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The Law between Objectivity and Power / § 9 Algorithmic Crime Control between Risk, Objectivity, and Power
The Law between Objectivity and Power / § 9 Algorithmic Crime Control between Risk, Objectivity, and Power
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1–16
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1–16
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19–98
Part 1: Introduction
19–98
§ 1 Ways of Thinking about Objectivity
Philip M. Bender
Philip M. Bender
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I. Introduction
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II. Productional and Applicational Objectivity
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1. Productional objectivity
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a. The irrelevance of positivism
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b. Three modes of achieving objectivity
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aa. Observational mode of thought
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bb. Deontological mode of thought
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cc. Consequentialist mode of thought
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c. Three modes of dealing with subjectivity
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aa. Decisionist mode of thought
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bb. Procedural mode of thought
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cc. Critical mode of thought
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d. Parallels in private lawmaking
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aa. Objectivist approaches to contract law
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bb. Subjectivist approaches to contract law
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cc. The objectivist dimension of private autonomy in heteronomous lawmaking
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2. Applicational objectivity
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a. Subjectivity and objectivity in interpretation
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b. Permutations of objectivity and subjectivity in adjudication
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aa. Productional subjectivity and applicational objectivity (‘Subjectivists’)
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bb. Productional objectivity and applicational objectivity (‘Objectivists’)
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cc. Productional subjectivity and applicational subjectivity (‘full nihilists’)
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dd. Productional objectivity and applicational subjectivity (‘partial nihilists’)
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c. Parallels in private lawmaking
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III. Why and How to Think about Objectivity
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1. Relativity of legitimacy
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a. The meaning of legitimacy and its connection to objectivity
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b. The criterion of legitimacy and its connection to objectivity
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c. A field-specific approach
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aa. Field-specificity and empirical legitimacy
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bb. Field-specificity and normative legitimacy
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2. Constitutional Pragmatism
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a. The Pragmatic leg of Constitutional Pragmatism
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aa. Three core aspects of philosophical Pragmatism
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bb. The different perspective of pragmatic adjudication
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b. The constitutional leg of Constitutional Pragmatism
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aa. Pragmatism and the constitution intertwined
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bb. Epistemological statements of the constitution
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(1) Epistemological statements on the productional level
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(2) Epistemological statements on the applicational level
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IV. Structural Objectivity
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1. Structuralism
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2. Developing the notion of structural objectivity
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a. Distinctness
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b. Unconsciousness and necessity
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c. Relations
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aa. Form and substance: bundle-structures I
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bb. Substance and substance: bundle-structures II
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cc. Thought-structures
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dd. Reception-structures
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3. Parallels in private lawmaking
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4. Why to think about structural objectivity
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V. Conclusion
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101–144
Part 2: Objectivity and Legal Interpretation
101–144
101–110
§ 2 Subjectivism, Objectivism, and Intuitionism in Legal Reasoning: Avoiding the Pseudos
Hans Christoph Grigoleit
Hans Christoph Grigoleit
101–110
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I. Introduction
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II. Underlying Contextual Assumptions
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1. Distinguishing reference points of subjectivism, objectivism, and intuitionism
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2. The postulate of methodical accuracy – avoiding ‘pseudo-subjectivism’
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III. Subjectivism vs Objectivism in Private Law: Referring Legal Solutions to the Parties’ Intentions
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IV. Dealing with ‘Authoritative’ Legal Sources – The Legislator’s Intention vs Objectivism
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1. General perspective: dependence of the legislator’s intention on fairness and reason
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2. Details: why the legislator’s intention depends upon objective standards
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a. The personal soft spot
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b. The lingual soft spot
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c. The dynamic dimension soft spot
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3. Impossibility of complete legislative pre-determination by ‘authoritative’ legal sources
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4. The legitimacy of correcting the legislator’s intention on the application/court level
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V. Objectivism vs Intuitionism (Psychologism, Ideologism, Historicism etc)
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1. Tendency to overstate the uncertainty issue
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2. Intersubjective reliability as ‘first degree objectivity’ of legal reasoning
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3. Framing intuition as ‘second degree objectivity’ of legal reasoning
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111–144
§ 3 Historical Arguments, Dynamic Interpretation, and Objectivity: Reconciling Three Conflicting Concepts in Legal Reasoning
Franz Bauer
Franz Bauer
111–144
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I. Conceptual Clarifications
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1. Historical arguments
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2. Dynamic interpretation
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3. Objectivity
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II. Historical Arguments and Objectivity
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1. The problem of objectivity
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2. The practical problem: the availability of historical evidence
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3. Theoretical problems: will and form
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4. Objectivity attenuated
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III. Dynamic Interpretation and Objectivity
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IV. Historical Arguments and Dynamic Interpretation
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1. The impermissibility of ‘direct’ historical argumentation
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2. Meaning and purpose: two types of legislative intent
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3. The interplay between different legislative intentions
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a. Multiple purposes and the presumption in favour of meaning
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b. Interconnected purposes and the presumption in favour of the lower level
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4. The dynamic potential of historical arguments
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a. Specific purposes
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b. Supplementary purposes
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c. Dynamic interpretation beyond historical arguments
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V. Conclusion
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147–192
Part 3: Objectivity and Constitutional Law
147–192
147–162
§ 4 The Law between Objectivity and Power from the Perspective of Constitutional Adjudication
Peter M. Huber
Peter M. Huber
147–162
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I. The Judiciary between the Rule of Law and Democracy
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1. Historical overview
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2. Two pillars of the Constitution
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a. General observations
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b. The judiciary between rule of law and democracy
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II. Jurisprudence and Power
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1. General remarks
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2. The Bundesverfassungsgericht and Power
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III. Objectivity and Dogmatics
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1. Dogmatics as a tool to reduce judicial power
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2. Constitutional adjudication, special techniques, and case law
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IV. The Bundesverfassungsgericht as a Constitutional Organ
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163–192
§ 5 Conceptual and Jurisprudential Foundations of the Debate on Interpretive Methodology in Constitutional Law: An Argument for More Analytical Rigor
Daniel Wolff
Daniel Wolff
163–192
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I. Introduction
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1. Preliminary no 1: why we should care
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2. Preliminary no 2: some assumptions
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3. Preliminary no 3: a brief summary of today’s originalism
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II. Conceptual Clarifications: Theories of Law, Theories of Interpretation, and Theories of Adjudication
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III. Jurisprudential Reflections: Originalism is Not and Cannot be a Combination of Legal Positivism and Formalism
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1. Legal positivism
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2. Legal formalism
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a. The core of the theory: decision-making (only) according to rules
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b. The three key claims of formalism
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3. The case against the compatibility of legal positivism with formalism
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4. Conclusion
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IV. Reconstructing the Great Methodological Debate with the Help of the Conceptual Distinctions and Jurisprudential Insights Identified
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1. Theories of constitutional law: what does American constitutional law consist of?
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2. Theories of legal interpretation: how to determine the content of American constitutional law?
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3. Theories of adjudication: how must courts resolve constitutional disputes?
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V. Conclusion
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195–270
Part 4: Objectivity and Private Law
195–270
195–222
§ 6 The Role for Remedial Discretion in Private Law Adjudication
Ben Köhler
Ben Köhler
195–222
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I. Introduction
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II. Remedies, Discretion, and System-building: Some Classifications
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III. ‘Remedial’ Discretion: Some Comparative Observations
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1. Remedial discretion in English law
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a. Remedial discretion in equitable remedies
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b. Statutory discretion
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c. Remedial constructive trusts and ‘discretionary remedialism’
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2. Remedial discretion in German law
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a. No theory of remedial discretion in private law (yet)
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b. Contract concretisation and adaptation
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c. Good faith
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d. The quantification of damages
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3. Comparison
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IV. Some Remarks on the Merits of Remedial Discretion
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1. The uneasy case for remedial discretion
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2. Unfettered power? Remedial discretion and the rule of law
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V. Conclusion
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223–250
§ 7 The Essential-Matters Doctrine (Wesentlichkeitsdoktrin) in Private Law: A Constitutional Limit to Judicial Development of the Law?
Victor Jouannaud
Victor Jouannaud
223–250
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I. Judicial Development of the Law as a Constitutional Problem – General Aspects
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II. Constitutional Principles Preserving the Primacy of the Legislature – Focus on the Essential-Matters Doctrine (Wesentlichkeitsdoktrin)
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1. Development of the requirement of a statutory provision (Vorbehalt des Gesetzes)
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2. Constitutional basis of the requirement of a statutory provision as developed under the Federal Constitutional Court’s essential-matters doctrine
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3. Characteristics of the Federal Constitutional Court’s essential-matters doctrine
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4. Institutional extension of the essential-matters doctrine – application to the judiciary
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III. Applicability of the Essential-Matters Doctrine to Private Law Adjudication?
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1. Ambiguous position of the Federal Constitutional Court
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a. Differentiation based on the parties to the dispute
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b. Change of position? – Application to constellations opposing private individuals
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2. Reservations regarding an application of the doctrine in private law in legal scholarship
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a. Judges duty to adjudicate in civil disputes
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b. The conciliatory character of private law
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3. Differentiating approach based on distinct functions of private law
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a. Different functions of private law
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b. Regulatory use of private law
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aa. Regulation and fundamental rights
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bb. Regulation and democratic legitimacy – who defines the common good?
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c. The functions of balancing interests and of providing infrastructure
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IV. Conclusion
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251–270
§ 8 Private International Law between Objectivity and Power
Andreas Engel
Andreas Engel
251–270
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I. Introduction: Private International Law, Objectivity, and Power
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II. A Sketch of the European and US Approaches to International Cases
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1. European private international law
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2. US approaches to international cases
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a. Federal law
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b. State law
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III. Developments in Europe
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1. Public policy exception
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2. Overriding mandatory provisions
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IV. Developments in the US
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1. Federal law
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2. State law: Draft Restatement (Third) of Conflict of Laws
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V. Conclusion: Comparative Remarks
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273–314
Part 5: Objectivity and Criminal Law
273–314
273–296
§ 9 Algorithmic Crime Control between Risk, Objectivity, and Power
Lucia Sommerer
Lucia Sommerer
273–296
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I. Introduction
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II. Objectivity – Algorithms as a Neutral Tool?
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1. Sources of lack of objectivity
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2. Is algorithmic lack of objectivity superior to human lack of objectivity?
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III. Power – Algorithms as Man-Made Artefacts
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1. Concealing controversy
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2. Risk as a non-objective category
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a. Man-made definitions of risk
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b. Uneven distribution of risks
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c. Tolerated risks
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IV. Powershift
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1. Away from the public eye – undemocratic decision-making
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2. Away from law enforcement officials – de-skilling
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3. Away from the courts – limited legal scrutiny due to complexity
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4. From tool to authority figure – algorithmic thoughtlessness
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5. From the logic of the law to the logic of algorithms – ‘machine logic’
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V. Conclusion
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297–314
§ 10 Innocence: A Presumption, a Principle, and a Status
Martín D. Haissiner
Martín D. Haissiner
297–314
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I. Introduction to the Concept of Innocence
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II. An Epistemological Presumption
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III. An Axiological Principle
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IV. A Protected Status
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V. Conclusion
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317–368
Part 6: Objectivity and International Arbitration
317–368
317–340
§ 11 Stateless Justice: The Evolutionary Character of International Arbitration
Fabio Núñez del Prado
Fabio Núñez del Prado
317–340
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I. Introduction
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II. Arbitration as a Spontaneous Order
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III. Why Is It Important to Understand International Arbitration as a Spontaneous Order?
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1. Disappointing experience: the elimination of the recourse of annulment in Belgium in 1985
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2. Successful experience: the recognition of the non-signatory theories in the Peruvian Law of Arbitration in 2014
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IV. The Evolutionary Character of Consent and Arbitrability
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1. The spontaneous evolution of the concept of consent
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2. The spontaneous evolution of the concept of arbitrability: towards universal arbitrability
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a. The original criterion of arbitrability: economic nature or similar concepts
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b. The expansion of arbitrability: broad interpretation of the general criterion
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c. Concrete examples of extended arbitrability
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d. Towards universal arbitrability
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V. Conclusion
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341–368
§ 12 International Arbitration as a Project of World Order: Reimagining the Legal Foundations of International Arbitration
Santiago Oñate
Santiago Oñate
341–368
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I. Introduction
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II. Existing Theoretical Approaches to the Arbitral Legal Order
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1. The localist approach
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2. The pluralist approach
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3. The autonomous order approach
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III. The World Order Approach
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IV. Further Conceptualization of Arbitration as a Project of the World Order
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1. Projects and systems (Kahn)
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2. Dédoublement fonctionnel (Scelle)
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3. Transnational legal process (Jessup and Koh)
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V. Conclusion
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371–424
Part 7: Objectivity and Interdisciplinary Perspectives of Economics and Literature
371–424
371–404
§ 13 Economic Analysis of Law: Inherent Component of the Legal System
Peter Zickgraf
Peter Zickgraf
371–404
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I. Introduction
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II. Positive vs. Normative Economic Analysis of Law
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III. Economic Analysis and the Legislative Process
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IV. Economic Analysis and Adjudication
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1. Interpretation of the law
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a. Subjective-teleological interpretation
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aa. Positive Economic Analysis
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bb. Normative Economic Analysis
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b. Objective-teleological interpretation
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aa. Positive Economic Analysis
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bb. Normative Economic Analysis
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(1) Existing interpretation of the statutory rule in case law and legal scholarship
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(2) Non-existent interpretation of the statutory rule in case law and legal scholarship
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(3) Absence of legal principles
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2. Enhancement of the law
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a. Legal principles
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aa. General features of legal principles
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bb. Two ways of establishing legal principles: inference through induction and traceability to the idea of law
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b. Efficiency as a legal principle
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aa. Inductive Inference
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(1) Positive law
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(2) Legal precedent
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bb. Traceability to the idea of law
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c. Efficiency as the normative basis of an enhancement of the law
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V. Conclusion
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405–424
§ 14 From the Furies to ‘Off with Their Heads’: The Complex Inter-Relation between Law and Power in the Legal-Literary Canon
Emilia Jocelyn-Holt
Emilia Jocelyn-Holt
405–424
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I. Introduction
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II. The Oresteia: Law as the Institutionalization of Power
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III. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland: Law as the Language of Power
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IV. The Trial: Law as the Instrument of Power
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V. Conclusion
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427–477
Part 8: Structural Objectivity
427–477
427–448
§ 15 Metaphors Lawyers Live by: Cognitive Linguistics and the Challenge for Pursuing Objectivity in Legal Reasoning
Jan-Erik Schirmer
Jan-Erik Schirmer
427–448
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I. Introduction
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II. Dieselgate in German Courts
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1. Three judgments, two and a half opinions, one issue
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2. Core question: burden of proof
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III. Cognitive Metaphor Theory
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1. Metaphorical feedback-effect
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2. Some empirical evidence
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IV. Dieselgate Metaphors: Of People and Networks
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1. Personification metaphor
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a. The corporation is a different person
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b. The inner structure stays hidden
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2. Network metaphor
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a. The corporation is a network
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b. The inner structure is revealed
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V. How to Deal with Metaphors?
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1. Come to stay
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2. Metaphors matter
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449–477
§ 16 The Citizenship Duality
Alvin Padilla-Babilonia
Alvin Padilla-Babilonia
449–477
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I. Introduction
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II. Citizenship as a Source of Rights and Full Membership
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1. Historical foundations
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2. Social and legal scholarship
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3. Challenges to citizenship as a source of rights and full membership
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a. Non-exclusiveness
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b. Not enough
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III. Citizenship as Instrument of Power
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1. Historical foundations
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2. Social and legal scholarship
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3. Mapping citizenship law as an instrument of power
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4. Challenges to citizenship as an instrument of power
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a. Reclaiming citizenship
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b. Instrumental turn of citizenship
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IV. Indigenous Peoples and Territorians
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1. Indigenous peoples
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2. Territorians
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V. Conclusion
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The Law between Objectivity and Power , page 273 - 296
§ 9 Algorithmic Crime Control between Risk, Objectivity, and Power
Autoren
Lucia Sommerer
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748927211-273
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-8334-2
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-2721-1
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