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The Mixed Arbitral Tribunals, 1919–1939 / Epilogue: The Early and the Long End of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals, 1920-1939
The Mixed Arbitral Tribunals, 1919–1939 / Epilogue: The Early and the Long End of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals, 1920-1939
Contents
Chapter
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Authors
Page
1–8
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
1–8
Details
9–26
Introduction: International Adjudication and the Legacy of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals
Michel Erpelding, Hélène Ruiz Fabri
Michel Erpelding, Hélène Ruiz Fabri
9–26
Details
27–110
Part I. A New Form of International Adjudication? The MATs in Context
27–110
Details
Chapter 1: There and Back Again: From Consular Courts through Mixed Arbitral Tribunals to International Commercial Courts
1. Introduction
2. Extraterritoriality Throughout Time: Personal Jurisdiction, Consular Courts and Mixed Legal Dispute Resolution Mechanisms
2.1. International Law in the So-called ‘Civilised’ World
2.2. International Law in the So-called ‘Uncivilised’ World
3. The Establishment of the MATs: Grounded in History?
4. Developments in Parallel With and After the MATs
5. International Commercial Courts: Successors to All That Came Before?
6. Conclusion: There and Back Again?
Chapter 2: The Mixed Arbitral Tribunals and Turkey: Negotiating the International Identity of the Young Republic Under the Sèvres Syndrome
Introduction
1. Burden of the Past: The MATs as a Trojan Horse against Turkish Sovereignty
1.1. The Sensitive Issue of the Capitulations Reinforced at Sèvres
1.1.1. The Phantom of the Capitulations
1.1.2. The Revival of the Capitulations at Sèvres
1.2. The Former Experience of Mixed Courts
1.2.1. The Ottoman Mixed Courts
1.2.2. The Similar Civilisational Narratives
1.2.3. Shifting the Balance of Power and the Historical Legacy at Lausanne
2. Turkey’s International Status via the MATs Provisions
2.1. Negotiating the Scope and Scale of the MATs with Turkey
2.1.1. Territorial and Subject-matter Jurisdictions
2.1.2. Personal Jurisdiction
2.2. MATs Mirroring the Double Hybridity of Turkey’s International Status
2.2.1. General Provisions
2.2.2. Procedure
3. Conclusion
Chapter 3: The Mexican Claims Commissions and the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals in the 1920s: Lessons on Legitimacy and Legacy in International Adjudication
1. Introduction
2. Historical Background and Context of the MCCs
3. The Legitimacy of the MCCs and the Ex-gratia Clauses
4. Legal Position of Individual Claimants in the MCCs and MATs
5. Assessment of the Legacy of the MCCs and the MATs
5.1 Procedural Legacy
5.2 Substantive Legacy
6. Conclusion
111–242
Part II. Identifying Rights-Holders: Post-World War I Arbitration and the Nationality of Private Persons
111–242
Details
Chapter 4: Nationality, Property, and the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals, 1914 to c1930
1. Premises – War, Nationality, and Property, 1914–1918
2. Reversing and Justifying Colonisation Schemes, Sequestrations, and other War Measures. Making Claims While Setting the Stage for the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals
3. Who can Claim ‘réparations des intérêts privés’? Questions of Standing and Nationality before the Polish-German and Romano-Austrian Mixed Arbitral Tribunals
4. Reading the ‘Spirit of the Text’. Claiming and Disputing (‘Virtual’) Nationality before the Franco-German Mixed Arbitral Tribunal
5. Conclusion
Chapter 5: The Mixed Arbitral Tribunals and the Nationality of Legal Persons: The Uncertain First Steps of an Evolving Concept
1. MATs’ Case Law on the Nationality of Legal Persons in its Historical Context
2. The Contribution of MATs’ Case Law to the Conceptual Clarification of the Nationality of Legal Persons
2.1. Domestic Legal Personality as a Necessary Condition for Nationality
2.2. Corporate Nationality and State Succession
3. The Uncertain Criteria of Nationality: Siège Social, Incorporation or Control?
3.1. Methodological Ambiguity
3.2. Siège social and Incorporation
3.3. The Theory of Control
3.3.1. Control of Companies in Domestic Law and Peace Treaties
3.3.2. The Theory of Control in the Case Law of the French-German MAT
3.3.3. The Rejection of Control as a General Criterion of Corporate Nationality
4. The Unstable Interplay between Corporate Nationality and Shareholders’ Rights
5. Taking Stock: The Legacy of MATs’ Case Law on the Nationality of Legal Persons
Chapter 6: Splitting the Atom of Nationality: The Mixed Arbitral Tribunal for Upper Silesia and the Emergence of Citizenship in International Law
1. Whose ‘Grandmother is Dead’?
2. Nationality and Citizenship: Two Sides or Two Different Coins?
2.1 General Observations
2.2 Nationality and Citizenship in the Partition of Upper Silesia
3. Lawfare in The Hague, Mixed Feelings in Vienna
3.1 The 1923 Acquisition of Polish Nationality Advisory Opinion
3.2 The 1924 Vienna Arbitral Award
4. ‘It Was Above All Life That Was to Be Interpreted’: The Five Pillars of Citizenship Protection in the Case Law of the Tribunal
4.1 The Right to a Nationality
4.2 The Right of Residence and the Protection Against Expulsion
4.3 The Prohibition of Discrimination
4.4 The Protection of Dual-Nationals and Stateless Persons
4.5 The Indirect Relevance of Citizenship Through the Protection of Minorities
5. Conclusion
243–306
Part III. Arbitrators as Peacemakers: The Case of Professor Paul Moriaud
243–306
Details
Chapter 7: Paul Moriaud, la paix par l’arbitrage : L’homme, les réseaux, les idées
1. Du goût de l’arbitrage : la tradition familiale
2. La construction d’une renommée professionnelle avant la Grande guerre
3. La guerre, l’injustice, le droit international et la paix
3.1. Le Comité pour la sauvegarde du droit des gens
3.2. Paul Moriaud et la promotion de la Société des Nations
3.3. Les liens avec la Belgique et l’accès à la présidence du Tribunal mixte germano-belge
Chapter 8: Paul Moriaud and the Implementation of Mixed Arbitral Tribunals (1920–1924)
1. Challenge Number One: Organising MATs ex nihilo and Urgently
1.1 The Critical Matter of Neutrality
1.2 The choice of places for MATs was another stumbling block
2. Challenge Number Two: Conferring Legitimacy and Authority upon the MATs
2.1 Harmonising Rules and Case Law was Essential
2.2 Diplomatic Hurdles
307–380
Part IV. The Promises and Limitations of ‘Peace Through Law’: MATs and the International Adjudication of ‘Mega-Politics’
307–380
Details
Chapter 9: An Example of International Legal Mobilisation: The German-Belgian Mixed Arbitral Tribunal and the Case of the Belgian Deportees
1. Introduction: ‘Un grand procès international’
2. The Facts and Background of the Case: the Belgian Deportations, 1916–18
3. The Written Phase: Reparation of Wartime Injuries as an Individual Right?
4. The Hearing: Addressing the ‘Conscience of Europe’
5. The Verdict: a German Victory?
6. Conclusion: Changes and Continuities
Chapter 10: The Hungarian Optants Cases before the Romanian-Hungarian Mixed Arbitration Tribunal: International Lawyers, the League of Nations and the Judicialization of International Relations
1. Introduction
2. Romanian-Hungarian MAT
2.1. The Jurisdiction of Romanian-Hungarian MAT
2.2. The Role of the Council
3. Conclusions
381–524
Part V. Arbitral Awards as Sources of International Law: Assessing the Impact of the MATs’ Case Law
381–524
Details
Chapter 11: The Contribution of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals to the Law of Treaties
1. The Birth of Treaties: From their Conclusion to their Entry into Force
1.1. The Form(s) of Conclusion of Treaties
1.2. The Obligation not to Defeat the Object and Purpose of a Treaty Prior to its Entry into Force
2. The Life of Treaties in Force: Observance, Application, and Interpretation
2.1. Observance of Treaties
2.1.1. Internal Law and Observance of Treaties
2.1.2. Third States and Observance of Treaties
2.2. The Scope of Application of Treaties
2.2.1. The Spatial Dimension of the Scope of Treaties
2.2.2. The Temporal Dimension of the Scope of Treaties
2.3. Interpretation of Treaties
2.3.1. The Rules of Interpretation
2.3.2. Interpretation of Treaties Authenticated in a Plurality of Languages
3. The Demise of Treaties: Grounds for Termination and Consequences
4. Concluding Remarks
Chapter 12: Investment Treaty Arbitration and the Nascent Legacy of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals
1. Introduction
2. Use of MAT Decisions in Existing Investment Treaty Cases
2.1. Use by Parties
2.1.1. Res Judicata
2.1.2. Lis Pendens
2.1.3. Provisional Measures
2.1.4. Jurisdiction by Estoppel
2.1.5. Continuous Nationality
2.2. Use by Tribunals
2.2.1. Dual Nationality
2.2.2. Jurisdiction by Estoppel
2.2.3. Treaty Interpretation
2.2.4. Revision of Judgments
2.2.5. Oral Agreements in International Law
2.2.6. Forum Selection Clauses
2.2.7. Temporal Jurisdiction
3. Constraints on Relevance of MAT Decisions for Investment Treaty Arbitration
4. Potential for Use in Future Investment Treaty Cases
4.1. Specific Issues of Procedure and Jurisdiction
4.1.1. Forum-Shopping by Corporate and Individual Claimants
4.1.2. Reflective Loss and Shareholder Claims
4.1.3. Revision of Judgments
4.1.4. Provisional Measures
4.1.5. Prescription of Claims
4.1.6. Burden of Proof
4.1.7. Fork-in-the-Road Clauses
4.1.8. Local Litigation Clauses
4.1.9. Statehood and Territory: Incidental Jurisdiction
4.1.10. Treaty Interpretation: Third-Party Treaties
4.2. Merits and Damages
4.2.1. Full Protection and Security
4.2.2. Damages and Valuation
4.3. Systemic Issues
4.3.1. Domestic Law in International Adjudication
4.3.2. Deference to Host States: ‘Essential Security’ and ‘General Interest’
4.3.3. Dissenting Opinions in International Adjudication
4.3.4. Individual Rights in International Law
5. Conclusion
Chapter 13: Something Old, Something New: The 1930 Reform of the Trianon Mixed Arbitral Tribunals and the Contemporary Discussion of the Appeal Mechanism in Investment Arbitration
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. The Elisabeth Schmidt Case
4. The 1930 Paris Agreements
5. The Pajzs, Csáky and Esterházy Cases Before the MAT
6. The Pajzs, Csáky and Esterházy Cases Before the PCIJ
7. The Nature of the Court’s Appeals Jurisdiction
8. Conclusion: Тhe Relevance of the Appeals Procedure Against the MAT Awards for the Current Debate on the Appeals Mechanism Against Investment Arbitration Awards
Chapter 14: The Mixed Arbitral Tribunals and the Law of Air Warfare: The Tragic Impact of the Awards in Coenca Brothers and Kiriadolou
1. The Law of Air Warfare Before World War I
2. World War I and the Law of Air Warfare
3. Air Warfare and the Paris Peace Conference
4. The Kiriadolou and Coenca Brothers Decisions: Hard Cases Make Bad Law
Conclusion: Good Intentions but Bad Result?
525–528
Concluding Remarks
Burkard Hess
Burkard Hess
525–528
Details
529–546
Epilogue: The Early and the Long End of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals, 1920-1939
Michel Erpelding, Jakob Zollmann
Michel Erpelding, Jakob Zollmann
529–546
Details
1. Avoiding Mixed Arbitral Tribunals Altogether, 1920/21
2. Setting Deadlines for Making MAT-Claims
3. Phasing Out the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals
4. Advocating and Resisting the Establishment of Permanent MATs
5. Liquidating the Last MATs
6. Discarding the MATs
547–581
Appendix: Alphabetical List of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals and their Members
Michel Erpelding
Michel Erpelding
547–581
Details
1. Anglo-Austrian MAT [1922–31]
2. Anglo-Bulgarian MAT [1921–27]
3. Anglo-German MAT [1920–32]
4. Anglo-Hungarian MAT [1921–35]
5. Anglo-Turkish MAT [1926–32]
6. Belgian-Austrian MAT [1921–31]
7. Belgian-Bulgarian MAT [1921–30]
8. Belgian-German MAT [1920–32]
9. Belgian-Hungarian MAT [1922–33]
10. Belgian-Turkish MAT [1926–33]
11. Czechoslovakian-German MAT [1921-?]
12. Czechoslovakian-Hungarian MAT [1922–39/42]
13. French-Austrian MAT [1921–24?]
14. French-Bulgarian MAT [1920-?]
15. French-German MAT [1920-37?]
16. French-Hungarian MAT [1922-?]
17. French-Turkish MAT [1925-38]
18. Greek-Austrian MAT [1921-?]
19. Greek-Bulgarian MAT
20. Greek-German MAT [1920-?]
21. Greek-Hungarian MAT [1922-?]
22. Greek-Turkish MAT [1926-36]
23. Italian-Austrian MAT [1922-32]
24. Italian-Bulgarian MAT [1922-30?]
25. Italian-German MAT [1921-30]
26. Italian-Hungarian MAT [1924-?]
27. Italian-Turkish MAT [1926–30]
28. Japanese-Austrian MAT [1921-?]
29. Japanese-German MAT [1920–25]
30. Polish-German MAT [1921–32]
31. Romanian-Austrian MAT [1924–1936]
32. Romanian-German MAT [1922–32?]
33. Romanian-Hungarian MAT [1922–39/46]
34. Romanian-Turkish MAT [1926–29]
35. Siamese-German MAT [1920–26]
36. Yugoslavian-Austrian MAT [1921–38]
37. Yugoslavian-Bulgarian MAT
38. Yugoslavian-German MAT [1921–39]
39. Yugoslav-Hungarian MAT [1924–39/46]
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The Mixed Arbitral Tribunals, 1919–1939 , page 529 - 546
Epilogue: The Early and the Long End of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals, 1920-1939
Autoren
Michel Erpelding
Jakob Zollmann
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748939719-529
ISBN print: 978-3-7560-0475-1
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-3971-9
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doi.org/10.5771/9783748939719-529
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