Jump to content
Data Access, Consumer Interests and Public Welfare / Data portability under the GDPR: A blueprint for access rights?
Data Access, Consumer Interests and Public Welfare / Data portability under the GDPR: A blueprint for access rights?
Contents
Chapter
Expand
|
Collapse
Authors
Page
1–6
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
1–6
Details
7–10
Special Address of the Federal Minister of Justice and Consumer Protection
Christine Lambrecht
Christine Lambrecht
7–10
Details
11–24
Data access as a means to promote consumer interests and public welfare – An introduction
Josef Drexl
Josef Drexl
11–24
Details
25–154
On the need for additional access rights
25–154
25–68
Enhancing access to and sharing of data: Striking the balance between openness and control over data
Christian Reimsbach-Kounatze
Christian Reimsbach-Kounatze
25–68
Details
A. Introduction
Details
B. Data as infrastructural resource and the spillover benefits of its shared access
Details
I. Data as a non-rivalrous although partially excludable good
Details
II. Data as a capital good with increasing returns to scale and scope
Details
III. Data as general-purpose but context-dependent input
Details
IV. Empirical evidence of the spillover social and economic benefits of data access and sharing
Details
C. Major data governance challenges of data access and sharing
Details
I. The loss of control over data, and the risk of violation of privacy and intellectual property rights
Details
1. Violations of agreed terms and of expectations in data re-use
Details
2. Loss of control over data and the role of consent
Details
II. Incentivising data sharing in light of positive externalities and the risk of ‘free riding’
Details
III. ‘Data ownership’ as an attempt to regain control over data
Details
1. ‘Ownership’ of personal data
Details
2. Contractual arrangements and the role of contract guidelines and model contracts for data sharing
Details
D. Towards a more differentiated data governance approach for data access and sharing
Details
I. Technological means for re-establishing control over access to data and information
Details
1. Data access control mechanisms
Details
a) (Ad hoc) downloads
Details
b) Application programming interfaces (APIs)
Details
c) Data sandboxes for trusted access and re-use of sensitive and proprietary data
Details
2. Confidentiality-enhancing technologies for information access control
Details
a) Cryptography
Details
b) De-identification: from anonymisation to pseudonymisation and aggregation
Details
II. A data taxonomy for disentangling the various interests in data
Details
1. The overlapping domains of data – reflecting the various stakeholder interests
Details
2. The manner data originate – reflecting the contribution to data creation
Details
III. Data commons as arrangements with variable degrees of openness and control
Details
1. Data commons for the governance of shared resources of common interests
Details
2. Restricted data-sharing arrangements
Details
a) Data partnerships
Details
b) Data for societal objectives
Details
E. Conclusion
Details
69–102
Data access, consumer interests and social welfare – An economic perspective on data
Bertin Martens
Bertin Martens
69–102
Details
A. Introduction
Details
B. The economic characteristics of data
Details
I. Data as intermediary input
Details
II. Data collection has an economic cost
Details
III. The value of data depends on their use
Details
IV. Excludability and monopolistic data trade
Details
V. Data are not a homogeneous product
Details
VI. Non-rivalry and economies of scope in data re-use
Details
VII. Economies of scope in data aggregation
Details
VIII. The social value of data
Details
C. Platforms and data-driven network effects
Details
I. Data-driven network effects
Details
II. The role of platforms in the data economy
Details
III. Monopolistic market failures in platforms
Details
D. Other data-driven market failures
Details
I. Information externalities
Details
II. Asymmetric information
Details
III. Missing markets because of high transaction costs and risks
Details
1. Transaction costs in personal data markets
Details
2. Transaction costs and lack of transparency in commercial services markets
Details
3. Risks
Details
E. Concluding remarks
Details
103–154
A legal framework for access to data – A competition policy perspective
Heike Schweitzer, Robert Welker
Heike Schweitzer, Robert Welker
103–154
Details
A. Data access in the digital economy
Details
B. Private data control versus open access – fundamental choices for the data economy
Details
I. Private control vs. open access: The basic trade-off
Details
II. The benefits of open access to public sector data
Details
III. Private control as the basic paradigm for private sector data
Details
1. The status quo: Private control through de-facto possession
Details
2. Limits of the private control approach
Details
3. The gaps of a private control approach do not justify its renunciation
Details
4. Addressing the market failures in a private control context: The role of competition law
Details
C. Access to usage data in three different baseline settings – Variations in the legal framework and in the role of competition policy
Details
I. Scenario 1: Access to individual level data by data co-generators
Details
1. The data access scenario
Details
2. Possible market failures
Details
3. Legislative reactions
Details
a) Article 20 GDPR: A mandatory portability right regarding personal data
Details
b) Electricity Directive: Access to smart meter data
Details
c) The Payment Service Directive II (PSD2): Access to accounts and account data
Details
d) Contractual rights to port non-personal data B2C
Details
4. Competition law
Details
5. Policy options
Details
a) Access to individual-level data in B2C settings
Details
b) Access to individual-level (industrial) data in B2B settings
Details
6. Conclusions on scenario 1
Details
II. Scenario 2: Third-party access to bundled individual-level data or aggregated data in aftermarket settings
Details
1. The data access scenario
Details
2. Possible market failures
Details
3. Legislative reactions
Details
4. Competition law
Details
5. Policy options: The role of data intermediaries
Details
III. Scenario 3: Access to data for innovation purposes
Details
1. The data access scenario
Details
2. Possible market failures
Details
3. Competition law
Details
4. Policy options?
Details
D. A brief summary
Details
155–252
The larger legal framework
155–252
155–174
The constitutional framework for data access rights
Thomas Fetzer
Thomas Fetzer
155–174
Details
A. Introduction
Details
B. The relevant constitutional standard
Details
C. Constitutional data access rights?
Details
I. Access to public sector data
Details
1. Article 5(1), first sentence, alt. 2 of the Basic Law – freedom of information
Details
2. Article 2(1) of the Basic Law – general right of personality
Details
II. Interim result
Details
D. Constitutional duty to create statutory data access rights?
Details
I. Right of access to public sector data
Details
II. Right of access to private data
Details
III. Interim result
Details
E. Constitutional limits for data access rights?
Details
I. Data access rights of the government
Details
II. Private data access rights
Details
III. Interim result
Details
F. Final result
Details
175–208
The legal framework for access to data from a data protection viewpoint – especially under the GDPR
Indra Spiecker genannt Döhmann
Indra Spiecker genannt Döhmann
175–208
Details
A. Introduction to data protection’s regulatory impulse
Details
I. Free data for all?
Details
II. Data protection as a regulatory regime to link data and decision-making
Details
III. The lack of control
Details
IV. The general answer of the GDPR regulatory regime
Details
B. Prerequisites on Access under Data Protection Law
Details
I. Personal Data as the Threshold for Application of Data Protection Regimes
Details
II. Lawfulness of Data Processing and Procedural Requirements in combination
Details
III. Data Protection for both private and public data processing
Details
C. Data as a special good and its effect on regulation
Details
D. Data Access under the GDPR
Details
I. Access and Data Processing
Details
II. Right to access of data under the GDPR
Details
1. Rights to access by the data subject, Article 15 GDPR
Details
2. Right to data portability, Article 20 GDPR
Details
III. Right to access of data by others than the data subject
Details
1. Consent or legal ground as basis for data processing, Article 6 (1) GDPR
Details
2. Limitation of purpose and extension of purpose
Details
a) The strict binding of data processing to a specific purpose
Details
b) Compatible other purposes
Details
c) Archiving, Research and Statistics as privileged purposes
Details
3. Freedom of expression, media, press and journalistic purposes, Article 85 (1) GDPR
Details
4. Transparency and freedom of information, Article 85 (1) GDPR
Details
E. Guidelines for a regulatory regime in conformance with data protection
Details
I. Proactive versus reactive regime
Details
II. Irreversible and uncontrollable consequences versus liability and damages
Details
III. Specific, controlled, anti-discrimination interests versus overall transparency and access
Details
F. Conclusion and Outlook
Details
209–252
The existing European IP rights system and the data economy – An overview with particular focus on data access and portability
Matthias Leistner
Matthias Leistner
209–252
Details
A. Introduction
Details
B. IP rights and interoperable formats for data portability
Details
I. Copyright law: freedom of interfaces and data formats
Details
II. Patent law: from protection of data formats towards protection of formatted data?
Details
1. Patents on data encryption and transfer processes, in particular standard-essential patents
Details
2. Scope of patents concerning formatted data sequences
Details
III. Trade secrets
Details
C. The discussion on access to and portability of data and the existing EU IP-rights framework, in particular database sui generis protection and trade secrets
Details
I. Overview
Details
II. Access to data, copyright in databases and database sui generis protection – Current problems and the case for immediate reform of the Database Directive
Details
1. Introduction – impact of European database protection on big data and AI use scenarios
Details
2. Copyright in database works – limited and balanced approach in the EU
Details
3. Database sui generis protection right: current problems and immediate need for reform
Details
a) Condition of protection and legal uncertainty in the area of volunteered and observed data
Details
b) Scope of protection and problems for access to aggregated data sets
Details
c) Exceptions to the sui generis right, public sector data and further problems
Details
4. Summary
Details
III. Trade secrets protection: A defensive, more flexible hybrid regime which is better equipped for the data economy
Details
IV. Access to data, sui generis database protection and trade secrets: The perspective of current and future access regimes
Details
1. Basic consideration: Access to data and use of data
Details
2. The basic case groups
Details
3. Details of the interface with IP protection, in particular sui generis protection
Details
a) Cases that should be excluded from protection
Details
b) Cases where the incentive rationale of the sui generis protection right has to be taken into account, but has to be balanced with a specific access and use interest
Details
(1) Overriding interest in access and use
Details
(2) Access rights for individual ‘lawful customers’ with regard to sensor-produced data of smart devices
Details
(3) Access and use rights for competitors: compulsory licences in the specific context of the sui generis right and of trade secrets protection
Details
D. Selected elements of IP rights as building blocks for the regulation of future data markets
Details
E. Conclusion
Details
253–438
Taking stock of existing data access regimes
253–438
253–286
Data access rules: The role of contractual unfairness control of (consumer) contracts
Michael Grünberger
Michael Grünberger
253–286
Details
A. (Responsive) Contract law shall be Queen
Details
B. The regulatory problem: enabling data access under fair terms
Details
I. Negative impacts of the status quo
Details
II. Disadvantages of a purely self-regulatory approach
Details
III. Putting unfair terms control back on the stage
Details
C. An (additional) regulatory instrument: unfairness control in B2C and B2B data contracts
Details
I. The proposition
Details
1. Unfairness control as a data access rule
Details
2. Premises
Details
a) Methodological framework: responsive private law theory
Details
b) General regulatory framework of the data economy
Details
c) Specific regulatory framework for contractual data access rules
Details
II. The benchmark and the knowledge problems
Details
1. The lack of a statutory default rule
Details
2. The vocation of our digital age for legal science
Details
3. Statutory default rules are not required
Details
4. A procedural model for the unfairness control
Details
a) Rebuttable presumption of fairness
Details
b) Role model I: equitable remuneration scheme in copyright law
Details
c) Procedural requirements
Details
d) Role model II: the (German) Corporate Governance Code
Details
D. Problems
Details
I. Privity-of-contract problem
Details
II. Transnational dimension
Details
E. Conclusion
Details
287–318
Access to and porting of data under contract law: Consumer protection rules and market-based principles
Axel Metzger
Axel Metzger
287–318
Details
A. Introduction
Details
B. Consumer protection – Data access and porting under the DCSD
Details
I. Current state of the DCSD
Details
II. Access to non-personal data under Article 16(4) DCSD
Details
III. Comparison of Article 16(4) DCSD and Articles 15, 20 GDPR
Details
IV. Individual and collective enforcement
Details
V. Transfer or fiduciary exercise of rights
Details
C. Data access and porting under general contract law principles
Details
I. No mandatory access rules in European and German general contract law
Details
1. European contract law
Details
2. National contract law – The case of Germany
Details
II. A case for mandatory access rules in B2B contracts?
Details
III. Access and porting as default rules for B2B contracts?
Details
1. Concept and functions of default contract rules
Details
2. Building blocks from EU instruments, contract law principles and national law
Details
3. ALI–ELI Principles for a Data Economy
Details
D. Conclusion
Details
319–342
Data portability under the GDPR: A blueprint for access rights?
Ruth Janal
Ruth Janal
319–342
Details
A. Introduction
Details
I. From ownership to access
Details
II. Overview of Article 20 GDPR
Details
III. Structure of Arguments
Details
B. Distinctions between the GDPR setting and a B2B scenario
Details
I. Personal data and non-personal data
Details
II. Attribution of data
Details
1. The GDPR setting
Details
2. The business setting
Details
a) Lack of legal attribution
Details
b) Multi-relational nature of data
Details
c) The Trade Secrets Directive
Details
III. Structural power imbalances
Details
IV. Remuneration for data analysis
Details
V. Commercial value
Details
VI. Summary
Details
C. Transfer of ideas and principles
Details
I. The data encompassed
Details
1. Data covered by Article 20 GDPR
Details
2. Data that might be covered by a business portability right
Details
a) Beneficiary and addressee
Details
b) Data provided because of a contract or consent
Details
c) Observed and inferred data
Details
d) Preliminary findings
Details
II. Rights and freedoms of others
Details
1. Relevant rights and freedoms of others under the GDPR
Details
2. Balancing of interests under the GDPR
Details
a) Data rights of third parties
Details
b) Trade secrets
Details
3. Duty of care when complying with a portability request
Details
4. Inferences for a business portability right
Details
III. Modus operandi
Details
1. The implications of portability under the GDPR
Details
2. Data format
Details
3. Inferences for businesses
Details
D. Conclusions and recommendations
Details
343–400
Safeguarding innovation in the framework of sector-specific data access regimes: The case of digital payment services
Jörg Hoffmann
Jörg Hoffmann
343–400
Details
A. Introduction
Details
B. Defining a holistic framework for data access regimes
Details
I. Data-driven innovation capacities of markets and factual data exclusivity
Details
1. Applying IP Economics in data access cases – the innovation incentive of factual data exclusivity
Details
2. Legal Framework of essential facilities – EU competition law, EU utilities market regulation in the telecommunication sector and EU fundamental rights
Details
II. Industrial policy-driven market regulation and the principle of free market economy – a call for more market-driven innovation
Details
III. Adverse effects of data sharing for consumer sovereignty, privacy and innovation
Details
IV. Adverse effects of data sharing on competition and innovation
Details
C. Evaluation of the data access regimes for digital payment services
Details
I. Payment initiation services
Details
1. Overview
Details
2. Non-market-driven FinTech innovation regulation and structural disadvantages of incumbent banks
Details
3. Adverse effects on privacy, competition and innovation – the need for new asymmetric regulation
Details
II. Account information services
Details
1. Overview
Details
2. Lack of investment incentives and the need for maintaining market options for incumbent banks
Details
3. Tackling BigTech banking by introducing new asymmetric regulation
Details
D. Conclusion
Details
401–438
Data access rights – A comparative perspective
Louisa Specht-Riemenschneider
Louisa Specht-Riemenschneider
401–438
Details
A. Introduction
Details
I. From data ownership to data access
Details
II. Functional taxonomy of data access rights
Details
B. Course of investigation
Details
C. National law: Taxonomy of data access rights
Details
D. Foreign legal systems: Taxonomy of data access rights, comparison with German law
Details
I. Sectoral data protection regulation
Details
1. HIPAA
Details
2. COPPA
Details
3. CPP
Details
II. Cross-sectoral data protection regulation
Details
1. California
Details
2. New Zealand
Details
3. Brazil
Details
4. Japan
Details
5. India
Details
6. Philippines
Details
7. Singapore
Details
8. Switzerland
Details
III. Sector specific cross-type of data regulation
Details
1. CDR Data
Details
a) Consumer Data
Details
b) Product Data
Details
2. A hybrid approach to Data Governance
Details
a) Accredited persons
Details
b) Gateways
Details
IV. Cross-sectoral and cross-type of data regulation
Details
E. Findings and recommendations
Details
439–572
Paving the way for future reforms
439–572
439–476
From (horizontal and sectoral) data access solutions towards data governance systems
Wolfgang Kerber
Wolfgang Kerber
439–476
Details
A. Introduction
Details
B. Horizontal vs. sectoral data access solutions
Details
I. Horizontal data access solutions
Details
II. Sectoral data access solutions
Details
1. Opening of bank account data (PSD2)
Details
2. Access to data in connected cars
Details
C. From data access solutions to data governance systems
Details
D. Data governance systems: Basic approach and instruments
Details
I. General and specific data governance systems
Details
II. Market failures and policy objectives
Details
III. Some instruments for data governance systems
Details
1. Consumer data rights and data portability
Details
2. Data trustee solutions
Details
3. Interoperability and standardisation
Details
4. Minimum standards for safety, security, and privacy
Details
E. Perspectives
Details
477–528
Connected devices – An unfair competition law approach to data access rights of users
Josef Drexl
Josef Drexl
477–528
Details
A. Introduction
Details
B. General concepts
Details
I. Connected devices
Details
II. Data
Details
III. The user of connected devices
Details
IV. Data access
Details
C. Data access rights as an element of data governance
Details
D. Transformation of the markets
Details
I. Competition-driven innovation
Details
II. Transformation of business models and markets
Details
E. Data access rights as a means to overcome data lock-ins
Details
F. Alternative legal instruments
Details
I. The right to portability of personal data pursuant to Article 20 GDPR
Details
II. Contract law
Details
III. Competition law
Details
1. Limitations of current EU competition law
Details
2. Proposals for reform of German competition law
Details
3. Discussion on the EU level
Details
4. Remaining gaps
Details
IV. Sector-specific data access rights of competitors
Details
V. Data access and intellectual property
Details
G. Proposal for an unfair competition law approach to data access
Details
I. Why unfair competition law?
Details
II. Legal design of the data access right
Details
H. Conclusion
Details
529–572
The law and policy of government access to private sector data (‘B2G data sharing’)
Heiko Richter
Heiko Richter
529–572
Details
A. Issue
Details
B. Context and objectives of government access
Details
I. Development context
Details
II. Objectives of government access
Details
III. Public task and examples
Details
C. Research focuses
Details
I. Overview
Details
II. Mandatory access rules
Details
III. Data of private undertakings without a public link
Details
IV. Horizontal aspects
Details
V. Non-personal data
Details
D. Key questions that access rules should address
Details
I. Overview
Details
II. Purpose (what for?)
Details
III. Beneficiaries (for whom?)
Details
IV. Obliged parties (against whom?)
Details
V. Relevant data (what?)
Details
VI. Modalities of access (how?)
Details
E. Principles for developing access rules
Details
I. Function of principles
Details
II. Principle of justifying statehood
Details
III. Principle of holistic rules
Details
IV. Principle of responsibility
Details
V. Principle of proximity
Details
VI. Example: German ‘Market Transparency Unit for Fuels’
Details
F. Towards a horizontal B2G access framework?
Details
I. Overview
Details
II. Purpose of a horizontal framework
Details
III. Possible functions of a horizontal framework
Details
IV. Substantive issues for a horizontal framework
Details
V. PSI Directive as a model?
Details
VI. Conclusion
Details
G. Recommendations for concrete reforms
Details
I. Reaching beyond access rules
Details
II. Reform laws on official statistics
Details
III. Modify database protection
Details
IV. Coordinate advancement of re-use law
Details
V. Strengthen subjective access rights
Details
H. Outlook
Details
573–574
Contributors
573–574
Details
Durchsuchen Sie das Werk
Geben Sie ein Keyword in die Suchleiste ein
CC-BY-NC-ND
Access
Data Access, Consumer Interests and Public Welfare , page 319 - 342
Data portability under the GDPR: A blueprint for access rights?
Autoren
Ruth Janal
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748924999-319
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-8081-5
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-2499-9
Chapter Preview
Chapter Preview
Share
Download PDF
Download citation
RIS
BibTeX
Copy DOI link
doi.org/10.5771/9783748924999-319
Share by email
Video schließen
Share by email Nomos eLibrary
Recipient*
Sender*
Message*
Your name
Send message
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google
Privacy Policy
and
Terms of Service
apply.
