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Peace Through Law / Chapter 9 The Conversion of Reparations into Sovereign Debts (1920–1953)
Peace Through Law / Chapter 9 The Conversion of Reparations into Sovereign Debts (1920–1953)
Contents
Chapter
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Authors
Page
1–10
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
1–10
Details
11–28
Introduction: Versailles and the Broadening of ‘Peace Through Law’
Michel Erpelding
Michel Erpelding
11–28
Details
1. Peace Through Law?
Details
2. The Establishment of a New International Order of Peace
Details
3. The Emergence of International Economic Law
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4. The Institutionalization of International Adjudication
Details
5. Beyond ‘Peace Through Law’: The Use of Law and Its Records as Vehicles of Resistance and Change
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29–64
Part 1: Peace Through Law?
29–64
Chapter 1 Drama Through Law: The Versailles Treaty and the Casting of the Modern International Stage
Nathaniel Berman
Nathaniel Berman
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1. Prologue: Noël, 1913
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2. A Dramatic Gesture
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3. The Dramatis Personae and the Actors: Dynamics and Indeterminacy
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4. The Agon of the Personae
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5. Dramatic Anomalies
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6. Destructive Parody
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7. No Exit?
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8. The ‘Art of Justice’ and the ‘Smoking Crater’
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9. Conclusion … or Not?
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65–156
Part 2: The Establishment of a New International Order of Peace
65–156
65–84
Chapter 2 The League of Nations as a Universal Organization
Thomas D Grant
Thomas D Grant
65–84
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1. Introduction
Details
2. Sovereign Equality Emerging—But not Entrenched
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3. Admission, Voting, and Sovereign Equality in the League
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4. Other Aspects of Participation
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5. Conclusion
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85–98
Chapter 3 Preventing a Repetition of the Great War: Responding to International Terrorism in the 1930s
Michael D Callahan
Michael D Callahan
85–98
Details
99–122
Chapter 4 The Legacy of the Mandates System of the League of Nations
Mamadou Hébié, Paula Baldini Miranda da Cruz
Mamadou Hébié, Paula Baldini Miranda da Cruz
99–122
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1. Introduction
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2. The Innovative Character of the Mandates System of the League of Nations
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2.1. The Principle of Non-Annexation of Territories Upon Military Victory
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2.2. The Internationalization of the Treatment of Certain Colonial Populations
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2.3. The Institutionalization of a Droit de Regard with Respect to the Treatment of Certain Colonial Populations
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3. The Mandates System of the League of Nations as a Continuation of Colonialism
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3.1. The Mandates System as a Formalization of the Interests of Colonial Powers
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3.2. The Reliance of the Mandates System on the Right of Civilization
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3.3. The Mandates System as an Entrenchment of Colonial Domination
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4. Conclusion
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123–156
Chapter 5 Negotiating Equality: Minority Protection in the Versailles Settlement
León Castellanos-Jankiewicz
León Castellanos-Jankiewicz
123–156
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1. Introduction
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2. National Minorities and the Great War
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2.1. Wartime Mistreatment of Minorities
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2.2. The Allies’ War Aims and National Minorities
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2.3. Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points and Self-Determination
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3. Equality and the Covenant: Failure or Qualified Success?
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3.1. Wilson’s Equal Treatment Clauses
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3.2. Japan’s Racial Equality Clause
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3.3. Equality in the Polish Treaty: Defining Moments
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4. Concluding remarks
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157–214
Part 3: The Emergence of International Economic Law
157–214
157–182
Chapter 6 Managing the ‘Workers Threat’: Preventing Revolution Through the International Labour Organization
Guy Fiti Sinclair
Guy Fiti Sinclair
157–182
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1. Introduction
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2. From Revolution to Reform
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3. Legal Proceduralism versus Revolution
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4. Law and Morality: Towards Responsive Law
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5. Law and/as Expertise
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6. Conclusion
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183–192
Chapter 7 The Role of Private International Law: UNIDROIT and the Geneva Conventions on Arbitration
Herbert Kronke
Herbert Kronke
183–192
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1. Introduction: Terminology and the Historical Context
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2. UNIDROIT
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2.1. The Institutional Framework
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2.2. The Work Programme, and the Individuals
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2.3. 1937: Not the End, but a Transition into the Unknown
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3. The Geneva Arbitration Conventions
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3.1. Political Background
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3.2. The 1923 Protocol on Arbitration Clauses
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3.3. The 1927 Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards
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3.4 Overall Assessment
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4. Conclusion
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193–204
Chapter 8 Article 231 of the Versailles Treaty and Reparations: The Reparation Commission as a Place for Dispute Settlement?
Jean-Louis Halpérin
Jean-Louis Halpérin
193–204
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1. Three Steps Towards Drafting Article 231 of the Versailles Treaty and One Step Towards the Reparation Commission
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1.1 An American Idea
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1.2 A British Enlargement
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1.3 An Inter-Allied Compromise
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1.4 The Reparation Commission as a New Deal
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2. The Failure to Affirm the Reparation Commission as an Independent Tribunal
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2.1 The Ambiguous Status of the Reparation Commission
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2.2 The Obstacles for Transforming the Reparation Commission into an Independent Tribunal
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2.3 The Turning Point of 1922
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205–214
Chapter 9 The Conversion of Reparations into Sovereign Debts (1920–1953)
Pierre d’Argent
Pierre d’Argent
205–214
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1. Morality, Law, and the Economists
Details
2. The Magnitude of the German Reparation Debt
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3. The Ruhr Crisis and the Dawes Plan
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4. The Young Plan and Its Aftermath
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5. The Versailles Reparations in Perspective
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215–322
Part 4: The Institutionalization of International Adjudication
215–322
215–238
Chapter 10 Peace Through International Adjudication: The Permanent Court of International Justice and the Post-War Order
Christian J Tams
Christian J Tams
215–238
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1. Introduction
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2. A New, but Modest, Beginning: Binding Dispute Resolution in the Post-war Order
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2.1. A World Court at Last
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2.2. A World Court with a Modest Brief
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3. A Pragmatic Pioneer: the PCIJ in Operation
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3.1. Sticking to the Brief: the Court as a Dispute Settler
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3.2. ‘Gradually Moulding International Law’: the Court as an Agent of Legal Development
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4. Concluding Thoughts
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239–276
Chapter 11 International Adjudication of Private Rights: The Mixed Arbitral Tribunals in the Peace Treaties of 1919–1922
Marta Requejo Isidro, Burkhard Hess
Marta Requejo Isidro, Burkhard Hess
239–276
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1. Origins and Legal Framework
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1.1. Private Rights in the Peace Treaties
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1.1.1. War Measures Against the Property of ‘Ennemis Nationaux’
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1.1.2. Private Rights and Interests in the Peace Treaties
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1.2. The Establishment of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals
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1.2.1. The Pertinent Provisions in the Peace Treaties
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1.2.2. The Competences of the MATs
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1.2.3. The German–US Peace Treaty of 1922
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2. The Organization of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals
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2.1. Historical and Statistical Background
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2.1.1. A New Model for the Settlement of International Disputes
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2.1.2. Statistical Data
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2.2. The Composition of the Tribunals
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2.2.1. The Judges and the Secretariats
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2.2.2. The State Agents
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2.2.3. The Position of the Individual Claimants
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2.3. The Procedures Applied
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2.4. The Interfaces with Domestic Procedures
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2.4.1. The Basic Regime
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2.4.2. Concurrent Pending Jurisdiction in National Courts
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2.4.3. Finality and Enforceability
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3. The Legal Nature of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals
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3.1. The Contemporary Debate
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3.1.1. National or International Tribunals
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3.1.2. General/Special Jurisdiction
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3.2. Modern Parallels
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4. Private International Law in the Case Law of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals
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4.1. Nationality and Standing
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4.2. The Application of Conflict of Law Rules by the MATs
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4.2.1. The Debate Among Scholars
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4.2.2. The Case Law of the MATs
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5. Assessment
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5.1. A Preferred Way of Dispute Settlement in the 1920s
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5.2. A Practical Drawback: The Fragmentation of the Case Law
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5.3. Are There Lessons to be Learned?
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277–322
Chapter 12 Local International Adjudication: The Groundbreaking ‘Experiment’ of the Arbitral Tribunal for Upper Silesia
Michel Erpelding
Michel Erpelding
277–322
Details
1. Introduction: Mitigating the Side-Effects of Self-Determination
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2. Procedural Innovations: The Tribunal’s Toolbox
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2.1. Direct Individual Claims for Compensation
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2.2. Indirect Individual Claims
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2.3. Evocation Procedure
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2.4. Power to Create General Binding Precedent
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3. Implementing Local International Adjudication: The Tribunal at Work
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3.1. Setting Up the Tribunal
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3.2. Engaging with the Local Population
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3.3. Dealing with the States Parties
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4. Defending the Tribunal’s Legacy
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5. Conclusion: From Upper Silesia to Luxembourg?
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323–354
Part 5: Beyond ‘Peace Through Law’: The Use of Law and Its Records as Vehicles of Resistance and Change
323–354
323–336
Chapter 13 Resistance Through Law: Belgian Judges and the Relations Between Occupied State and Occupying Power
Didier Boden
Didier Boden
323–336
Details
1. Overall Approach
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1.1. Article 43 of the Annex to the 1907 Hague Convention
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1.2. The Belgian Interpretation
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1.2.1. The Majority’s Interpretation
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1.2.2. The Interpretation of de Ryckère and Benoidt.
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1.2.3. ‘Whereas the Independence of the Belgian Courts Has Been Infringed...’
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2. Variety of Concrete Aspects
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2.1. Categories of Possible Effects
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2.2. Three Illustrations
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2.2.1. Criminal Law
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2.2.2. Contract Law
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2.2.3. International Private Law (Outside Occupied Belgium)
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3. Epilogue
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337–354
Chapter 14 The Work of Peace: World War One, Justice and Translation Through Art
Jennifer Balint, Neal Haslem, Kirsten Haydon
Jennifer Balint, Neal Haslem, Kirsten Haydon
337–354
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. Translating Foundational Moments
Details
3. Ottoman Courts-Martial
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4. Art as a Means of Making Visible
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5. Flowers of War
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6. Peace Through Law: Conclusion
Details
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Peace Through Law , page 205 - 214
Chapter 9 The Conversion of Reparations into Sovereign Debts (1920–1953)
Autoren
Pierre d’Argent
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783845299167-205
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-5754-1
ISBN online: 978-3-8452-9916-7
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