaves demoralized many white voters.During this …” „… his freedom.” Lincoln confided in Eaton that he wanted to find a way to help slaves run away from …” „… Colonel Eaton. Believing that he would not be reelected, he wanted to devise a plan to free as many slaves …”

INTERLUDE 3. The Ballot S. 85-88

„… to black men as well. Nearly two hundred thousand free blacks and ex-slaves served in the Union …” „… His views began to change in the mid-1850s, however, as he realized the strength of “the Slave Power …” „… making a slave of another.” Popular sovereignty, in short, was not self-govern-ment because it denied …”

12. “IN THE PRESENCE OF A FRIEND” S. 143-152

„… son Peter had been illegally sold to someone in Alabama. It was against New York law to sell a slave …” „… have reference to my having emancipated the slaves in my Proclamation,” he began. Lincoln then …” „… from the National Freed-man’s Relief Association to work as a counselor to former slaves at the …”

6. “I FELT BIG THERE” S. 65-70

„… the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and to not touch slavery in the Southern states—he was livid. In the …” „… enemy” and “an excellent slave hound” who had “complete loyalty to slavery.” A likeminded black …” „… another step, and another, until Liberty is proclaimed to every slave in this land.”1By the midpoint of …”

EPILOGUE. “Emphatically the Black Man’s President” S. 193-204

„… the walls of their cabins. When she asked one ex-slave why the picture was there, the answer came, “He …” „… .”6Despite their widespread mourning, ex-slaves found much to celebrate in the immediate postwar …” „… Lincoln in August 1863; Abraham H. Galloway, the fugitive slave from North Carolina who asked for the vote …”

16. “SHE IS MY EQUAL, AND THE EQUAL OF ALL OTHERS” S. 171-180

„… Washington, DC, during the war years, he often encountered ex-slaves who had fled to the nation’s capital to …” „… was a former slave from Kentucky. Lincoln greeted them in “a kindly tone,” recalled the nurse. “How do …” „… to hear the ex-slaves sing. Upon their arrival, Uncle Ben, an illiterate slave preacher, opened the …”

15. “A SACRED EFFORT” S. 165-170

„… years ago, down-trodden, now uprisen, Free.” Many years later, an ex-slave claimed that he attended the …” „… that enslaved people made up one-eighth of the nation’s population, and that “these slaves constituted …” „… responsibility squarely on the white population of the entire nation, not only Southern slave owners, for white …”

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY S. 237-240

„… the Interior Relating to the Suppression of the African Slave Trade and Negro Colonization, 1854–1872 …” „… : Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the Lin-coln White House. New York: G. W. Carleton, 1868.Leasher …” „… : Abraham Galloway and the Slaves’ Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.Conroy …”

2. “THE POLITICAL WONDERS OF THE YEAR” S. 27-36

„… contained two ingredients that Lincoln thought were essential: compensation for slave owners and voluntary …” „… . His father, Boston Crummell, had been kidnapped in Africa and brought to America as a slave. As a …” „… slaves to Liberia.” While the dis-patch spoke of just a single agent, it is possible that both Johnson …”

INDEX S. 243-250

„… , 82, 107, 108, 118Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, 16–17, 65, 200galloway, Abraham H., 93–96, 140, 199 …” „… , 34, 59, 75, 137, 148, 174–75, 187, 208n9slave trade: domestic, 1–2, 3–7, 9–13, 17, 42, 66 …” „… , Joseph E., 34Williams, Samuel, 173–74Williams, Rev. William, 101Wilson, Henry (slave), 9–11Wilson, Henry …”

7. “WITHOUT MOLESTATION OR INSULT” S. 71-84

„… president. In former years Johnson had been enslaved in Washington, DC, and had been locked up in the slave …” „… Turner’s failed slave insurrection, which led to new, oppressive measures against slaves and free blacks …” „… the District, as well as for “the Presi-dent who had done so much for liberating the slaves of the …”

INTERLUDE 2. Foreign Diplomats S. 53-56

„… slaves in this District, to welcome here at the White House an African, full-blooded, all gilded and …” „… who has been raised in a slave State finds it a little ludicrous to be entertaining people from Hayti …”

4. “THE LORD HAS WORK FOR ME HERE” S. 47-52

„… to colonize the slaves C H A P T E R 45 0in Africa, President Lincoln appointed three men to learn …” „… fugitive slaves on the Underground Railroad, and prior to the war he had been a proponent of black …”

APPENDIX. Unconfirmed Meetings S. 205-206

„… “expressed dissatisfaction” that the Emancipation Proclamation only freed slaves in areas under Confederate …”

INTERLUDE 5. The House Chamber S. 157-158

„… entering within its sacred portals except as a servant or a slave.”2 How quickly things had changed in the …”

INTERLUDE 1. The Office S. 21-26

„… placate Southern slave owners. Now, as a wartime president, he would make war on his countrymen in order …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538161814

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