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Peace Through Law / Chapter 4 The Legacy of the Mandates System of the League of Nations
Peace Through Law / Chapter 4 The Legacy of the Mandates System of the League of Nations
Contents
Chapter
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Authors
Page
1–10
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
1–10
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11–28
Introduction: Versailles and the Broadening of ‘Peace Through Law’
Michel Erpelding
Michel Erpelding
11–28
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1. Peace Through Law?
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2. The Establishment of a New International Order of Peace
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3. The Emergence of International Economic Law
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4. The Institutionalization of International Adjudication
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5. Beyond ‘Peace Through Law’: The Use of Law and Its Records as Vehicles of Resistance and Change
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29–64
Part 1: Peace Through Law?
29–64
Chapter 1 Drama Through Law: The Versailles Treaty and the Casting of the Modern International Stage
Nathaniel Berman
Nathaniel Berman
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1. Prologue: Noël, 1913
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2. A Dramatic Gesture
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3. The Dramatis Personae and the Actors: Dynamics and Indeterminacy
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4. The Agon of the Personae
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5. Dramatic Anomalies
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6. Destructive Parody
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7. No Exit?
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8. The ‘Art of Justice’ and the ‘Smoking Crater’
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9. Conclusion … or Not?
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65–156
Part 2: The Establishment of a New International Order of Peace
65–156
65–84
Chapter 2 The League of Nations as a Universal Organization
Thomas D Grant
Thomas D Grant
65–84
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1. Introduction
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2. Sovereign Equality Emerging—But not Entrenched
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3. Admission, Voting, and Sovereign Equality in the League
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4. Other Aspects of Participation
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5. Conclusion
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85–98
Chapter 3 Preventing a Repetition of the Great War: Responding to International Terrorism in the 1930s
Michael D Callahan
Michael D Callahan
85–98
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99–122
Chapter 4 The Legacy of the Mandates System of the League of Nations
Mamadou Hébié, Paula Baldini Miranda da Cruz
Mamadou Hébié, Paula Baldini Miranda da Cruz
99–122
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1. Introduction
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2. The Innovative Character of the Mandates System of the League of Nations
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2.1. The Principle of Non-Annexation of Territories Upon Military Victory
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2.2. The Internationalization of the Treatment of Certain Colonial Populations
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2.3. The Institutionalization of a Droit de Regard with Respect to the Treatment of Certain Colonial Populations
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3. The Mandates System of the League of Nations as a Continuation of Colonialism
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3.1. The Mandates System as a Formalization of the Interests of Colonial Powers
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3.2. The Reliance of the Mandates System on the Right of Civilization
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3.3. The Mandates System as an Entrenchment of Colonial Domination
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4. Conclusion
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123–156
Chapter 5 Negotiating Equality: Minority Protection in the Versailles Settlement
León Castellanos-Jankiewicz
León Castellanos-Jankiewicz
123–156
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1. Introduction
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2. National Minorities and the Great War
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2.1. Wartime Mistreatment of Minorities
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2.2. The Allies’ War Aims and National Minorities
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2.3. Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points and Self-Determination
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3. Equality and the Covenant: Failure or Qualified Success?
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3.1. Wilson’s Equal Treatment Clauses
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3.2. Japan’s Racial Equality Clause
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3.3. Equality in the Polish Treaty: Defining Moments
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4. Concluding remarks
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157–214
Part 3: The Emergence of International Economic Law
157–214
157–182
Chapter 6 Managing the ‘Workers Threat’: Preventing Revolution Through the International Labour Organization
Guy Fiti Sinclair
Guy Fiti Sinclair
157–182
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1. Introduction
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2. From Revolution to Reform
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3. Legal Proceduralism versus Revolution
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4. Law and Morality: Towards Responsive Law
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5. Law and/as Expertise
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6. Conclusion
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183–192
Chapter 7 The Role of Private International Law: UNIDROIT and the Geneva Conventions on Arbitration
Herbert Kronke
Herbert Kronke
183–192
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1. Introduction: Terminology and the Historical Context
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2. UNIDROIT
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2.1. The Institutional Framework
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2.2. The Work Programme, and the Individuals
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2.3. 1937: Not the End, but a Transition into the Unknown
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3. The Geneva Arbitration Conventions
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3.1. Political Background
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3.2. The 1923 Protocol on Arbitration Clauses
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3.3. The 1927 Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards
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3.4 Overall Assessment
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4. Conclusion
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193–204
Chapter 8 Article 231 of the Versailles Treaty and Reparations: The Reparation Commission as a Place for Dispute Settlement?
Jean-Louis Halpérin
Jean-Louis Halpérin
193–204
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1. Three Steps Towards Drafting Article 231 of the Versailles Treaty and One Step Towards the Reparation Commission
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1.1 An American Idea
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1.2 A British Enlargement
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1.3 An Inter-Allied Compromise
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1.4 The Reparation Commission as a New Deal
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2. The Failure to Affirm the Reparation Commission as an Independent Tribunal
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2.1 The Ambiguous Status of the Reparation Commission
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2.2 The Obstacles for Transforming the Reparation Commission into an Independent Tribunal
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2.3 The Turning Point of 1922
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205–214
Chapter 9 The Conversion of Reparations into Sovereign Debts (1920–1953)
Pierre d’Argent
Pierre d’Argent
205–214
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1. Morality, Law, and the Economists
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2. The Magnitude of the German Reparation Debt
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3. The Ruhr Crisis and the Dawes Plan
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4. The Young Plan and Its Aftermath
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5. The Versailles Reparations in Perspective
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215–322
Part 4: The Institutionalization of International Adjudication
215–322
215–238
Chapter 10 Peace Through International Adjudication: The Permanent Court of International Justice and the Post-War Order
Christian J Tams
Christian J Tams
215–238
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1. Introduction
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2. A New, but Modest, Beginning: Binding Dispute Resolution in the Post-war Order
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2.1. A World Court at Last
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2.2. A World Court with a Modest Brief
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3. A Pragmatic Pioneer: the PCIJ in Operation
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3.1. Sticking to the Brief: the Court as a Dispute Settler
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3.2. ‘Gradually Moulding International Law’: the Court as an Agent of Legal Development
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4. Concluding Thoughts
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239–276
Chapter 11 International Adjudication of Private Rights: The Mixed Arbitral Tribunals in the Peace Treaties of 1919–1922
Marta Requejo Isidro, Burkhard Hess
Marta Requejo Isidro, Burkhard Hess
239–276
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1. Origins and Legal Framework
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1.1. Private Rights in the Peace Treaties
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1.1.1. War Measures Against the Property of ‘Ennemis Nationaux’
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1.1.2. Private Rights and Interests in the Peace Treaties
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1.2. The Establishment of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals
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1.2.1. The Pertinent Provisions in the Peace Treaties
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1.2.2. The Competences of the MATs
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1.2.3. The German–US Peace Treaty of 1922
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2. The Organization of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals
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2.1. Historical and Statistical Background
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2.1.1. A New Model for the Settlement of International Disputes
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2.1.2. Statistical Data
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2.2. The Composition of the Tribunals
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2.2.1. The Judges and the Secretariats
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2.2.2. The State Agents
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2.2.3. The Position of the Individual Claimants
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2.3. The Procedures Applied
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2.4. The Interfaces with Domestic Procedures
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2.4.1. The Basic Regime
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2.4.2. Concurrent Pending Jurisdiction in National Courts
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2.4.3. Finality and Enforceability
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3. The Legal Nature of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals
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3.1. The Contemporary Debate
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3.1.1. National or International Tribunals
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3.1.2. General/Special Jurisdiction
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3.2. Modern Parallels
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4. Private International Law in the Case Law of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals
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4.1. Nationality and Standing
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4.2. The Application of Conflict of Law Rules by the MATs
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4.2.1. The Debate Among Scholars
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4.2.2. The Case Law of the MATs
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5. Assessment
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5.1. A Preferred Way of Dispute Settlement in the 1920s
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5.2. A Practical Drawback: The Fragmentation of the Case Law
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5.3. Are There Lessons to be Learned?
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277–322
Chapter 12 Local International Adjudication: The Groundbreaking ‘Experiment’ of the Arbitral Tribunal for Upper Silesia
Michel Erpelding
Michel Erpelding
277–322
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1. Introduction: Mitigating the Side-Effects of Self-Determination
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2. Procedural Innovations: The Tribunal’s Toolbox
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2.1. Direct Individual Claims for Compensation
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2.2. Indirect Individual Claims
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2.3. Evocation Procedure
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2.4. Power to Create General Binding Precedent
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3. Implementing Local International Adjudication: The Tribunal at Work
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3.1. Setting Up the Tribunal
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3.2. Engaging with the Local Population
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3.3. Dealing with the States Parties
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4. Defending the Tribunal’s Legacy
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5. Conclusion: From Upper Silesia to Luxembourg?
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323–354
Part 5: Beyond ‘Peace Through Law’: The Use of Law and Its Records as Vehicles of Resistance and Change
323–354
323–336
Chapter 13 Resistance Through Law: Belgian Judges and the Relations Between Occupied State and Occupying Power
Didier Boden
Didier Boden
323–336
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1. Overall Approach
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1.1. Article 43 of the Annex to the 1907 Hague Convention
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1.2. The Belgian Interpretation
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1.2.1. The Majority’s Interpretation
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1.2.2. The Interpretation of de Ryckère and Benoidt.
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1.2.3. ‘Whereas the Independence of the Belgian Courts Has Been Infringed...’
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2. Variety of Concrete Aspects
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2.1. Categories of Possible Effects
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2.2. Three Illustrations
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2.2.1. Criminal Law
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2.2.2. Contract Law
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2.2.3. International Private Law (Outside Occupied Belgium)
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3. Epilogue
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337–354
Chapter 14 The Work of Peace: World War One, Justice and Translation Through Art
Jennifer Balint, Neal Haslem, Kirsten Haydon
Jennifer Balint, Neal Haslem, Kirsten Haydon
337–354
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1. Introduction
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2. Translating Foundational Moments
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3. Ottoman Courts-Martial
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4. Art as a Means of Making Visible
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5. Flowers of War
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6. Peace Through Law: Conclusion
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Peace Through Law , page 99 - 122
Chapter 4 The Legacy of the Mandates System of the League of Nations
Autoren
Mamadou Hébié
Paula Baldini Miranda da Cruz
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783845299167-99
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-5754-1
ISBN online: 978-3-8452-9916-7
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