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Dafna H. Rand, Andrew P. Miller - Re-Engaging the Middle East

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Dafna H. Rand (Hrsg.), Andrew P. Miller (Hrsg.)

Re-Engaging the Middle East

2020

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Between Retreat and Overinvestment in the Middle East and North Africa S. 1-22

„… East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 1 8/10/20 3:15 PMRe-Engaging the Middle East2terrorism and proliferation from …” „… down on the logic behind the Obama- era Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 2 …” „… still worthwhile. Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 3 8/10/20 3:15 …”

Preface

„… , D.C.www.brookings.edu/bipress Re-engaging the Middle EastRand | MillerRand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_pb_9780815737407 …” „… _Cover.indd 1 8/12/20 4:11 PMRe- Engaging the Middle EastRand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii …” „… 3:15 PMRe- Engaging the Middle EastRand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 21 …”

Part III: Regional Challenges for the United States S. 173-275

„… Cold War in the Middle East?Russian Interests in the Middle EastDeveloping an appropriate policy …” „… PART IIIRegional Challenges for the United States Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii …” „… _1-308.indd 173 8/10/20 3:15 PMRand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 174 …”

Index S. 297-0

„… Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 308 8/10/20 3:15 PMRe-engaging theMiddle EastA New Vision …” „… Middle EastRand | MillerRand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_pb_9780815737407_Cover.indd 1 8/12/20 …” „… Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 297 8/10/20 3:15 PMIndex298Arms sales and transfers (cont.) assistance …”

Looking to the Future S. 276-290

„… Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 276 8/10/20 3:15 PM277Looking to the Futuremilitary levers …” „… has, with the exception of Russia, brack-Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd …” „… the Kurdish population living in the Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 278 …”

Part II: Re-Imagining Key U.S. Security Partnerships S. 93-172

„… PART IIRe- Imagining Key U.S. Security Partnerships Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii …” „… _1-308.indd 93 8/10/20 3:15 PMRand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 94 8/10/20 …” „… statelessness had led Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 95 8/10/20 3:15 …”

Part I: Defusing Regional Conflicts and Rebuilding Diplomatic Influence S. 23-92

„… Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 23 8/10/20 3:15 PMRand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308 …” „… developments in Syria present a threat to regional stabil-Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308 …” „… Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 26 8/10/20 3:15 PM27The Syrian Crucible and Future U.S …”

Contributors S. 291-296

„… Scholars and research scholar at the Johns Hopkins School Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii …” „… Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 292 8/10/20 3:15 PM293ContributorsWashington Post. He co …” „… secretary for the Bureau of International Or-Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 293 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815737629

Zoé Nautré - U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

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Zoé Nautré

U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

Reihe: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Band 2010

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 94-96

„… ?the?DRL?funding?goes?to?the?NED,?as?Wittes?highlights,?“in?2004?the?NED?spent?$25,325,936?on?programs?in?the?Middle?East.”20 …” „… ?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East …” „… ?was?widely?discussed?in?their?office.?Suddenly?this?issue?was?in?the?national?security?interest.?As?a?result?of ?this?change,?the?NED?received?supplemental?money.?It?was?a?foregone?conclusion?that?the?additional?money?NED?received?post?9/11?was?going?to?be?allocated?to?the?Middle?East.In? addition? to? those? initiatives? mentioned …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 103-104

„… freedom?to?those?applying?for?U.?S.?funds.?Allegedly,?diplomatic?pressure?was,?also?due?to?competing?imperatives,?not?applied?sufficiently.?One?can?perhaps?conclude?that?the?Bush?administration,?through?its?new?focus?of ?integrating?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East …” „… ,?simply?sought?to?‘normalize’,?in?terms?of ?a?democracy?focus,?relations?with?the?region.Middle East Partnership Initiative …” „… ?Most?democracy?promoters?perceived?MEPI?as?an?instrument?to?promote?the?Bush?administration’s?new?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.?Allegedly,?the?program?had?a?difficult?time?getting?off ?the?ground.?Beyond?its?difficult?launch?in?2002 …”

Policies towards the Middle East S. 68-69

„… Policies towards the Middle EastThe?Middle?East,?with? the?exception?of ? the?Arab-Israeli? conflict? and …” „… ? invested?considerable?time?and?effort?in?the?Middle?East?peace?process,?Clinton?did?not?achieve?a?considerable?breakthrough.?Having?noted?Clinton’s?fruitless?efforts,?the?Bush?administration?decided?to?carefully?evaluate?its?options?in?the?region.?As?Gordon?highlights:“The Bush administration came to office with a strong bias against getting bogged …” „… For?five?years?during?the?Clinton?administration,?CIA?director?Tenet?had?made?eleven?trips? to? the? region?contributing? to?negotiations?on? the?Middle?East?peace?process.? In?March?2001 …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 118-119

„… the pursuit of Middle East peace, partnership with Morocco is vital to U. S. interests in the Middle …” „… ? the?agenda?than?prior?to?9/11?and?that?the?new?security?rationale?was?reflected?in?the?programs?implemented.Middle East …” „… ?programs?with?three?bilateral?MEPI?programs,?Middle?East?Partnership?Initiative,?U.?S.?Department?of ?State,?http://2002-2009-mepi.state.gov.23 …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 96-97

„… ? supporting?the?status?quo?to?actively?elevating?democracy?promotion?much?higher?on?the?political?agenda.?MEPI’s?establishment?and?its?leading?figure?thus?symbolized?a?radical?departure?from?the?past.Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA)The?establishment?of ? the?Middle?East …” „… ? prosperity? in? the? Middle? East.26? In? early? 2002 …” „… East free trade area within a decade, to bring the Middle East into an expanding circle of opportunity …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 104-105

„… ? the?beginning?mainly?on?its?economic?pillar.?It?is?thus?based?on?the?highly?dubious?assumptions?of ?the?Middle?Eastern …” „… ?its?funding?to?government?agencies?or?earmarks?its?money?for?sites?in?Israel,?the?so?called?democratic?outpost?in?the?Middle?East.46Furthermore,?MEPI’s?budget?is?not?based?on?particular?countries,?avoiding?a?sense?of …” „… ?their?long-term?interests.?It?is?not?clear?to?what?extent?MEPI?was?successful?in?doing?so,?but?it?is?likely?to?remain?important?in?the?future.Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA)The? establishment? of ? MEFTA? is? based? on? the? assumption? that …”

The Middle East and democracy promotion S. 63-64

„… Chapter 2: The Bush administration’s foreign policy orientation prior to 9/1163The Middle East and …” „… .?partners?in?the?Middle?East,?and?called?these?moderate?Arab?states,?including?in?this?category?Egypt,?Jordan,?Saudi?Arabia?and?Kuwait.?In?this?context,?she?stressed?that?the?Middle?East …” „… ?was?a?region?of ?core?interest?to?U.?S.?policy?and?highlighted?America’s?special?relationship?with?Israel.?Zoellick?stressed?that?he?was?pinning?his?hope?on?new?leaders?in?the?Middle?East,?such?as?in?Morocco?and?Jordan,?where?younger?leaders?had?recently?inherited?power.?From?a?U.?S.?perspective,?in?2000 …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 119

„… Chapter 5: U. S. initiatives in Morocco119Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA)“Morocco has been a …” „… ,? moderate?and?progressive,?an?ideal?candidate?to?benefit?from?the?trade?agreement?and?intensified?bilateral?relations.?In?addition,?preparations?for?the?FTA?facilitated?smoother?functioning?of ?various?U.?S.?assistance?programs,?such?as?MEPI?in?the?economic?sector.Broader Middle East and …” „… ?the?‘Forum?for?the?Future’.?Since?BMENA?was?initiated?by?the?U.?S.,?selecting?Morocco?as?the?first?host?of ?these?meetings?displayed?in?“Foreign?assistance,?Middle?East?Partnership?Initiative?offers? tools …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 105-106

„… ?Most?development?programs?however?seem?to?run?on?the?assumption?that?raising?living?standards?automatically?triggers?greater?political?performance?and?that?markets?in?the?Middle?East?are?driven?by?the?same?incentive?based?market?mechanisms.?The?validity?of …” „… ?these?assumptions?is?in?the?Middle?Eastern?context?is?again?highly?debatable.?Repercussions?of ?this?kind?of ?thinking?are?rarely?reflected?upon.?Ultimately,?in?relation?to?MEFTA,?as?of ?2008 …” „… ,?interview?data?suggests?that?it?is?not?clear?whether?MEFTA?has?been?beneficial?for?the?Arab?world.Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA)Many?are?skeptical?of …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 97-98

„… ?all?U.?S.?imports.?Nevertheless,?19?percent?of ?imported?oil?in?the?U.?S.?comes?from?the?Middle?East.29 …” „… ?Preferences?(GSP),?Trade?and?Investment?Framework?Agreements?(TIFA’s),?and?Bilateral?Investment?Treaties?(BITs).?Together?these?would?then?lead?to?a?Free?Trade?Agreement?with?the?U.?S.?Furthermore,?even?though?U.?S.-Middle?East?trade?relations?might?not?have? required? these? agreements,? it?was? also? a? symbolic? gesture,? a?display?of …” „… dle?East?was?allegedly?set?to?push?the?reform?process?in?this?direction.Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 119-120

„… Chapter 5: U. S. initiatives in Morocco119Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA)“Morocco has been a …” „… ,? moderate?and?progressive,?an?ideal?candidate?to?benefit?from?the?trade?agreement?and?intensified?bilateral?relations.?In?addition,?preparations?for?the?FTA?facilitated?smoother?functioning?of ?various?U.?S.?assistance?programs,?such?as?MEPI?in?the?economic?sector.Broader Middle East and …” „… ?the?‘Forum?for?the?Future’.?Since?BMENA?was?initiated?by?the?U.?S.,?selecting?Morocco?as?the?first?host?of ?these?meetings?displayed?in?“Foreign?assistance,?Middle?East?Partnership?Initiative?offers? tools …”

A fundamental change? S. 183-185

„… 183ConclusionThis? study?has?demonstrated? that?U.?S.?democracy?promotion? in? the?Middle?East? is …” „… ? a?complex?issue.?The?analysis?here?has?sought?to?examine?U.?S.?policies?in?a?Middle?Eastern? context? beyond? simplistic? condemnations? of ? the? Bush? administration’s …” „… ? so-called?‘imperialistic? policies’? in? the? Middle? East.? Instead,? the? goal? here? was? to? highlight …”

Bibliography S. 199-216

„… b)?President?Bush?Discusses?Freedom?in?Iraq?and?Middle?East.?Remarks?by?the?President?at?the?20th?Anniversary?of ?the?National?Endowment?for?Democracy?(November?6,?2003 …” „… ?South?Carolina?Columbia,?South?Carolina:?President?Bush?Presses?for?Peace?in?the?Middle?East?(May?9,?2003).The?White?House?(2004)?President?Welcomes?King?Mohamed?VI?of …” „… ?(2002-2009)?Middle?East?Partnership?Initiative,?Bureau?of ?Near?Eastern?Affairs,?http://2002-2009 …”

Appendices S. 193-198

„… ? for? Middle? Eastern-Western?Dialogue,?(December?13,?2007 …” „… ?the?interview?is?provided?in?brackets.?In?addition?to?the?interviews?listed?here?seven?additional?official?interviews?were?conducted?with?U.?S.?policy?makers?working?on?Morocco?and?Middle?Eastern?affairs?at?USAID,?the?Pentagon?and?the?U.?S.?Department?of ?State.?Policy?makers?at?each?of …” „… ,?Washington?D.C.).Leslie?Campbell,?Senior?associate?and?regional?director?for?the?Middle?East?and?North?Africa?(MENA)?at?the?National?Democratic?Institute,?(February?28,?2008,?Washington?D.C.).Thomas? Carothers,? Vice …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 160-172

„… Middle East?(London:?Routledge,?2003,?3rd?edition),?236.66 …” „… ? democratizing? the? Middle? East?suggest?that?the?potential?power?of ?civil?society?had?been?overvalued.73?In …” „… .,?2008.83? Roger?Owen,?State, Power and Politics in the making of the modern Middle East?(London:?Routledge …”

When idealism and realism converge S. 34-36

„… ?democracy?promotion?did?not?translate?to?the?Middle?East.?Under?Clinton,?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?did?not?play?a?large?role?in?the?administration’s?priorities.?Indeed,?President?George?W.?Bush?continued?Clinton’s?stability-oriented?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?in?the?first?months?of ?his?presidency.?Up?to?9/11,?the?support?of …” „… ?authoritarian?regimes?in?the?Middle?East …” „… ?was?guided?by?a?traditional?attachment?to?the?force?majeure?of ?energy?politics?and?regional?stability.?In?addition,?the?Bush?administration?did?not?want?to?become?entangle?in?the?Middle?East …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 36-41

„… ? is?whether?advancing?democracy?in?the?Middle?East?genuinely?seemed–to?all?parts?of ?the?U.?S.?government–to?be? in?the?national? interest.?At?the?rhetorical? level,?for …” „… ? instance?democracy?promotion?was?certainly?presented?as?being?in?the?U.?S.?national?interest.?But?U.?S.?security?interests?in?the?Middle?East?had?previously?been?cited?as?having?inhibited?prior?U.?S.?administrations? from?more?actively?promoting?democracy? in? the …” „… ? interests?and?positions?will?provide?an?indication?of ?the?obstacles?in?putting?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 91-94

„… ? democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East.?In?the?1990s,?the?Middle?East …” „… ?State?for?the?Middle?East?at?the?time,?U.?S.?geo-strategic?interests?were?too?important,?it?was?feared?that?engaging?in?democratization?efforts?might?hamper?the?Arab-Israeli?peace?process.12?As?the?U.?S.?Government?Accountability?office?(GAO)?notes:“From the 1950s through 2001, U. S …” „… . bilateral economic assistance to the Middle East and North Africa focused primarily on promoting regional …”

Structure S. 20-22

„… ? introduce?questions?addressed?in?development?studies?regarding?whether?and?how?to?promote?democracy?as?well?as?debates?regarding?democratization?as?a?means?to?‘drain?the?swamp?for?terrorist?motivations’?as?an?appropriate?working?assumption?for?the?Middle?East.?It?will?also?discuss?competing?ideals?and?assumptions …” „… ?U.?S.?relations?with?Morocco?have?for?wider?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?The?second?chapter?will? focus?on? the?George?W.?Bush?administration’s? foreign?policy?outlook?before?the?attacks?of ?9/11 …” „… ,?there?was?little?indication?that?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East …”

Research Question S. 11-12

„… ? into?practice?through?a?bureaucracy?driven?by?competing?interests.?The?study?also?explores?the?challenges?of ?U.?S.?democracy?assistance,? in?a?Middle?Eastern …” „… ?those?discussions?and?policy?changes?that?took?place?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?post?9/11.An? understanding? of ? how? U.?S.? policy? towards? the? Middle? East? evolved? post? 9/11 …” „… ? is?important?because?we?continue?to?grapple?with?many?related?issues?today.?Namely,?how?and?whether?to?promote?democracy?in?the?Middle?East,?whether?democratization?is?the?best?way?to?fight?terrorism,?how?to?balance?short-term?and?long-term?security?interests,?how?to?engage?with?Islamists,?and?the?overall?repercussions?of …”

Obstacles to poicy implementation S. 185-188

„… esis?three?(fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy)?offers?the?more?accurate?explanation,?and?indeed,?there?was?a?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.At?first,?in?2000,?there?was?very?little?indication?that?the?incoming?Bus …” „… h?administration?would?change?longstanding?support?of ?authoritarian?regimes?in?the?Middle?East.?However,?9/11 …” „… ?fundamentally?changed?the?administration’s?view?of ?the?Middle?East …”

Supporting evidence for democracy promotion S. 84-87

„… ?bringing?about?a?democratic?wave?in?the?Middle?East?and?President?Bush’s?personal?interest?in?the?subject?reinforced?the?overall?sense?or?need?to?promote?democracy?in?the?Middle?East.The?Arab?Human?Development?Report,?published?in?July?2002,?described?po …” „… ?For?those?who?were?arguing?for?more?aggressive?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East,?the?timing?of ?the?publication?was?excellent.?Proponents?of …” „… ? President?Bush?Discusses?Freedom?in?Iraq?and?Middle?East,?Remarks?by?the?President?at?the?20th?Anniversary?of ? the?National?Endowment? for?Democracy,?United?States?Chamber?of …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 23-34

„… Middle East?(Washington,?D.C.:?Carnegie?Endowment?for?International?Peace,?2005).6 Tamara? Cofman? Wittes …” „… ? the?U.?S.?should?promote?democracy?in?the?Middle?East …” „… ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?during?this?time-period.?Other?studies?that?examine?U.?S.?engagement?in?the?Middle?East?during?the?George?W.?Bush?administration?tend?to?focus?mainly?on?the?reasoning?behind?the?Iraq?war,?which?actually?had? little? to?do?with?democracy?promotion.1? In? those?studies,?particular? attention?was?paid? to …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Middle East during the George W. Bush AdministrationNomos1. Auflage 2010© Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft …” „… The Middle East and democracy promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 …” „… the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Conclusion …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 101-103

„… ? Marina?Ottaway,?Nathan?Brown,?Amr?Hamzawy,?Karim?Sadjadpour?and?Paul?Salem,?The new Middle East?(Washington?D.C.:?Carnegie?Endowment?for?International?Peace,?2008),?23.2010 …” „… ?as?a?player?in?the?region,?but?that?in?principle?reform?had?to?come?from?within.?Rather?than?exporting?democracy?to?the?Middle?East,? the?U.?S.?could?only?assist?with?these?efforts.?This?re-orientation?was?mainly?a?result?of …” „… ?unforeseen?challenges?in?Iraq?and?the?‘wrong’?election?results?in?Egypt?and?Palestinian?territories.?Unexpected?and?unforeseen?troubles?in?stabilizing?Iraq?also?reduced?U.?S.?leverage?on?the?democracy?front.?In?the?“The?new?Middle?East”,?it?is?argued?that:“By mid-2006, with the situation in Iraq deteriorating and concern about Iran mounting, the …”

When idealism and realism merge S. 137-141

„… ? East?seemed?real,?but?were?often?guided?by?naivety?and?optimism.?The?assumption?that?once?people?were?free?to?choose?they?would?opt?for?a?value?system?similar?to?the?one?of ?the?U.?S.?deeply?influenced?U.?S.?foreign?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.When idealism and …” „… East is unlikely, if not impossible. They argue that the people of the Middle East have little desire …” „… ?self-government.?And?our?nation?has?special?responsibilities?to?these?countries,?responsibilities?we?will?keep.”?President?Bush?Presses?for?Peace?in?the?Middle?East,?Remarks?by?the?President?in?Commencement?Address?at?the?University?of ?South?Carolina.?Columbia,?Couth?Carolina?May?9,?2003.5 …”

Outlook S. 188-192

„… the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008),?266.2010_Diss_Nautre_09_Conclusion.i190 …” „… ?democracy?was?also?again?put?into?question.Despite?these?obstacles,?skepticisms?and?setbacks,?a?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policies?did?take?place?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.?At?the?macro?level,?diplomatic?and?military?policies? remained? to? a? large? extent?hostage? to?overriding? security? imperatives.?U.?S.?policy? in …” „… ? assistance?programs?in?the?Middle?East?increased?tremendously?after?9/11.?Initiatives?in?Morocco?for? instance?demonstrate? that?U.?S.-Moroccan?relations …”

Expectations of the role of outsiders S. 158-160

„… ? to?positive?change.?This?section?has?explored?the?different?competing?interests?that?guided?and?limited?U.?S.?policy?implementation.?The?next?section?will?deal?with?development?theories?that?affect?U.?S.?policy?makers?in?their?daily?operational?goals?at?a?more?subconscious?level.Contested development theories: Middle EastExpectations of the role of …” „… ?U.?S.?democracy?promoters.?The?goal?here?is?to?illustrate?that?some?premises?on?which?U.?S.?policy?makers?operate?have?serious?limitations?in?a?Middle?Eastern?context.?Not?because?there?is?something?so?specific?to?the?Middle?East,?but?because?there?is?a?systematic?misconception?of …” „… ?how?U.?S.?policy?makers?approach?the?Middle?East.?By?looking?for?what?they?want?to?see,? they?often?overlook?the?reality?on?the?ground.?This?approach?might?conceal? key? aspects?of …”

Expectations of the role of outsiders S. 49-51

„… ? place.? Schlumberger? and? Albrecht? argue? that? “when? will? Middle? Eastern?countries?democratize”79 …” „… Overall?then,?it?is?difficult?to?differentiate?between?development?theories?in?general,?and?how?they?apply?to?the?specific?context?in?the?Middle?East.?Studies?have?been?completed?regarding? the? lack?of ?democracy? in? the?Middle?East?and?specific? regional? reasons? for?this.73 …” „… ?The?overview?presented?here?notes?regional?specification?with?regards?to?democratic?developments?in?the?Middle?East?in?particular?when?necessary,?but?not?at?all?times.?The?focus?here?is?on?the?assumptions?and?mindset?of ?U.?S.?policy?makers,?rather?than?an?analysis?on?the?lack?of …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 51-57

„… the Middle East.Developmental pre-requisitesBased on the development theories of the 1950s it was …” „… context of democracy promotion in the Middle East, it involves otherwise seemingly outdated debates about …” „… components relevant to U. S. democracy promoters acting in a Middle Eastern context: civil society and …”

Re-orientation of foreign policy S. 87-88

„… Middle?East?from?democracy?promotion?efforts?due?to?security?reasons,?the?Bush?administration?now?embraced?the?idea?that?there?was?actually?nothing?exceptional?about?the?Middle?East?and?that?democratic?principles?should?be?applied?to?the?region.?The?Bush?administration’s? rhetoric? then? suggested? that? democracy? promotion? would? from …” „… ? now?onwards?override?prior?security?rationales?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.Thus,?overall,?post?9/11?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East …” „… lack of freedom in the Middle East did nothing to make us safe–because in the long run, stability …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 135-137

„… .?The?chapter?is?divided?according?to?the?three-part?conceptual?framework:?‘idealism?and?assumptions?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy’,?‘competing?interests’?and?‘contested?development?theories’.?These?three?parts?are?further?divided?into?two?different?sections:?the?Middle?East?and?Morocco.?This?structure?is?intended?to?illustrate?how?these?concepts?each?apply?to?the?Middle?East?as?a?whole?and?to?Morocco?in?particular.Idealism and assumptions in U. S. foreign policy: Middle EastU. S …” „… ? East?seemed?real,?but?were?often?guided?by?naivety?and?optimism.?The?assumption?that?once?people?were?free?to?choose?they?would?opt?for?a?value?system?similar?to?the?one?of ?the?U.?S.?deeply?influenced?U.?S.?foreign?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.When idealism and …” „… appliedThis?chapter?applies?the?conceptual?framework?to?the?Middle?East?and?to?Morocco?in?particular.?Based?on?the?information?gathered?in?former?chapters,?this?chapter?examines?the?implications?of ?the?concepts?already?discussed.?It?will?demonstrate?that?the?three?conceptual?lenses?of …”

Introduction S. 11

„… ? into?practice?through?a?bureaucracy?driven?by?competing?interests.?The?study?also?explores?the?challenges?of ?U.?S.?democracy?assistance,? in?a?Middle?Eastern …” „… ?those?discussions?and?policy?changes?that?took?place?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?post?9/11.An? understanding? of ? how? U.?S.? policy? towards? the? Middle? East? evolved? post? 9/11 …” „… ? is?important?because?we?continue?to?grapple?with?many?related?issues?today.?Namely,?how?and?whether?to?promote?democracy?in?the?Middle?East,?whether?democratization?is?the?best?way?to?fight?terrorism,?how?to?balance?short-term?and?long-term?security?interests,?how?to?engage?with?Islamists,?and?the?overall?repercussions?of …”

Self-reflection-why do they hate us? S. 79-81

„… promotion in the Middle East?(Washington,?D.C.:?Carnegie?Endowment?for?International?Peace,?2005),?61.34 …” „… ?Neoconservatives?and?assertive?realists?in?particular?were?successful?in?setting?the?agenda?as?they?filled?a?knowledge?vacuum?and?provided?an? intellectual? framework?for?viewing? the?Middle?East …” „… ?or?the?democratic?peace?theory)?have?played?prominent?roles?in?shaping?the?debates?around?the?U.?S.?administration’s?new?approach?towards?the?Middle?East.?Several?of ?these?arguments?and?factors?will?now?be?explored.Self-reflection-why do they hate us?The? attacks …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 89-91

„… . initiativesHaving?now?explored?the?different?ideas?and?assumptions?and?possible?changes?in?U.?S.?policy? towards? the?Middle?East,? this? chapter?will? focus?on?how? this? policy …” „… ? towards?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?established?post?9/11 …” „… .?In?particular,?it?will?introduce?the?rationales?behind?the?Middle?East?Partnership?Initiative?(MEPI)?initiated?in?2002,?the?Middle?East?Free?Trade?Area?(MEFTA)?discussed?in?2003,?the?Br …”

Support for authoritarian states reconsidered S. 81-82

„… ? administration’s?outlook?in?their?dealings?with?the?Middle?East,?in?particular?with?regards?to?democracy?promotion.Since?the?1980s,?democracy?promotion?was?used?as?an?active?tool?of ?U.?S.?foreign?policy.?U.?S …” „… ?U.?S.?economic?and?security?interests?in?the?Middle?East …” „… ?largely?overrode?humanitarian?concerns.?Although?the?goal?of ?political?reform?in?the?Middle?East?was?discussed?in?U.?S.?State?Department?and?U.?S.?Agency?for?International?Development?strategy?papers,?U.?S.?officials?“commonly?assumed?that?pressing?hard?for?political?reform?in?the?Middle?East?would?be?destabilizing?and?potentially?damaging?to?U.?S.?interests”.37Prior? to? 9/11,? the?Bush? administration? had …”

A fundamental change? S. 13-16

„… ? in?U.?S.?policy? towards?the?Middle?East?after?9/11 …” „… ?terrorism.?Security?imperatives?remained?in?place?and?critics?stressed?that?any?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?advocated?at?a?rhetorical?level?never?actually?translated?into?practice.?If ?pressure?was?exerted …” „… ? the?Middle?East?have?disappeared?from?the?agenda.?Since?U.?S.?policy?has?no?patience? for? long-term?processes? and?developments,?it? returns?to?what? it?knows?best,?stability …”

Lack of definition S. 47-49

„… );?Daniel?Lerner,?The passing of traditional society: modernizing the Middle East?(New?York:?Free?Press?of ?Glencoe …” „… ? room.?The?same?complexity?applies?to?development?theories?regarding?how?to?promote?democracy.?The?former?section?dealt?with?the?necessity?and?desirability?of ?democratic?results?in?the?Middle?East? from?a?U.?S.?perspective.?The?question?of ?“if …” „… ? in?executing?their?policies.?It?will?help?to?set?the?framework?to?later?on?analyze?the?intentions?and?assumptions?of ?U.?S.?programs?targeted?at?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East.Lack of …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 143-145

„… ?democracy?promotion?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.Competing interests: Middle EastThe?Bush?administration’s?change?of …” „… ?a?u-turn:?some?U.?S.?government?agencies?concluded?that?Morocco?was?doing?well?enough?and?that?the?U.?S.?should?focus?on?other?countries?in?the?Near?and?Middle?East?that?had?shown?less?progress?in?reform?than?Morocco.?This?u-turn?proved?only? temporary?however,?after?2006,?when?the?U.?S.?administration?was?running?out?of …” „… Having?explored?how?U.?S.?idealism?and?assumptions?affected?and?guided?U.?S.?policy?in?the?Middle?East?and?Morocco,?the?next?section?will?turn?to?the?different?U.?S.?interests?that?frustrated?the?implementation?of ?the?new?security?rationale?of …”

Democracy as a means to an end S. 82-84

„… ?terrorism?started?to?emerge.?This?new?strategy?was?intended?to?improve?U.?S.?security.?Washington?D.C.?policy?circles?seemed?to?agree?that?even?though?the?Middle?East?appeared?to?be?stable,?political?oppression?and?economic?stagnation?could?not?guarantee?U.?S.?security?interests? in?the?long-term.?Although?it? is …” „… .?S.?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East.On?September?13,?2001 …” „… ,?New?York?Times?columnist?Thomas?L.?Friedman?published?an?article?titled?“Foreign?Affairs;?World?War?III”.41?In?this?article,?Friedman?argued?that?Middle?Eastern …”

Support for NGOs S. 99-100

„… ?secondary?nature.?Although?it?was?introduced?as?an?apolitical?organization?that?would?base?its?decision?on?‘neutral’?indicators,?it?soon?became?clear–in?particular?with?regards?to?the?Middle?East …” „… gible?countries,?a?real?effort?was?made?to?include?them.?Morocco?and?Jordan?signed?a?compact?agreement,?while?Yemen’s?threshold?program?was?first?approved?in?2004,?then?suspended?in?2005?and?reinstated?in?2007.?MCC’s?assistance?in?the?Middle?East …” „… NGOsBesides?the?increased?financial?support?discussed?above,?NGOs?working?on?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?noted?that?following?9/11,?they?received?more?moral?and?financial? support? than? ever? before.? Many? NGOs? had …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 145-149

„… ?the?Muslim?brotherhood?in?Egypt.?Highlighting?the?need?to?promote?democratic?developments?in?the?Middle?East? as? an? antidote? to? terrorism? seemed? to? almost?disappear …” „… ?many?U.?S.?government?officials?were?simply?not?convinced?of ?the?need?for?the?new?rationale?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East …” „… ? ignore.?Many?government?officials,?especially?those?at?the?State?Department,?were?outraged?by?the?build-up?to?the?Iraq?war?and?thought?that?the?idea?of ?triggering?a?democratic?wave?in?the?Middle?East …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 173-181

„… ,? (Eds.),?Political participation in the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008),?219.105? Ibid:?224.106 …” „… participation in the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008),?229.110 …” „… ?helping?the?king?to?modernize?so?that?pre-requisites?necessary?before?real?elections,?such?as?higher?education?levels?and?more?reliable?institutions,?could?establish.103?As?in?other?Middle?Eastern …”

Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) S. 98-99

„… ?secondary?nature.?Although?it?was?introduced?as?an?apolitical?organization?that?would?base?its?decision?on?‘neutral’?indicators,?it?soon?became?clear–in?particular?with?regards?to?the?Middle?East …” „… gible?countries,?a?real?effort?was?made?to?include?them.?Morocco?and?Jordan?signed?a?compact?agreement,?while?Yemen’s?threshold?program?was?first?approved?in?2004,?then?suspended?in?2005?and?reinstated?in?2007.?MCC’s?assistance?in?the?Middle?East …” „… NGOsBesides?the?increased?financial?support?discussed?above,?NGOs?working?on?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?noted?that?following?9/11,?they?received?more?moral?and?financial? support? than? ever? before.? Many? NGOs? had …”

Policies towards Great Powers and traditional security issues S. 65-68

„… umble,?focused?and?less?interventionist?foreign?policy?guided?by?moral?clarity?and?U.?S.?national?interests.?The? Middle? East–with? the? exception? of ? Iraq,? where? the? majority? of ? Bush’s? foreign?policy …” „… Policies towards the Middle EastThe?Middle?East,?with? the?exception?of ? the?Arab-Israeli? conflict? and …” „… ? in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?discourse.?The?Vulcans?mainly?expected?continuity? in? their? relationship?with?partners?in?the?Middle?East …”

Conclusion S. 69-70

„… ? its?predecessor’s?policies.?Even?though?Clinton?had?advocated?democracy?promotion?in?a?post?Cold?War?world?where?allegedly?ideals?and?interests?had?fused,?the?Middle?East?had?been? almost? completely? left? out? from? this? vision.? Instead,? the?Clinton …” „… ? administration?preserved?close?ties?with?autocratic?regimes?in?the?Middle?East?that?served?U.?S.?major?interests,?including?access?to?oil,?support?for?the?Arab-Israeli?peace?and?cracking?down?on?Islamic?fundamentalist?groups.?As?Carothers?notes:“…in the Middle East, the [Clinton] administration showed little proclivity to find a way to introduce …” „… U.?S.?policies?towards?the?Middle?East?from?November?2000 …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 41-43

„… ?wider?policy?and?the?Middle?East?as?a?whole??Which?actors?should?the?U.?S.?try?to?promote?and?what?exactly?was?the?U.?S.?hoping?to?achieve??These?trade-offs?and?concerns?with?regards?to?U.?S.?interests?raise?a?large?of ?number?of ?questions,?each?important?and?relevant?when?examining?the?actual?implementation?of …” „… ?U.?S.?policies?in?the?Middle?East …” „… ?that?the?United?States?supports? authoritarian? governments? in? the? Middle? East? while? promoting? democracy …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 100-101

„… ? Marina?Ottaway,?Nathan?Brown,?Amr?Hamzawy,?Karim?Sadjadpour?and?Paul?Salem,?The new Middle East?(Washington?D.C.:?Carnegie?Endowment?for?International?Peace,?2008),?23.2010 …” „… The?new?U.?S.?rationale?meant?that?from?now?on?democracy?promotion?would?not?only?be?conducted?for?benevolent?reasons,?but?also?for?U.?S.?national?security.?NGOs?working?in?the?Near?and?Middle?East?suddenly?played?a?much?larger?role?than?before.?Post?9/11 …” „… ?as?a?player?in?the?region,?but?that?in?principle?reform?had?to?come?from?within.?Rather?than?exporting?democracy?to?the?Middle?East,? the?U.?S.?could?only?assist?with?these?efforts.?This?re-orientation?was?mainly?a?result?of …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 156-158

„… ? to?positive?change.?This?section?has?explored?the?different?competing?interests?that?guided?and?limited?U.?S.?policy?implementation.?The?next?section?will?deal?with?development?theories?that?affect?U.?S.?policy?makers?in?their?daily?operational?goals?at?a?more?subconscious?level.Contested development theories: Middle EastExpectations of the role of …” „… ? it?had?not?been?for?the?terrorist?attacks,?a?major?increase?in?attention?and?funding?vis?à?vis?the?Middle?East?would?not?have?occurred.?However,?the?over-focus?on?the?war?on?terrorism?also?suggests?that?post?9/11?the?U.?S.?government?was?spreading?activit …” „… ?U.?S.?democracy?promoters.?The?goal?here?is?to?illustrate?that?some?premises?on?which?U.?S.?policy?makers?operate?have?serious?limitations?in?a?Middle?Eastern?context.?Not?because?there?is?something?so?specific?to?the?Middle?East,?but?because?there?is?a?systematic?misconception?of …”

Support for NGOs S. 106-108

„… ? the?Middle?East,?modernization?was?judged?to?be?more?important?than?democratization.?The?MCC?is?thus?based?on?the?same?problematic?assumptions?discussed?earlier.?It?reflects?the?belief ?that? economic? development? and? growth? might? facilitate? democratization.? Initiated? in?2003 …” „… ? footing.?Although? it? is?not?directly?geared? towards? the?Middle?East,? it? is? relevant? to? include …” „… NGOsIncreased?support?for?NGOs?working?in?the?Middle?East?seems?to?have?been?one?of ?the?most?remarkable?changes?of ? the?Bush?administration’s?new?policy …”

Methodology S. 17-19

„… ?speeches?and?official?documents;?primary?government?and?non-government?material,?for?example?funding?figures?for?democracy?assistance? projects? in? the? Middle? East? and? finally;? over? fifty? interviews? conducted …” „… ? in?the?Middle?East,?and?those?listed?in?documents?provided?by?the?Congressional?Research?Services,?complement?these?numbers.?Overall,?the?figures?have?been?used? in?an?attempt?to …” „… ? indicate?the?general?funding?trend?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?since?9/11.Research?is?also?based?on?two?rounds?of …”

Focus on Great Powers and traditional security issues S. 61-63

„… ?Themes?such?as?economic?integration,?consolidating?peace?in?the?Balkans,?NATO?enlargement,?and?relationships?with?allies?were?also?discussed?on?a?frequent?basis.8In?the?context?of ?upcoming?foreign?policy?challenges,?the?Middle?East …” „… ?oil?security?or?with?regards?to?the?Middle?East …” „… 15:32:00 UhrChapter 2: The Bush administration’s foreign policy orientation prior to 9/1163The Middle East …”

Providing an intellectual framework S. 77-79

„… framework“Neocons provided an intellectual framework for understanding the Middle East following the attacks of …” „… ?the?terrorist?attacks?along?existential?terms?and?argued?that?it?was?time?for?a?strong?moral?component?in?foreign?policy,?making?the?democratic?transformation?of ?the?Middle?East?a?priority.?As?Amy?Hawthorne?suggests:”Neoconservative analysts in particular …” „… Bush administration to make the democratic transformation of the Middle East a cornerstone of the war …”

Support for NGOs S. 120-121

„… ? Interview?Laith?Kubba,?Senior?Director,?Middle?East?&?North?Africa;?Raja?El?Habti,?Program?Officer,?Middle?East …” „… ?&?North?Africa;?Atiaf ?Alwazir?Assistant?Program?Officer,?Middle?East?&?North?Africa,?National?Endowment?for?Democracy,?November,?7,?2007?and?“Annual?report–Description?of …” „… ?grants?Middle?East?and?North?Africa?Morocco,”?National?Endowment?for?Democracy,?(Year:?2001-2008).33 …”

Asserting U. S. power S. 71-72

„… ? terrorism?emanating?from?the?Middle?East.?This?chapter’s?goal? is? to?give?an?indication?of ? the?debates? and? rationales? that?were?discussed? in?U.?S.?policy …” „… ?terrorism,?previous?U.?S.?policies?that?had?supported?authoritarian?regimes?in?the?Middle?East?were?re-considered.?These?discussions?led?to?the?seemingly?widely?accepted?opinion?that?U.?S.?policy?should?focus?on?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East …” „… .?To?understand?why?and?how?these?rationales?came?to?drive?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East …”

When idealism and realism merge S. 142-143

„… ?democracy?promotion?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.Competing interests: Middle EastThe?Bush?administration’s?change?of …” „… ?a?u-turn:?some?U.?S.?government?agencies?concluded?that?Morocco?was?doing?well?enough?and?that?the?U.?S.?should?focus?on?other?countries?in?the?Near?and?Middle?East?that?had?shown?less?progress?in?reform?than?Morocco.?This?u-turn?proved?only? temporary?however,?after?2006,?when?the?U.?S.?administration?was?running?out?of …” „… Having?explored?how?U.?S.?idealism?and?assumptions?affected?and?guided?U.?S.?policy?in?the?Middle?East?and?Morocco,?the?next?section?will?turn?to?the?different?U.?S.?interests?that?frustrated?the?implementation?of ?the?new?security?rationale?of …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 115-118

„… ,? the?Bush?administration’s?tone?gave?an?overall?impression?that?its?tolerance?for?authoritarian?regimes?had?elapsed?and?a?major?policy?shift?towards?the?Near?and?Middle?East?was?about?to?take?place.?When?asked?if ?this?overall?aggressive?rhetoric?had?any?impact?on?U.?S.?Moroccan?relations,?most?of …” „… the pursuit of Middle East peace, partnership with Morocco is vital to U. S. interests in the Middle …” „… ? the?agenda?than?prior?to?9/11?and?that?the?new?security?rationale?was?reflected?in?the?programs?implemented.Middle East …”

Repercussions of U. S. policies S. 57-58

„… society,?the?Bush?administration?anticipated?creating?political?and?social?space?for?reform?demands?to?evolve.?But,?does?the?concept?of ?‘civil?society’?even?apply?to?the?Middle?East …” „… ?democracy?promotion?(those?U.?S.?government?officials?who?suggest?that?democracy?in?the?Middle?Eastern …” „… ConclusionThe?three?concepts?examined?here?demonstrate?that?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?during?the?George?W.?Bush?administration?is?not?an?easy?story?to?tell.?Different?concepts?and?mindsets?have?to?be?taken?into?account?so?as?to?better?understand?the?rationale,?motivations?and?obstacles?in?the?implementation?of …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 45-47

„… ?incentives?for?greater?coordination?reveal?the?complexities?involved?when?implementing?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?policy?in?the?Middle?East.NGOs and structural challengesAdding?to?the?complexity?of …” „… ? Furthermore,?interviews?in?Washington?D.C.?suggest?that?the?NGO?community?that?had?highlighted?the?necessity?to?do?more?on?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?during?the?1990s?was?pleased?of …” „… ? room.?The?same?complexity?applies?to?development?theories?regarding?how?to?promote?democracy.?The?former?section?dealt?with?the?necessity?and?desirability?of ?democratic?results?in?the?Middle?East? from?a?U.?S.?perspective.?The?question?of ?“if …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 149-150

„… challengesIn?theory,?an?organization?might?receive?government?funding?but?act?independently?in?the?way?it?spends?the?funds?in?question.?NGOs?working?in?the?Middle?East …” „… ? Mauritania,”?Middle East Policy,?Vol.?14,?No.?4,?Winter?2007,?78.29 …” „… ra?Cofman?Wittes?and?Sarah?E?Yerkes,?“The?Middle?East?Partnership?Initiative:?Progress,?Problems,?and?Prospects,”?(Brookings?Institution,?November?29,?2004).2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 149 06.09.2010 15:36:01 UhrU.?S. Idealism Meets Reality …”

Additional measures & bilateral relations S. 121-123

„… ? Interview?Laith?Kubba,?Senior?Director,?Middle?East?&?North?Africa;?Raja?El?Habti,?Program?Officer,?Middle?East …” „… ?&?North?Africa;?Atiaf ?Alwazir?Assistant?Program?Officer,?Middle?East?&?North?Africa,?National?Endowment?for?Democracy,?November,?7,?2007?and?“Annual?report–Description?of …” „… ?grants?Middle?East?and?North?Africa?Morocco,”?National?Endowment?for?Democracy,?(Year:?2001-2008).33 …”

Weak political opposition S. 128-131

„… ?Moroccan?parliamentarians,?view?Saloua?Zerhouni,?“The?Moroccan?parliament”?in?Ellen?Lust-Okar?and?Saloua?Zerhouni,?(Eds.)?Political participation in the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008).56 …” „… ,? (Eds.),?Political participation in the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008),?219.66? Ibid:?235.2010 …” „… ”,? Qantara,?(2006).?59? John?Entelis,?“The?Unchanging?Politics?of ?North?Africa,”?Middle East Policy,?Vol.?14 …”

Bureaucrats, incentives and structures S. 43-45

„… promotion policy in the Middle East.NGOs and structural challengesAdding to the complexity of the above are …” „… spread of democracy in the Middle East as a moral mission and as part of an American obligation to …” „… administration seemed to have a clear vision of how it wanted to ‘transform’ the Middle East’60. But given the …”

Issues of concern S. 59-61

„… ,?there?was?little?indication?that?the?Bush?administration?would?change?the?policies?of ?his?predecessor?towards?the?Middle?East,?especially?because?the?Middle?East …” „… ?Themes?such?as?economic?integration,?consolidating?peace?in?the?Balkans,?NATO?enlargement,?and?relationships?with?allies?were?also?discussed?on?a?frequent?basis.8In?the?context?of ?upcoming?foreign?policy?challenges,?the?Middle?East …” „… ?oil?security?or?with?regards?to?the?Middle?East …”

Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) S. 106

„… ? the?Middle?East,?modernization?was?judged?to?be?more?important?than?democratization.?The?MCC?is?thus?based?on?the?same?problematic?assumptions?discussed?earlier.?It?reflects?the?belief ?that? economic? development? and? growth? might? facilitate? democratization.? Initiated? in?2003 …” „… ? footing.?Although? it? is?not?directly?geared? towards? the?Middle?East,? it? is? relevant? to? include …” „… NGOsIncreased?support?for?NGOs?working?in?the?Middle?East?seems?to?have?been?one?of ?the?most?remarkable?changes?of ? the?Bush?administration’s?new?policy …”

Marginalization S. 131-133

„… ? Mauritania,”?Middle East Policy,?Vol.?14,?No.?4,?Winter?2007,?73.69 …” „… ? above,?the?king?needed?to?take?into?account?growing?anti-Americanism?and?the?fact?that?U.?S.?policies? in? the?Middle?East?were? increasingly?perceived? as?hostile? to …” „… ?will,?based?on?the?information?provided?here,?examine?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?in?depth?and?look?at?the?underlying?assumptions?and?competing? interests? that?guided?U.?S.?policies? in?Morocco?and?the?Middle?East.78 …”

Advocating a conventional foreign policy S. 64-65

„… umble,?focused?and?less?interventionist?foreign?policy?guided?by?moral?clarity?and?U.?S.?national?interests.?The? Middle? East–with? the? exception? of ? Iraq,? where? the? majority? of ? Bush’s? foreign?policy …” „… ? in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?discourse.?The?Vulcans?mainly?expected?continuity? in? their? relationship?with?partners?in?the?Middle?East …” „… free trade. He should defend America’s interest in the Persian Gulf and advance peace in the Middle …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 150-152

„… participation in the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008),?197.37? Interview? U.?S …” „… As?noted?earlier,?some?U.?S.?government?officials?opted?for?simply?waiting?out?this?‘crazy’?idea,?namely?of ?democratizing?the?Middle?East.?Others?opposed?the?idea,?and?some?had?no? interest? at? all …” „… ? State,? March?2009.34? John?Entelis,?“The?Unchanging?Politics?of ?North?Africa,”?Middle East Policy,?Vol …”

Legitimacy of the King S. 123-125

„… Morocco?in?Ellen?Lust-Okar?and?Saloua?Zerhouni,?(Eds.)?Political participation in the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008).42 …” „… ,? Tunisia? and? Mauritania,”?Middle East Policy,?Vol.?14,?No.?4,?Winter?2007,?70.40? Sigrid?Faath,?Marokkos …” „… ? International?Crisis?Group,?Western Sahara: The Cost of the Conflict,?Middle?East/North?Africa?Report?N°65,?11?June?2007,?1.2010 …”

Conclusion S. 58

„… ConclusionThe?three?concepts?examined?here?demonstrate?that?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?during?the?George?W.?Bush?administration?is?not?an?easy?story?to?tell.?Different?concepts?and?mindsets?have?to?be?taken?into?account?so?as?to?better?understand?the?rationale,?motivations?and?obstacles?in?the?implementation?of …” „… ?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?policy?in?the?Middle?East?and?in?particular?in?Morocco?between?2002?and?2008.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 58 06.09.2010 15:31:51 Uhr …”

Conclusion S. 88

„… l’?war?against?terrorism?and?reassert?American?interests?by?showing?that?the?U.?S.?was?willing?to?use?force?and?act?decisively?to?defend?American?values?abroad.?The?U.?S.?policy?rationale?towards?the?Middle?East …” „… ? likelihood?of ?terrorism.?This?shift?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East …”

At the periphery of U. S. interests S. 111-112

„… ? To?put?U.?S.?interests?indicated?by?funding?in?perspective:?Excluding?Israel,?Jordan,?Egypt?and?Palestine,?the?eight?remaining?Middle?Eastern …” „… ?the?bilateral?assistance?to?the?region.?Jeremy?M.?Sharp,?“U.?S.?Foreign?Assistance?to?the?Middle?East:?Historical?Background,?recent?trends?and?the?FY?2006?Request,”?Congressional?Research?Service,?June?13,?2005.2 …” „… ? “Background?note?Morocco:?U.?S.-Moroccan?relations,?Bureau?of ?Near?Eastern?Affairs,”?U.?S.?Department?of ?State,?October?2007.4? U.S?Department?of …”

Monopoly over the reform discourse S. 125-127

„… the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008),?207.50? Driss?Maghraoui,?“The?dynamics?of …” „… ?civil?society?in?Morocco”?in?Ellen?Lust-Okar,?Saloua?Zerhouni?(Eds.)?Political participation in the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008),?195.2010 …” „… On?the?other?hand,?Morocco’s?elite?and?middle?class?fear?that?should?Islamists?gain?too?much?power?this?would?have?a?negative?impact?on?the?tourism?sector?and?the?wider?economy.?These?social?groups?also?fear?that?an?Islamist?political?victory?might?curb?individual?freedoms?and?the?level?of …”

Conclusion S. 108-110

„… ? rationale? of ? democracy? promotion? in? the? Middle? East? or? were? too …” „… ?dealing?with?the?Middle?East …”

Conclusion S. 181-182

„… ?and?facets?that?are?needed?to?analyze?U.?S.?democracy?in?the?Middle?East?and?in?particular?U.?S.?policy?towards?Morocco?from?2002?to?2008 …” „… ,? examining?U.?S.?policies?in?a?Middle?Eastern?context?exposes?that?U.?S.?policy?makers?were?some?times?unfamiliar?with? the?complexities?of ? the?region.?Rather? than?analyzing …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 141-142

„… ? to?how?to?react?to?these?attacks.?Idealists?were?content?because?the?‘Arab?exceptionalism’?argument?that?had?guided?prior?U.?S.?policy?in?the?Middle?East?was?no?longer?valid,?and?the?issue?of ?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?received?more?attention?than?ever?before.?Further,? the …”

Retaliation S. 74-76

„… we are now held in contempt by them, or we will be feared and respected throughout the Middle East …” „… ? After?talks?with?Bernard?Lewis?and?Fouad?Ajami,?Mr.?Cheney?apparently?also?abandoned?his?former?skepticism? about? the? potential? for? democracy? in? the? Middle? East? in? Michiko? Kakutani …”

Conservatism and tolerance S. 127-128

„… ?Moroccan?parliamentarians,?view?Saloua?Zerhouni,?“The?Moroccan?parliament”?in?Ellen?Lust-Okar?and?Saloua?Zerhouni,?(Eds.)?Political participation in the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008).56 …” „… On?the?other?hand,?Morocco’s?elite?and?middle?class?fear?that?should?Islamists?gain?too?much?power?this?would?have?a?negative?impact?on?the?tourism?sector?and?the?wider?economy.?These?social?groups?also?fear?that?an?Islamist?political?victory?might?curb?individual?freedoms?and?the?level?of …”

Expectation of the role of outsiders S. 172-173

„… ?helping?the?king?to?modernize?so?that?pre-requisites?necessary?before?real?elections,?such?as?higher?education?levels?and?more?reliable?institutions,?could?establish.103?As?in?other?Middle?Eastern …” „… ?their?choice?and?therefore?make?the?‘right’?(and?informed)?choice.?Most?democracy?promoters?on?the?ground?stressed?that?education?levels?must?be?raised,?the?middle?class?in?Morocco?ought?to?grow,?and?that?political?parties?and?institutions?should?be?strengthened?first.?In?addition,?the?idea?that?mainly?modernization?and?economic? liberalization …”

Conclusion S. 133-134

„… ?will,?based?on?the?information?provided?here,?examine?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?in?depth?and?look?at?the?underlying?assumptions?and?competing? interests? that?guided?U.?S.?policies? in?Morocco?and?the?Middle?East.78 …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 115

„… ,? the?Bush?administration’s?tone?gave?an?overall?impression?that?its?tolerance?for?authoritarian?regimes?had?elapsed?and?a?major?policy?shift?towards?the?Near?and?Middle?East?was?about?to?take?place.?When?asked?if ?this?overall?aggressive?rhetoric?had?any?impact?on?U.?S.?Moroccan?relations,?most?of …”

Implementation of new rationale S. 114-115

„… ,? the?Bush?administration’s?tone?gave?an?overall?impression?that?its?tolerance?for?authoritarian?regimes?had?elapsed?and?a?major?policy?shift?towards?the?Near?and?Middle?East?was?about?to?take?place.?When?asked?if ?this?overall?aggressive?rhetoric?had?any?impact?on?U.?S.?Moroccan?relations,?most?of …”

The way foreign policy was conducted S. 76-77

„… Providing an intellectual framework“Neocons provided an intellectual framework for understanding the Middle …” „… East following the attacks of September 11, 2001”.22Various?commentators?have?suggested?that?after …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 152-154

„… participation in the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008),?197.37? Interview? U.?S …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845227160

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Eli Avidar

The Abyss

2015

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7 A Smart Middle East S. 199-204

„… Chapter SevenA Smart Middle EastI remember precisely when I completed the first draft of the Hebrew …” „… morosenessof August 2014 are reliable guides to help anyone safely traverse the desertsof the Middle East. The …” „… study not only Arabic but also Islam, Arab culture, and thehistory of the Middle East. In the …”

Introduction S. 1-12

„… East.The State of Israel needs to learn the Middle East game of interests andunderstand the various …” „… need to act with modesty in the Middle East.Throughout the years, Israel has been characterized by …” „… . ForeignMinister of Israel, the present situation in the Middle East places the entireregion in great danger, and …”

3 A Demon Called Normalization S. 67-110

„… East.”When Peres spoke about economic cooperation and the establishment of acommon Middle Eastern market like …” „… MiddleEast. A region with no wars, no front-lines, yielding a missile-free and hun-ger-free Middle East.”But …” „… quite a few in the Middle East,ought to have isolated Israel and prevented it from integrating into and …”

1 A Dialogue of the Deaf S. 13-46

„… about it.The challenge is to learn how to talk with the peoples of the Middle East,to know their culture …” „… Jordan as important players in the Middle East.Although it is hard for Israel to accept this approach, we …” „… the worldview I was brought up on but alsobecause I understood that in the Middle East—one of the most …”

2 Unilateral Steps S. 47-66

„… dead of night—and maybe no one would notice. But the MiddleEast noticed, and how.The State of Israel …” „… , introduced to theMiddle East a new method of action in political science: “unilateral steps.”What is involved …” „… suggestedUnilateral Steps 49to President Nixon, “Let’s say we won and run.”1 In the Middle East, thatkind of thinking …”

Notes S. 205-212

„… , Winter 1992.Notes 2075. Shimon Peres, The New Middle East: A Framework and Processes in an Age of …” „… inthe peace process in the Middle East.22. Reut Institute, “The Cessation of Transfer of Funds Will Not …” „… . Ibid.19. Rachel Sharon-Krespin, “Fethullah Gulen’s Grand Ambition,” Middle East Quarterly,Winter 2009 …”

5 The Shi’a S. 143-166

„… Middle East?To try to answer these questions seriously, we need first to follow thedifferent stages that …” „… of the most overcrowded countries in the Middle East. It has more thanfour million inhabitants that …” „… Shi’a community but also the face of Lebanon, of the MiddleEast, and of the whole world.THE CHOICE OF …”

6 An Interfaith Dialogue S. 167-198

„… their citizens as corrupt led to agrowing rise in Islamic sentiment throughout the Middle East.The trend …” „… their vision of establishing Islamic religious states throughout theMiddle East.But in many cases, the …” „… the official auspices of Egypt, thelargest Arab country.Nonetheless, in the culture of the Middle East …”

Preface

„… Sanctions 1115 The Shi’a 1436 An Interfaith Dialogue 1677 A Smart Middle East 199Notes 205Index 213vii …”

4 Economic Sanctions S. 111-142

„… January 25, 2006, the Middle East awoke to a new political reality. Afterfour decades of unchallenged rule …” „… changeits mind,” I said.At the time, I was at the Middle Eastern economy section in charge of …” „… , acountry committed to a policy of democratization in the Middle East, wasforced to cope with an undesirable …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781442245488

Matthew Hoch - So You Want to Sing World Music

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Matthew Hoch (Hrsg.)

So You Want to Sing World Music

2019

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PART IV. THE MIDDLE EAST S. 259-294

„… expression through music, or in using music to introduce students or audiences to as-pects of Middle Eastern …” „… maqām hijāz, is at once easy to sing and conjures the Middle East for Western audiences who have come …” „… THE MIDDLE EASTPart IV2 6 112EGYPTIAN VOCAL MUSICLaura LohmanEgypt boasts a rich and varied array …”

PART VII. INTEGRATING WORLD MUSIC TRADITIONS S. 377-442

„… Middle Eastern country that uses mainly chest voice, a decision must be made by the choir director as to …” „… Trinidad and Tobago, crisp British consonants, warm Middle Eastern gut-turals, curvy American r’s with …” „… Bollywood songs, Indian ragas, Middle Eastern songs, and, of course, many child-friendly Disney songs. At …”

GLOSSARY S. 443-498

„… nightclub settings. The term has also been defined as a rhythmic genre in the Middle East.Dùndún …” „… Indian, Western, and Middle Eastern music. Dangdut performance draws its audience from the Muslim youth …” „… monkey army helps rescue the Queen from the evil King.Keffiyeh: A traditional Middle Eastern headdress …”

PART I. WORLD VOCAL STYLES: AN INTRODUCTION S. 1-98

„… countries are often referred to as the Balkan States. 𝅘𝅥𝅮THE MIDDLE EASTThe Middle East is a region that …” „… T H E M U S I C O F T H E W O R L D 1 9culturally Middle Eastern and will be discussed below …” „… still its own entity. Middle Eastern culture is steeped in its own distinctive forms of music making …”

Preface

„… . KnightPART IV: THE MIDDLE EAST12 Egyptian Vocal Music 261Laura Lohman13 Āvāz: The Art of Persian …” „… . Azimuthal Map Projection of the Middle East 20Figure 1.11. Umm Kulthum 21Figure 1.12. Azimuthal Map …” „… Middle Eastern Ensemble 418Figure 22.1. West African Drumming Led by Thione Diop 433Figure 22.2. Editor …”

ABOUT THE EDITOR AND CONTRIBUTORS S. 527-538

„… Georgia and the Caucasus, he is particularly interested in the music of eastern Europe, the Middle East …” „… , and California State University, Fullerton. Her research in-terests span American and Middle Eastern …” „… and doctoral degrees from the East-man School of Music. She is the founder and director of …”

PART II. THE AMERICAS S. 99-184

„… , India, and the Middle East). In the 1800s, Native American groups began to develop their own hymn …” „… in what are now the United States and Canada can be separated into the Eastern Woodlands area …” „… , Central America, and South America encompass a wide range of cultural complexities.Eastern WoodlandsThe …”

PART III. EUROPE S. 185-258

„… preceding Ash Wednesday, Eastertide begins on Easter Sunday (the day of Christ’s resurrection) and lasts for …” „… tension—or play-ful scat syllables. Having outlined where the first octave of their middle or speech range …” „… confi-dence in the singer and helps to find ease in the middle voice, where much of the repertoire …”

PART VI. ASIA S. 331-376

„… , a student can increase vocal range in order to manage mandra (lower), madhya (middle), and tār …” „… on top of the letter, as in S· (lower), S (middle), and S ̇(higher).The Hindustani scale also …” „… overtones. Performers usually tune the first external string to lower pa, both middle strings to the tonic …”

PART V. AFRICA S. 295-330

„… with Western musical influences when the Dutch East India Company landed in the Cape in 1652. As years …” „… more than half of the entire South African popula-tion and live in many eastern and coastal …” „… territory as a result of the expansion of the Zulus from the eastern coast, KwaZulu-Natal. Others had lost …”

INDEX S. 499-526

„… , 82–88; technique, 97–98Middle East, 19–22, 20, 37, 39n16, 436. See also specific countriesmidiotia, 161 …” „… ), 408, 443Afghanistan, 26–27Africa: Central, 23, 25; drumming in, 432–35, 433; East, 23, 25 …” „… , mouth, and tongue, 56–58, 212; science of, 42, 56–58Artsakh, 38n9Asia: central, 26; eastern, 26, 30 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538112281

Stefan Ahlswede - Israel's European policy after the Cold War

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Stefan Ahlswede

Israel's European policy after the Cold War

Reihe: Düsseldorfer Schriften zu Internationaler Politik und Völkerrecht

Band 6 2009

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Incompatible visions: European or Middle Eastern? S. 268-270

„… security it will be gone. Unless there is peace in the Middle East, no matter how important relations with …” „… . 6.2.2. Incompatible visions: European or Middle Eastern? Israel wants to be a modern country, an …” „… dissociation, functioning as an inversion of not being Middle Eastern. Israel regards itself as alien to the …”

The EU’s special envoy to the Middle East S. 98-104

„… participation.249 3.4. The EU’s special envoy to the Middle East In October 1996, the EU Council of Ministers …” „… appointed a special envoy to the Middle East. Their choice was Miguel Angel Moratinos, Spain’s ambassador to …” „… Israel, an experienced diplomat who had been familiar with Middle Eastern issues for years. In 1991, he …”

Preventing an EU political role S. 239-243

„… in the Middle East on the one hand, and the place Israel should have in Europe on the other. 5.3.1 …” „… ’ role in Middle Eastern politics. We have witnessed this desire e. g. in the issue of a European role at …” „… the wiser choice. The showcase characteristic of European Middle Eastern activities might well serve …”

Reference List S. 285-322

„… Deutschland und Europa der Deutschen Botschaft Tel Aviv. Asseburg, M. (2003). The EU and the Middle East …” „… Konfliktbewältigung. Hamburg: Ed. Körber-Stiftung. Barzilai, G. (1991). Israel (Medinat Yisrael). Middle East …” „… ). Middle East Contemporary Survey (Boulder), 14, 424–456. Bäuerle, M. (2003). Polizei- und Verwaltungsrecht …”

Has Israel’s European Policy changed? S. 263-267

„… at least containing a European political role in the Middle East. This goal has remained unaltered …” „… into the European system would undermine Israel’s integration into the Middle East. When Israel made …” „… given that Israel has been clearly more forthcoming to the EC/ EU and its activities in the Middle East …”

Perspective on integration S. 274-278

„… towards Europe have to a large degree been a function of the Middle East peace process and of Israel’s …” „… for peace, an end to violence and for development and integration of the Middle East has been, the …” „… . Likewise, Israel’s policy towards a European role in Middle Eastern a?airs has been vastly determined by …”

Has Israel achieved its aims? S. 251-253

„… ? As a matter of fact, the EU still did not have much of a role in Middle Eastern politics at the end …” „… integrated and preferably democratised Middle East. Whilst peace itself has not materialised, Israel’s wish …” „… the peace process stuck, Israel could not hope for great leaps in recognition by its Middle Eastern …”

The EU as the facilitator of peace S. 243-247

„… Middle East, however, has not been as absolute as it may seem at first. It is a direct European say in …” „… Middle Eastern politics that Israel has objected to, not indiscriminately any role with political …” „… repercussions. Israel’s central positive aim towards Europe in Middle Eastern a?airs has thus been to recruit …”

Conflicting aims: contain Europe or embrace Europe? S. 267-268

„… overriding goal of national security. A significant political say of the EU in Middle Eastern a?airs is seen …” „… wider Europe will be part of the Middle East. Denying participation does not go well with integration …” „… . Finally, of course, Israel’s aim of preventing a European political role in the Middle East is not …”

Israel’s perspective S. 108-113

„… EMP as a tool of EU domestic and North-Africa policy, but not as genuinely geared at the Middle East …” „… , let alone at Israel, which does not even feel part of the Middle East. In this view, the Middle East …” „… peace process. The EMP, it is felt, assumed a peaceful Middle East. Whilst the peace process was in full …”

Token role of the EU S. 259-261

„… on the international scene and particularly in the Middle Eastern political arena. Arguably, this has …” „… welcomes a specific political endeavour of the European Union in the Middle East. Israel’s openness can be …” „… foot in the door of Middle Eastern politics, and as a substantial Israeli concession. To gain …”

Why has Israel been successful? S. 218-220

„… political vision that Rabin and Peres were pursuing under the name of the New Middle East made Israel’s and …” „… – albeit limited, in Israel’s view – integration of Israel into the Middle East. 220 It was this newly …” „… towards the Middle East. 4.9.3. Conflicting visions It has to be kept in mind that there is a fundamental …”

Incompatible perspectives on appropriate foreign behaviour S. 272-274

„… where integration is required. Integration into the Middle East clashes with being special even more for …” „… ready to be responsive to Israeli pleas for further integration if Israel’s behaviour in the Middle East …” „… aims in the EU just as it has in the Middle East. This is most obvious in Israel’s relations with the …”

An assessment after ten years S. 106-108

„… commitment to human rights, pluralism and democracy, a Middle East free from weapons of mass destruction and …” „… the Middle East peace process, including even the Balkans, and has launched its own – albeit …” „… complementary – US-Middle East Partnership Initiative for the democratisation of the Arab world in 2002.285 281 …”

Israel’s motivation to agree S. 77-85

„… participation at a peace conference Another case worth looking at is the issue of a Middle East peace conference …” „… and European participation in such a venture. The idea of an international Middle East peace …” „… and financial support for the region 78 – what Peres referred to as a “Middle East Marshall Plan”.159 …”

External operational environment S. 29-42

„… Shpiro & Rynhold, 2003; Youngs, 2001. 32 2.1.1.2. Subordinate systems 2.1.1.2.1. The Middle Eastern …” „… member, the Middle Eastern regional system is by far the most important. The central development in this …” „… cooperation with Israel faded however. France turned to a pro-Arab policy in the Middle East and refused to …”

The case studies S. 16-18

„… on common and conflicting interests that Israel and Europe have in the Middle East and the …” „… are several analyses of EC/ EU Middle East policy but only a few of EC-Israel relations. Furthermore …” „… number of other issues that are not directly related to a European role in the Middle East: not to supply …”

Self-conception of Israel vis-à-vis Europe S. 226-228

„… the Middle East” on a matter-of-fact kind of basis. This view is based on Israel’s European heritage …” „… , characteristics that Israel and Europe share, and which distinguish Israel from any other state in the Middle East …” „… : in the EU’s view, Israel plainly is not European. The European Union sees Israel as a Middle Eastern …”

The role of the US S. 253-254

„… . Likewise, the circumstance that the EU has not come to play a significant political role in the Middle East …” „… political ambitions in the Middle East has certainly been welcomed in Israel, it has hardly been the result …” „… the unchallenged US hegemony of the Middle East’s international arena. Beyond these parameters however …”

Conflicting visions S. 220-221

„… behaviour towards Europe but towards the Middle East. 4.9.3. Conflicting visions It has to be kept in mind …” „… in the Middle East – first and foremost, this is to say. As one of the South Mediterranean countries …” „… and how inappropriate it was to regard and treat it as one of the Middle Eastern countries and, that …”

Hibernation S. 258-259

„… – this time – the US’ expectations: Israel’s embrace of the EU’s special envoy to the Middle East was …” „… and particularly in the Middle Eastern political arena. Arguably, this has been the Europeans’ central …” „… European Union in the Middle East. Israel’s openness can be presented as a considerable achievement to the …”

Use the EU’s good services S. 247-250

„… essence they circumscribe an integrated, prosperous, secure and peaceful Middle East (and North Africa …” „… Middle Eastern a?airs. Israel accordingly has used this good service that the Europeans can o?er with …” „… peace process, see Gazit, 1989; for details on Soviet Middle East policy at the time, see Golan, 1992 …”

The politicians S. 121-123

„… which role in determining Israel’s behaviour towards the EC/ EU in issues of European Middle East policy …” „… accordingly also to European ventures in the Middle East. Rather, Europe has been venturing into a policy …” „… mechanism for sta?ng its European policy system with top politicians in issues of EU Middle East policy …”

Israel’s motivation to agree S. 89-97

„… Middle East policy making. For Israel, an EU stance on Lebanese a?airs and a plain French stance must …” „… Syria had begun in December 1995. The Middle East Peace process had gained great momentum in late 1995 …” „… Middle East in almost a matter of months. This development was not to the liking of the region’s violent …”

The actors S. 97-98

„… EU’s special envoy to the Middle East In October 1996, the EU Council of Ministers appointed a special …” „… envoy to the Middle East. Their choice was Miguel Angel Moratinos, Spain’s ambassador to Israel, an …” „… experienced diplomat who had been familiar with Middle Eastern issues for years. In 1991, he was in charge of …”

A third leg – Counterbalance a possible decrease of American commitment S. 113-119

„… alternative to integration into Europe – which is not viable – and to full integration into the Middle East …” „… saying only Europe could help the Middle East whilst strongly criticising US Middle East policy. The …” „… any state in the Middle East, whilst Israel contributed best to the war e?ort by not doing anything at …”

Rhetoric S. 186-193

„… the Middle East. The launch of the EU’s New Mediterranean Policy had just manifested this interest in …” „… rejected the linkage of Middle East politics and EC-Israel economic relations. When Israel made peace with …” „… unless Israel acceded a political role to the EC in the Middle East. Most conspicuously, the EC had …”

Administrative units S. 123-124

„… to European ventures in the Middle East. Rather, Europe has been venturing into a policy field to …” „… sta?ng its European policy system with top politicians in issues of EU Middle East policy, however, is …” „… not fuelled by the ranking of Israel’s European policy but its Middle East policy. As such, Israel’s …”

Excursion: the EC agrees to negotiations – a success of Israeli policy? S. 134-144

„… , 1990. 368 On the Soviet Union’s New Thinking in foreign policy toward the Middle East, see Golan, 1992 …” „… foremost a Mediterranean non-member country, or on another level, a Middle Eastern country.372 As such, the …” „… frame of reference, would be hindered, i. e. its integration into the Middle East. Firstly, Israel would …”

Levy’s perception of what was agreed upon with the EC in June S. 85-87

„… EC’s attitude and interests in Middle Eastern politics. It is di?cult, though, to establish what e?ect …” „… had strongly refused any linkage between Middle East politics and economic relations with the EC.203 …” „… upgrading relations – a significant role in the Middle East or anything else that the EC would not otherwise …”

The ministerial officials S. 119-121

„… central in Israel-EC/ EU relations when it comes to European Middle East policy. Let us now take a look at …” „… Israel’s position on a European participation in a Middle East peace conference, the Foreign Ministry’s …” „… Shamir. Regarding Israel’s reception of the EU’s special envoy to the Middle East, the data available did …”

Images – Israel’s self-perception S. 50-57

„… the exception of Turkey, Israel is the only democracy in the Middle East and the only state with a …” „… therefore sees itself as a modern, Western spearhead in the Middle East.79 Israel is special in that it was …” „… contemporary Middle East. Israel is also unique inasmuch that – whilst other nation states developed on a …”

General outline S. 27-28

„… international system since the mid-eighties and of its changing position in the Middle Eastern system. The …” „… role the EC/ EU ought to play in the Middle East: the conflict with the European Parliament over …” „… the EU’s special envoy to the Middle East; Israel’s attitude towards the Barcelona Process and finally …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… environment 29 2.1.1.1. Global system 31 2.1.1.2. Subordinate systems 32 2.1.1.2.1. The Middle Eastern …” „… European Union 39 2.1.1.4.2.1. EC/ EU Middle East policy 40 2.1.1.4.2.2. EU Mediterranean policy 41 …” „… to agree 95 3.3.2. The actors 97 7 3.4. The EU’s special envoy to the Middle East 98 3.5. The …”

State of research S. 15-16

„… looked into much less often. EC/ EU Middle East and Mediterranean policy is relatively well covered …” „… on common and conflicting interests that Israel and Europe have in the Middle East and the …” „… are several analyses of EC/ EU Middle East policy but only a few of EC-Israel relations. Furthermore …”

The data basis S. 26-27

„… in the international system since the mid-eighties and of its changing position in the Middle Eastern …” „… around the question of the role the EC/ EU ought to play in the Middle East: the conflict with the …” „… ” Agreement; Israel’s stance towards the EU’s special envoy to the Middle East; Israel’s attitude towards the …”

Abbreviations S. 11-12

„… (Köln: Deutsche Welle) MEDA Mesures d’Accompagnement MENA Middle East and North Africa MEPI Middle East …” „… 11 Abbreviations BERD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development for East Europe CFSP Common …”

Scientific interest S. 13-15

„… growing awareness of the centrality of the Palestinian problem to the Middle East conflict. The EC states …” „… Israel soon found itself facing an EC that was pursuing a Middle East policy which Israel perceived to be …” „… looked into much less often. EC/ EU Middle East and Mediterranean policy is relatively well covered …”

Index S. 323-331

„… 328 Mexico 45 Middle East Development Bank 181, 245 Middle East Marshall Plan 78, 245 Middle East …” „… , 122, 163, 164, 174, 201, 220, 225, 246, 247, 270 Netherlands 34, 177 New Middle East 54, 110, 150 …” „… for Reconstruction and Development for East Europe 79 European Council 13, 59, 80, 99, 132, 143, 173 …”

Sanctions, threats and retaliation S. 193-195

„… ”. The timing of Rabin’s attack was all the more surprising – in the middle of the crisis over the …” „… out its threat. Israel looked out for new markets in the Far East. This idea had been put forward time …” „… , Head of the Treasury’s International Department, actively supported a shift of trade to East Asia, to …”

Internal operational environment S. 42-48

„… the Middle East. In 2000, its arsenal included about 580 combat aeroplanes, 170 attack helicopters, an …” „… Beaumont & Urquhardt, 2003. 60 For details and a comparison with other Middle Eastern states, see Jane’s …” „… Middle East and the large gap in economic development between Israel and its neighbours caused Israel to …”

Conclusion S. 76-77

„… worth looking at is the issue of a Middle East peace conference and European participation in such a …” „… venture. The idea of an international Middle East peace conference gained prominence in the mid-eighties …”

Confusion over Israel’s goal S. 146-153

„… status may conflict with another policy goal of the Rabin-Peres government, the New Middle East. It is …” „… conceivable that closer association with the EU would hinder Israel’s integration into the Middle East …” „… . Following this logic, the EC had turned down upgrading relations for years. With Peres’ New Middle East …”

Recognition of Europeanness S. 251

„… ? As a matter of fact, the EU still did not have much of a role in Middle Eastern politics at the end …” „… EC/ EU managed to assume a role, this role has been of little actual relevance in Middle a?airs, at …”

Perception of the EU’s attitude S. 228-231

„… looming status as a victim in the Middle East. Israel perceives a significant aspect of victimisation at …” „… Middle East policy was motivated to a considerable part not only by Europe’s supposed pro-Arab leanings …”

EEA status S. 250-251

„… have much of a role in Middle Eastern politics at the end of the time frame investigated; it still …” „… of little actual relevance in Middle a?airs, at least compared to the US role or, respectively …”

Further measures S. 195-202

„… from its Middle Eastern Neighbours – it was Western, democratic, and much more European in character …” „… certainly is one of the EU’s fondest dreams to be on a par in status with the United States in the Middle …” „… East, such a scenario is far from reality and has always been so, of course. And of course Levy knew …”

Sign or keep negotiating? S. 179-186

„… ], 1994. 585 Ahlswede, 1998x; Ahlswede, 1998t. 586 In our context e. g. the New Middle East, the programme …” „… to computerise the education systems of the Arab world or the Middle East Development Bank. 587 [Das …” „… expropriation of land in East Jerusalem.596 Charish countered, convincingly, that a timely Israeli approval of …”

Motivation of the European Parliament S. 59-65

„… role the EC/ EU ought to play in the Middle East. Chapter 4 will then turn to Israel’s policy regarding …” „… issue. True, the principles of the EPC’s Middle East policy that were perceived as the motive to the …”

Conclusion S. 88-89

„… for the simple reason of France’s century-old involvement in the country and its weight in EU Middle …” „… East policy making. For Israel, an EU stance on Lebanese a?airs and a plain French stance must thus …”

Background of Israel’s position S. 65-66

„… issue. True, the principles of the EPC’s Middle East policy that were perceived as the motive to the …”

The German channel S. 254-255

„… tells Bundestag delegates, 1991. 255 the EU’s advances in the Middle Eastern political arena, which …”

Virtual implementation S. 257-258

„… the Middle East was used by Israel to simulate interest in progress in the peace process when it had …”

The attitudinal prism S. 48-50

„… the allies’ failure to intervene on behalf of the Jews, as well as the pogroms in Eastern Europe – in …” „… Poland as late as 1946 – and even the expulsion of the Spanish Jews in 1492 and the pogroms of the Middle …”

The future of the EU’s contribution S. 278-280

„… can be expected that both will only be ready for a warm peace and for integration with the Middle East …”

The history of scientific cooperation with the EC S. 132-134

„… isolated in the Middle East359 and geographically as well as politically isolated from Europe – in terms of …”

Exploratory talks S. 144-146

„… Commission indeed was quick to react to the change of realities in the Middle East. 418 A fortnight after …”

Portray behaviour as if caused by EU attitude: the issue of the deportees S. 255-257

„… 255 the EU’s advances in the Middle Eastern political arena, which were supported by the EU as a …”

Incompatible notions: European or special? S. 270-272

„… is required. Integration into the Middle East clashes with being special even more for the indeed …”

Aims in detail S. 153-160

„… ’ vision of peace and a New Middle East postulated a warm peace with Israel’s neighbours, as opposed to …” „… pre-fabricated parts, Israeli textiles that underwent finishing in Eastern Europe, and products resulting from …”

The research design: structured empiricism S. 21-26

„… , examples are ASEAN or the Middle East regional system, • influences can also have their origin in …”

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