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Marie-Christine Fontana - Europeanization and the Weakening of Domestic Policy Concertation

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Marie-Christine Fontana

Europeanization and the Weakening of Domestic Policy Concertation

Reihe: Politik und Demokratie in den kleineren Ländern Europas | Politics and Governance in the Smaller European Democracies

Band 10 2014

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Electricity Market Liberalisation S. 113-156

„… 113 5. Electricity Market Liberalisation 5.1. Electricity market liberalisation in the EU 5.1.1 …” „… . Aim and global spread of electricity market liberalisation Together with other utility sectors such as …” „… telecommunication and public transport, the electricity sector has undergone fundamental transformations. Because of …”

Comparison of the Cases S. 229-254

„… EU member (Belgium) Non-member EU (Switzerland) With European policy Electricity market …” „… Europeanization in the electricity cases and weaker evidence in the competition reform cases. Whether the domestic …” „… a broad pro-reform coalition. In the case of electricity market liberalisation, the administrative …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-16

„… : electricity’s sector’s branche of the FGTB IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IDA FiSo Interdepartementale …” „… policy case 86 Selection criteria 87 Selected cases: Electricity market liberalisation, competition law …” „… Content 9 4.4.2. The standard decision-making process in Belgium 108 4.5. Summary 110 5. Electricity …”

Conclusion S. 255-266

„… introduced by a European market-making policy divided the peak associations (in the Belgian electricity …” „… domestic factors became more important. The most extreme case was the electricity reform in Switzerland …” „… policy-making processes. In the Swiss electricity reform, the unions were finally strong actors because they …”

References S. 267-285

„… ). How and why do policies change? A Comparison of Renewable Electricity Policies in Belgium, Denmark …” „… (2004). From Private Self-Regulation to Public Renewable Electricity Policy: A Paradigmatic Change in …” „… in Embedded Negotiations: Explaining EU Electricity Liberalization. International Organization 56 …”

Research Design and Methods S. 71-92

„… : Electricity market liberalisation, competition law reform and occupational pension reform According to the …” „… criteria mentioned above, six policy cases have been selected in Belgium and Switzerland: electricity …” „… ). 3.5. Case Selection 89 Table 4: Case selection: Policy cases Belgium Switzerland Electricity market …”

Interviews S. 300-302

„… . Brussels, Feb. 2008. Electricity market liberalisation in Switzerland Interview. ES1. High civil servant in …” „… in Switzerland, March 2007. Electricity market liberalisation in Belgium Interview. EB1. Expert …” „… : lawyer, dissertation on electricity liberalisation in Belgium, Jan. 2008. Interview. EB2. Member of the …”

Introduction S. 17-26

„… Single Market, namely, electricity market liberalisation and competition law reform. The control case …” „… scrutiny (electricity market liberalisation, competition law reform, and occupational pension reforms) are …” „… results: electricity market liberalisation (Chapter 5), competition law reforms (Chapter 6) and the …”

Documents S. 286-299

„… References 286 Documents of the case studies Electricity market liberalisation in Switzerland AFX …” „… Mitglieder AG Kiener. Weigelt, Peter (1996). Öffnung des Elektrizitätsmarktes (96.3439 – Motion). Electricity …”

Key Concepts and Analytical Framework S. 27-70

„… , including for instance electricity policy (see Chapters 4 and 5). 2.2. Policy concertation 31 sectors …” „… directive on electricity market liberalisation, which decided on opening the national electricity sectors to …” „… case of electricity market liberalisation, the main policy preference of domestic actors is regarding …”

Competition Policy Reform S. 157-196

„… al. 2003), it is an important difference between this case and the electricity reform, where no …” „… telecom and the electricity sectors; this was a concern raised by the Competition Council (Conseil de la …”

Occupational Pension Reform S. 197-228

„… , but there was more concertation as in the two Europeanised cases, electricity market liberalisation …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845248547

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Dierk Bauknecht

Transforming the Grid

Reihe: Wettbewerb und Regulierung von Märkten und Unternehmen

Band 20 2012

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Electricity market liberalisation S. 23-31

„… demand and the fact that in every single moment electricitygeneration must exactly match electricity …” „… Liberalisation and transformation of electricity systemsThe electricity sector has seen major …” „… restructuring since the early 1990s throughthe privatisation and liberalisation of electricity markets, which …”

Electricity system transformation S. 31-36

„… electricity market liberalisation – the idea of having some kind of long-term planningmay be regarded as a …” „… re-invent planning to transform infrastructuresand make them more sustainable.Electricity system …” „… transformationThe liberalisation discourse described in the previous section has had a profoundimpact on electricity …”

Electricity system development and distributed generation S. 39-55

„… Distributed generation, electricity networks and networkregulationThe previous chapter has …” „… described the general background of liberalisation andtransformation in electricity systems at large. Within …” „… andnetwork regulation respectively.The following figure shows a stylised model of the electricity system …”

References S. 235-250

„… ), 144-161.Roques, F.A., Newbery, D.M. and Nuttall, W.J. (2005), 'Investment Incentives and ElectricityMarket …” „… Environment. Thesis,Stockholm.Ackermann, T. (2007), 'Distributed resources and re-regulated electricity …” „… . (2001), 'Distributed generation: a definition', Electricity Power Systems Research, 57 (3), 195-204 …”

Background: Liberalisation, DG and system transformation S. 189-198

„… transformationThe traditional structure of the electricity industry in DenmarkThe Danish electricity system is …” „… bottom-up ownership structure.99.19.1.1189Figure 16: The organisation of the Danish electricity supply …” „… : Grohnheit, Olsen (2001: 130)As in other countries electricity supply was initially characterised by …”

Overview of thesis structure S. 21-23

„… electricity system:Networks and distributed generationTwo strands of literature: 1) Economic literature on …” „… electricity systems. Firstly, the economic literature onelectricity market liberalisation and secondly the …” „… generation that can make the electricity system more sustainable, its interaction with the electricity …”

Summary S. 36-39

„… ).SummaryThis final section briefly summarises and compares the two discourses on electricity market …” „… liberalisation and governance of system transformation.Proponents of electricity market liberalisation argue that …” „… this model is the mostappropriate, not just for providing electricity at low costs, but also for …”

Network regulation S. 55-65

„… electricitynetwork is a development that is specific neither to the electricity sector nor liberalised infrastructure …” „… integrationof distributed generation into networks in particular have become an importantissue in electricity …” „… systems. Within the standard model of electricity system liberalisation outlined in chapter 2, the …”

Background S. 17-20

„… two major political forces that have shaped policy-makingin general and the electricity sector in …” „… climate change in particular on the other hand.For many decades, the electricity supply industry was run …” „… was to increase theeconomic efficiency of the sector and reduce electricity prices (Sioshansi …”

Cost implications S. 224-226

„… connection and innovations have received much attention, new approaches are emerging. The Electricity Network …” „… electricity prices.The following graph shows the development of electricity prices for householdcustomers in …” „… : Electricity prices for household customers in the UK and Denmark0,30,350,40,20,25ars per kWhDKUK0,10,15US …”

Governance of Innovation and System Transformation S. 205-220

„… Denmark shall bear a relative proportion of the collective electricity-supply enterprises' necessary costs …” „… environmentally friendly electricity-producing technologies are carried out, including development of an …” „… financed by electricity consumers and network users.They complement tax-financed government RD&D programmes …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… .AuflageTransforming the GridNomosElectricity System Governance and Network Integration of Distributed …” „… AcknowledgementsThe transformation of electricity systems requires new networks. However, network regulation has …” „… question1.2 20Overview of thesis structure1.3 21Liberalisation and transformation of electricity systems2 …”

Research question S. 20-21

„… ).As opposed to generation and supply, electricity networks are still regulated asnatural monopolies …” „… applied to the networks. Network regulation is the dominant governance mechanism for electricity networks …” „… regulation that is part of the standard model of electricity marketliberalisation can be developed and …”

Background: Liberalisation pioneer and DG policy S. 161-166

„… (Praetoriuset al. 2009: 201-205). In the UK, electricity market liberalisation began in 1990,after other utility …” „… state-owned Central Electricity Generation Board owned all generation and transmission in Englandand Wales and …” „… company. In principle, electricity chargeswere mainly cost-based. With the 1989 Electricity Act, the …”

Governance of DG connection S. 198-205

„… customers with electricity.It was clear that such an uneven distribution of the costs of national objectives …” „… ancillary services.Governance of DG connectionHaving looked at the structure of the electricity industry in …” „… licensing,setting rules on environmentally benign electricity production and defining publicservice obligations …”

The effect of different regulatory mechanisms on innovation S. 110-119

„… from an electricity sectorperspective, see Jamasb and Pollitt (2008a). They examined the cost-based …” „… dominant regulatory regimein the electricity sector and beyond. When price-based regulation as we know …” „… compared to the electricity sector. It was introduced in this sector before the electricity sector and in …”

Research question: Governance of DG integration and network transformation S. 65-70

„… liberalisation and transformation of electricity systems in general and distributed generation and …” „… the standard model of liberalised electricity markets that was developed to increase the efficiency of …” „… onthe development of the electricity network infrastructure and the integration ofdistributed …”

Governance mechanisms beyond the incentive formula S. 137-155

„… of supplying electricity via the networks, it can be adapted to pursue additional objectives like the …” „… literature, as presented in chapter 2: new objectives can be integrated into the standardmodel of electricity …” „… framework in the electricity sector.There are some studies that have reviewed the potential to adapt the …”

Beyond changes in the incentive formula S. 179-189

„… objectives of OfgemInitially the UK electricity regulator Offer (which was later to become Ofgem) hadmainly …” „… consequence, as Helm (2003: 273) has pointed out, “the regulatory regime for both gas and electricity was …” „… state-owned and vertically integrated CentralElectricity Generation Board (CEGB) was the main governance …”

List of Abbreviations S. 15-16

„… List of AbbreviationsCAPEX Capital expendituresCEGB Central Electricity Generating BoardCHP …” „… GroupENSG Electricity Network Strategy GroupERGEG European Energy RegulatorsIEA International Energy …” „… AgencyIFI Innovation Funding IncentivekV KilovoltkWh KilowatthoursMW MegawattNETA New Electricity Trading …”

List of Figures and Tables S. 13-14

„… electricity generation in 2005 75Figure 9: Development of the revenue if DG costs are not taken intoaccount 83 …” „… the Danish electricity supply industry in1995 190Figure 17: Decentralisation of electricity generation …” „… in Denmark from 1980to 2000 193Figure 18: Electricity prices for household customers in the UK …”

Research design and method S. 70-78

„… mechanisms implemented in different electricity systems.Based on these, this part of the thesis provides a …” „… country, both in the development of DG penetrationas well as the traditional structure of the electricity …” „… to develop a new system architecture andcan be regarded as a “laboratory for the future electricity …”

DSO incentives resulting from DG S. 79-87

„… reduce thecosts of electricity networks in order to support the efficiency objective of liberalisation …” „… of the electricity network. Thus, DG clearly runs counterto the objective of reducing costs.This …” „… reduce the volume of electricity sold over the network; and• DG can entail network benefits, e.g. it can …”

Network innovation: some basics and definitions S. 107-110

„… and innovation externalitiesIn chapter 3, it has already been shown that electricity networks have …” „… traditional objective of distribution networks, i.e. to serve network customerswith electricity. Rather, they …” „… 2006).Given the monopolistic nature of electricity networks, this thesis focuses on theregulation of …”

Integrating new objectives and incentives into the standard model S. 87-94

„… connections; rather, an assessmentof the benefits of a new, more decentralised electricity system compared to …” „… the efficiency of supplying electricity consumers via the network. If efficiency or cost reduction …” „… between supplying electricity via the network in an efficientway and increasing the share of DG in an …”

System Transformation S. 223-224

„… emerging. The Electricity Network Strategy Group in particular is anattempt to provide a new coordination …” „… two regimes have affected electricity prices.The following graph shows the development of electricity …”

Beyond the incentive regulation mechanism S. 130-135

„… inappropriate for thepromotion of innovations, at least in the electricity sector. For the other mechanisms …” „… was introduced, it was claimed that it improvesthe conditions for innovations in electricity networks …” „… , i.e. the standard model of liberalisation and regulation inthe case of the electricity sector.Applying …”

Conclusion S. 135-137

„… network regulation: thestandard model of electricity market liberalisation has been successful in …” „… the efficiency of supplying electricity via the networks, it can be adapted to pursue additional …” „… electricity market liberalisation. Just like the standard model of marketliberalisation is supposed to provide …”

Conclusions S. 105-107

„… efficiency should serve as a guideline both for the supply of electricity via the network as well as the …” „… electricity networks have become muchmore dynamic than they used to be, and that a range of innovative network …”

Incentive regulation and network innovation S. 171-179

„… electricity networks, partly as a resultof the increasing generation capacity connected to the distribution …” „… technical challenge forthe DSOs (Ofgem 2004b). Moreover, according to the UK’s Electricity …” „… corebusiness, delivering electricity via the network. RPZ projects do not contribute tothis core business. This …”

Conclusions S. 227-233

„… research.ConclusionsAgainst the background of electricity market liberalisation and the literature ongovernance of system …” „… as an example to analyse thecapability of the standard model of electricity market liberalisation to …”

Regulatory approaches to innovation S. 119-130

„… Commission) and theoretically (Blankart et al. 2006).In the electricity sector, the approach is even more …” „… electricity regulators have applied this approach.ConclusionThe discussion in this section has shown that …” „… found to be inappropriate for thepromotion of innovations, at least in the electricity sector. For the …”

Energy policy and regulation S. 155-160

„… important difference between the electricity and the telecomsectors. The latter has experienced fundamental …” „… investment framework for electricity networks. Other thanthat the networks do not serve to meet any political …”

Designing DG incentives for DSOs S. 94-105

„… Joskow 2006a). A practicalimplementation can be found in the UK for the regulation of electricity …” „… , a closerlook reveals that efficiency should serve as a guideline both for the supply of electricity …”

Network innovation S. 222-223

„… is separate fromthe standard model and the costs of which are added to the electricity tariffs for …”

DG connection and integration S. 220-222

„… is separate fromthe standard model and the costs of which are added to the electricity tariffs for …”

Incentive regulation and DG connection S. 166-171

„… electricity networks, partly as a resultof the increasing generation capacity connected to the distribution …” „… regulation of electricitynetworks. The DG scheme relies on the standard model mechanisms to enable …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845239880

Jan-Niclas Gesenhues - Smart Energy in Mozambique

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Jan-Niclas Gesenhues

Smart Energy in Mozambique

Reihe: Sustainable Development in the 21st Century

Band 3 2020

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2. The Mozambican electricity sector S. 23-28

„… 23 2. The Mozambican electricity sector 2.1. Basics of the Mozambican electricity sector The …” „… electrification is necessary as broadly 70% of the population remain without access to a basic electricity supply …” „… until today. Including electricity supply from alternatives to the main grid, such as mini-grids and …”

3. Potentials of smart energy for Mozambique´s electricity sector S. 29-34

„… 29 3. Potentials of smart energy for Mozambique´s electricity sector For decades, electricity …” „… grids were designed for a one-way process: the electricity was generated centrally in large plants and …” „… , accompanied by new technological solutions for demand response, electricity transmission and distribution have …”

5. Drivers and barriers to a smart electrification in Mozambique S. 55-164

„… . Hence, information about the potential of smart energy applications in the Mozambican electricity …” „… electricity sector. Accumulating expert knowledge about the topic of interest with a combination of …” „… in the Mozambican electricity sector, decision makers in energy politics, donor agencies6, research …”

7. Options for a smart electrification S. 167-182

„… 167 7. Options for a smart electrification Is there a better and smarter electricity supply in …” „… , covering the whole widespread country? Will there be a diversified electricity supply with isolated and …” „… barriers to a smart electricity system be too high, such that there will be no substantial improvement nor …”

1. Introduction S. 17-22

„… thirds of the Mozambican population do not even have basic access to electricity (IEA 2017). That is …” „… by regular blackouts and the electricity sector is characterized by inefficiencies. The resulting …” „… lack of access to reliable electricity is a severe barrier to human and economic development in …”

8. Assessment of Options S. 183-240

„… improve electricity access in Mozambique: Extension and smart upgrade of the central grid, isolated smart …” „… energy, program EnDev (Energising development), - Head of program, development of electricity sector in …” „… devices, such as fridges or washing machines. Therefore, electricity consumption is low and refinancing …”

9. Policy recommendations S. 241-250

„… actors to identify and support electricity projects which can create synergies with economic development …” „… official statistics. Tenenbaum et al. (2014, 324) specify what high-quality electricity sector data should …” „… data about the dissemination of the electricity market, market size, market segments, customer classes …”

A. Annex S. 273-283

„… grid investments? Competition in the electricity market? Transaction costs induced …” „… ? How does this influence smart grid-investments? 4. Electricity market Who are the major players …” „… in the Mozambican electricity market? How powerful are they? How does this structure of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-16

„… electricity sector 23 2.1. Basics of the Mozambican electricity sector 23 2.2. Generation of electricity 25 …” „… 2.3. Transmission and distribution 26 3. Potentials of smart energy for Mozambique´s electricity …” „… . Electricity market 112 5.4.1. Market power 112 5.4.2. Tariffs and revenues 119 5.4.3. Transaction costs 123 …”

6. Preliminary conclusions and further steps S. 165-166

„… Mozambican electricity sector is severely hindered by a high prevalence of corruption, problems with the …” „… electricity infrastructure in general and smart appliances in particular, a high level of acceptance among …” „… economic integration of the SADC member states can bolster cross-border electricity trade and technology …”

References S. 259-272

„… of Energy in Southern Africa 17, 76-85. Cipriano, A. et al. (2015): The Electricity Sector in …” „… Smart/Micro-Grid for electricity supply system in Nigeria. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 38, 1003-1014 …” „… ): Ownership unbundling and investment in electricity markets – A cross country study. Energy Economics 40 …”

10. Conclusion and outlook S. 251-258

„… , however, analyzing potentials for a smart electricity supply requires a view beyond the concept of a …” „… that the reliability and supply quality of off-grid electricity could further improve in the coming …” „… confirmed that smart energy has the potential to significantly improve access to electricity and promote …”

4. Diffusion of an innovation S. 35-54

„… power utilities. Grid-based electricity supply is a public good which is usually implemented by a …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748906797

Oliver C. Ruppel, Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting - Environmental Law and Policy in Namibia

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Oliver C. Ruppel (Hrsg.), Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting (Hrsg.)

Environmental Law and Policy in Namibia

Reihe: Recht und Verfassung in Afrika - Law and Constitution in Africa

Band 43 2022

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Detlof von Oertzen Namibia’s Electricity Sector S. 509-530

„… generation pro-jects, approving electricity-related licences (the prerogative of the Minister of Mines and …” „… electricity-related challenges faced by Namibia in 2020 is the lack of appreciation of what a substantial …” „… 509 Chapter 20: Namibia’s Electricity Sector Detlof von Oertzen 1 Introduction This chapter …”

Detlof von Oertzen Energy Law and Policy in Namibia S. 467-508

„… Regulatory Association of Southern Africa that aims to further harmonise the region’s electricity-related …” „… accordance with Government policy. The Act lays the foundation for the licensing of electricity-related …” „… “expansion and modernisation of physical infrastructure” and focuses on electricity-related aspects only. The …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-36

„… The Electricity Sector 467 1.3 The Upstream Oil and Gas Sectors 468 1.4 The Renewable Energy Sector …” „… Draft Gas Bill (2001) 491 3.7 Vision 2030 (2004) 492 3.8 The Electricity Act (2007) 492 3.9 National …” „… Independent Power Producer Policy (2018) 499 11 Draft Electricity Bill (2018) 500 12 Draft Namibia Energy …”

Meyer van den Berg, Peter Koep Chapter 18: Mining Law and Policy in Namibia S. 455-466

„… facilities for the generation of electricity,6 the transmis-sion7 and supply8 of electricity, the refining of …” „… refer to those ____________________ 6 Generation of electricity means the production of electricity by …” „… Transmission of electricity means the conveyance of electricity by means of a transmission sys-tem, which …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Environmental Law and Policy in the Southern African Development Community S. 155-188

„… as, mining, forestry, agriculture, environment, water, industry, electricity, and petroleum, and …” „… provision of electric-ity for southern Africa’s population and industries comprise a complex issue without …” „… natural gas, electricity, coal, new and renewable energy sources, and energy efficiency and conservation …”

Bibliography S. 789-839

„… http://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52014XC0628(01)&from=EN, accessed 22 August 2020. ECB / Electricity Control Board. 2016. Net …” „… %20Rules.pdf, accessed 1 July 2020. ECB / Electricity Control Board. 2019a. Modified Single Buyer …” „… _Na-mibia_MSB_Market_Rule_(draftv1.0).pdf, accessed 15 July 2020. ECB / Electricity Control Board. 2019b. Modified Single Buyer …”

Isaac Mapaure Chapter 21: Review of the Climate Change Situation in Namibia: Projected Trends, Vulnerability and Impacts S. 533-560

„… sector), followed by electricity (17%), coal (5%) and other sources such as solar, wood and …” „… consumer of energy. Namibia imports most of its electricity but has limited local generation at the Van Eck …” „… electricity gener-ation from the Ruacana plant. Given the projected decline in rainfall and more frequent …”

Pieter Heyns The Okavango River Basin – Resolving the Dichotomy Between Development and Environment S. 341-358

„… GWh of electricity per year. An environmental assessment of the proposed project12 was made in 2009 as …” „… Power Pool (SAPP) that is a cooperation between nine national elec-tricity companies in Southern Africa …” „… countries and a common mar-ket for electricity in the SADC region. The extent to which all the considered …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Environmental Law in Namibia – an Overview S. 75-108

„… statements refer to the electricity sector, the upstream oil and gas sector, the downstream liquid fuels …” „… Products and Trade Act No. 9 of 2008 • Diamond Act No. 13 of 1999 • Electricity Act No. 4 of 2007 …” „… Electricity Act No. 4 of 2007 establishes a general system of licensing for all types of undertakings related …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Climate Change de Facto and de Jure: Legal and Regulatory Aspects Relevant to Namibia S. 561-606

„… networks and critical services such as electricity, water supply, and health and emergency services; • risk …” „… electricity is a zero-emission energy carrier but is not yet as cost- competitive as hyd-rogen produced from …” „… good chances in this competition. To produce clean hydro-gen, electricity is needed from a renewable …”

Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting Namibia and its Environment S. 65-74

„… per USD constant 2011 PPP GDP) 62 2017 Renewable electricity production (%) 96 2017 Water and …”

Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting Chapter 8: Environmental Management in Namibia S. 191-208

„… and supply of electricity; refining of gas, oil and petroleum products; and nuclear reaction …”

Clinton Hay Fisheries Related Statutory Law and Policy in Namibia S. 359-376

„… more important sectors such as agriculture, electricity generation or transport services and do only …”

Clemens C.C. von Doderer, Jonathan M. Kamwi, Oliver C. Ruppel Forestry Related Law and Policy S. 435-452

„… hectares of grassland; and to increase the share of renewables in electricity production from 33% to 70 …”

Oliver C. Ruppel, Anielle von Finckenstein Chapter 15: Land, Soil and Agriculture from a Namibian and International Law Perspective S. 379-406

„… emissions, for example from the electricity sector, the production industry, transport, and land-use changes …”

Pieter Heyns, Shirley Bethune Chapter 12: Water Related Policy and Statutory Law S. 273-340

doi.org/10.5771/9783748933564

Renate Pirstner-Ebner - European Energy Law

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Renate Pirstner-Ebner

European Energy Law

2022

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5 Market System for electricity and gas S. 39-55

„… Market System for electricity and gasThe Electricity Market Directive 1996 and the Gas Market …” „… Renewable Gas Market Directive in December 2021) and 2019 for electricity – are the basis for liberalising …” „… the energy market for electricity and gas in the EU.159 A core aspect of a liberalised energy market …”

7 Coordination bodies on European Union level S. 64-80

„… results.ENTSO for ElectricityTerminology, legal basis and organisationThe ENTSO for Electricity is an …” „… operators can amend the ENTSO for Electricity’s statutes, the list of members, and rules of procedure.377 …” „… Coordination bodies on European Union levelElectricity Coordination GroupLegal basis and …”

9 Security of supply S. 88-109

„… sector. One of the most significant failures of an electricity infrastructure occurred in North America …” „… people were without electricity, some of them for more than three days. However, the power blackout with …” „… electricity and gas (and other energy products) supply security. Therefore, a regula9524 The EU replaced the …”

8 National regulatory authorities S. 81-87

„… National regulatory authoritiesThe Electricity Market Directive 2019 determines standards for the …” „… appointment of these members must comply with 88.1478 Article 57 et seq. Electricity Market Directive 2019/944 …” „… /EU.479 Article 57 (1) Electricity Market Directive 2019/944/EU.480 Article 57 (2) and (3) Electricity …”

15 Energy system of the future S. 150-160

„… Infrastructure from 2013.923 This provision defines a “smart grid” as “an electricity network that can integrate …” „… because it only covers electricity networks. In contrast to this, a smart grid of the future includes all …” „… Article 59 of the Electricity Market Directive 2019. It determines that the regulatory authority monitors …”

12 Decentralisation S. 133-140

„… generation installations – those of final consumers and energy communities – produce electricity and supply …” „… other final consumers with surplus electricity or feed it into the public network. Nevertheless, the …” „… followed with the issuance of the Renewable Energy Directive in December 2018 and the Electricity Market …”

13 Digitalisation – smart meters S. 141-145

„… electricity and gas consumption with the Electricity Market Directive and the Gas Market Directive in 2009.875 …” „… The Electricity Market Directive 2019876 specified the directive from 2009. Besides this, the Energy …” „… , heating, cooling and domestic hot water metering.877TerminologyThe Electricity Market Directive 2019 does …”

3 Overview of legislation S. 20-32

„… concerning the free movement of goods (Article 34 et seq. TFEU) because they cover electricity deliveries …” „… seq. TFEU).27Secondary European Union LawElectricityTwo legal acts primarily regulate the electricity …” „… market – the Internal Electricity Market Directive (from now on: Electricity Market Directive) 201928 …”

14 Storage S. 146-149

„… quotas from volatile electricity producers (for example, photovoltaic plants, wind power plants) into the …” „… electricity networks. As energy storage facilities can store the surplus electricity energy and rerelease it …” „… when there is a lack of electricity in the network, they are becoming more important in the future …”

6 ACER S. 56-63

„… Board of Appeal’s decision deals with the separation of the electricity price zones between Germany and …” „… same time, it introduced electricity price bidding zones for both countries. The Board of Appeal …” „… electricity supply crisis scenarios, the network development plans, the wholesale market’s integrity and …”

11 Energy efficiency S. 127-132

„… amended by Electricity Market Directive 2019/944/EU); see also Art 2 (6) of the European …” „… Directive 2012/27/EU amended by Directive 2018/2002/EU (last amended by Electricity Market Directive …” „… (last amended by Electricity Market Directive 2019/944/EU).127first”.793 Therefore, it has set up …”

10 Renewable energy S. 110-126

„… renewable energy sources in the energy production system with the Renewable Electricity Production …” „… Directive from 2001.679 The scope of application of this directive only covered electricity generation …” „… . Nevertheless, it determined indicative Member States targets for their share of electricity produced from …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… European Energy LawRenate Pirstner-EbnerMarket System for Electricity and Gas – Energy Supply …” „… LawMarket System for Electricity and Gas – Energy Supply Security – Green Energy System of the Future (Green …” „… for Electricity and Gas – Energy Supply Security – Green Energy System of the Future (Green Smart …”

1 Introduction S. 15-16

„… .1 At the beginning of the electricity and gas market liberalisation, conflict regulation was a core …” „… first provisions for the internal electricity and gas market.2 These provisions were to introduce a …” „… competitive electricity and gas market and reduce the monopoly situations of the energy companies.Energy law …”

Register S. 161-162

„… 133, 151, 152declaration of an electricity crisis 97digitalisation 141, 151, 152Director 57 …” „… warning 67, 97, 103, 107ECSC 20electrical energy 18Electricity Coordination Group 64electricity crisis …” „… scenario 65, 66, 92, 93Electricity Market Directive 22, 39electricity storage facilities 53, 148emergency …”

2 Fundamentals of Energy Law S. 17-19

„… pumped-storage power plant in case of excess electricity). The kinetic energy is the work that results from the …” „… example, the conversion of coal to coke or hydropower to electricity, crude oil to petrol or heating oil …” „… energy sources include electricity, natural gas, heating, cooling, and hydrogen, which will become more …”

4 Energy Union and governance S. 33-38

„… Dimension of the Governance Regulation obliges the Member States to increase the electricity network …” „… interconnectivity by 2030, considering the European Union’s electricity interconnection target of at least 15 % for …” „… 2030.146 There are also targets for key electricity and gas infrastructure projects, including …”

List of abbreviations S. 13-14

„… Distribution System OperatorsEC European CommunityEEC European Economic CommunityECG Electricity Coordination …”

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