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Environmental Law and Policy in Namibia / Chapter 25: Environmental Justice and Litigation
Environmental Law and Policy in Namibia / Chapter 25: Environmental Justice and Litigation
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1–36
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
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39–108
PART I: BACKGROUND
39–108
39–48
Chapter 1: Namibia and its Legal Setup
Oliver C. Ruppel, Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting
Oliver C. Ruppel, Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting
39–48
Details
1 Namibia in a Nutshell: Facts and Figures
2 The Legal Setup in Namibia
3 The Laws
4 The Court System
4.1 The Supreme Court
4.2 The High Court
4.3 The Lower Courts
4.4 The Magistrates’ Courts
4.5 The Community Courts
5 The Ombudsman
49–64
Chapter 2: Introducing Environmental Law
Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting
Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting
49–64
Details
1 Terminology
2 Foundations of Environmental Protection
3 Functions of Environmental Law
4 Historical Development of Environmental Law
65–74
Chapter 3: Namibia and its Environment
Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting
Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting
65–74
Details
1 Introduction
2 Major Environmental Concerns in Namibia
2.1 Land Degradation and Soil Erosion
2.2 Deforestation
2.3 Water Scarcity
2.4 Climate Change
2.5 Biodiversity Loss
2.6 Waste and Pollution
75–108
Chapter 4: Environmental Law in Namibia – an Overview
Oliver C. Ruppel
Oliver C. Ruppel
75–108
Details
1 Introduction
2 The Namibian Constitution
3 Development Framework
3.1 Namibia’s Green Plan
3.2 Vision 2030 and the National Development Plans
4 Policy Framework
4.1 Policies on Environment, Wildlife and Biotechnology
4.2 Policies on Land and Agriculture
4.3 Policies on Water
4.4 Policy on Forests
4.5 Policies on Tourism
4.6 Climate Change and Energy
4.7 Environmental Education
5 Selected Strategies and Action Plans
5.1 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
5.2 National Strategy on Wildlife Protection and Law Enforcement
5.3 Namibia’s Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan
5.4 Aquaculture Strategic Plan
5.5 Strategic Action Plan for the Implementation of Renewable Energy Policies
5.6 Forestry Strategic Plan
6 Statutory Law
6.1 Environmental Framework Legislation
6.2 Nature Conservation, Wildlife and Traditional Knowledge
6.3 Legislation on Water
6.4 Legislation on Fisheries and Marine Resources
6.5 Legislation on Land and Agricultural Production
6.6 Legislation on Forestry
6.7 Legislation on Energy and Mining
7 Roman-Dutch and Common Law
8 Customary Law
9 Criminal Aspects of Environmental Law
111–188
PART II: INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
111–188
111–132
Chapter 5: Introduction to International Environmental Law
Oliver C. Ruppel
Oliver C. Ruppel
111–132
Details
1 Introduction
2 The Application of International Law in Namibia
3 Sources of International Environmental Law
3.1 International Conventions: Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs)
3.2 Customary International Law
3.3 General Concepts and Principles of International Environmental Law
3.4 Judicial Decisions and Teachings
4 Multilateral Environmental Agreements Relevant to Namibia
133–154
Chapter 6: Environmental Law and Policy in the African Union
Oliver C. Ruppel
Oliver C. Ruppel
133–154
Details
1 Introduction
2 Structure of the AU
3 Environmental Issues Within the AU’s General Legal Framework
4 Specific Environmental Conventions
4.1 The African Convention on Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1968
4.2 The Revised (Algiers) Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 2003
4.3 Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa
4.4 The Maritime Transport Charters
4.5 The African Nuclear Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba)
4.6 The Phyto-Sanitary Convention for Africa
4.7 The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa
5 Agenda 2063
6 The African Union’s Judicial, Human Rights and Legal Organs and Bodies and the Consideration of Environmental Rights
6.1 The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the African Court of Justice to become the African Court of Justice and Human Rights
6.2 The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
6.3 The AU Commission on International Law
7 Selected Institutions and Initiatives Particularly Relevant for Environmental Protection
7.1 The African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN)
7.2 Relevant Departments within the AU Commission
7.3 The Peace and Security Council (PSC)
7.4 The African Union Development Agency and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (AUDA-NEPAD)
155–188
Chapter 7: Environmental Law and Policy in the Southern African Development Community
Oliver C. Ruppel
Oliver C. Ruppel
155–188
Details
1 Introduction
2 Institutional Structure of SADC
3 Heterogeneity within SADC
4 Environmentally Relevant Legal Framework
4.1 The SADC Treaty
4.2 The SADC Protocols
4.3 SADC Vision 2050 and the Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP)
4.4 Selected Environmental Strategies and Declarations
4.5 The SADC Judicial Body
191–228
PART III: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, WASTE AND POLLUTION
191–228
191–208
Chapter 8: Environmental Management in Namibia
Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting
Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting
191–208
Details
1 Introduction
2 The Environmental Management Act No. 7 of 2007
2.1 Environmental Management Principles in the EMA
2.2 Ministerial Competencies
2.3 Institutions / Officials under the EMA
2.4 Environmental Plans under the EMA
2.5 Environmental Assessment under the EMA
2.6 Enforcement and Appeal under the EMA
2.7 Selected Practical Implications of the EMA and EMA Regulations
2.8 Proposed Amendments to the EMA
3 Concluding Remarks
209–228
Chapter 9: Pollution Control and Waste Management
Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting
Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting
209–228
Details
1 Introduction
2 International Law
3 National Law and Policy
3.1 Pollution under the Constitution
3.2 Common Law Aspects of Pollution
3.3 Framework Legislation: The Environmental Management Act No. 7 of 2007 (EMA)
3.4 Sectoral Legislation
3.5 National Solid Waste Management Strategy (2018-2028)
3.6 Waste Management at Municipal Level: The Example of the City of Windhoek
4 Concluding Remarks
231–270
PART IV: BIODIVERSITY AND WILD LIFE
231–270
231–246
Chapter 10: Legal Protection of Biodiversity in Namibia
Manfred O. Hinz, Oliver C. Ruppel
Manfred O. Hinz, Oliver C. Ruppel
231–246
Details
1 Introduction
2 Biodiversity in Perspective
3 International Environmental Law Pertinent to Biodiversity Protection in Namibia
4 Biodiversity Protection under National Environmental Law
4.1 The Constitution
4.2 Statutory Law
4.3 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
247–270
Chapter 11: Namibia’s Wildlife Crime Legislation
Willem Odendaal
Willem Odendaal
247–270
Details
1 Introduction
2 The Duty of the Namibian Government to Act
2.1 Article 95 of Namibia’s Constitution
2.2 The Environmental Management Act No. 7 of 2007
2.3 Namibia’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
2.4 Obligations under International Agreements
3 Overview of Namibia’s Legislative Framework
3.1 For Wildlife Crimes
3.2 The Nature Conservation Ordinance No. 4 of 1975
3.3 The Game Products Trust Fund Act No. 7 of 1997
3.4 The Controlled Wildlife Products and Trade Act No. 9 of 2008
3.5 The Protected Areas and Wildlife Management Bill (2017)
4 Key Issues with Namibia’s Existing Legislative Framework
4.1 Expansion of the Legislative Framework
4.2 The Whistleblower Protection Act and Monetary Incentives for Information and Cooperation
4.3 Greater Coordination in the Prosecution of Wildlife Crimes is Needed
4.4 Judicial Reforms Are Needed to Enable Prosecutors to More Diligently Prosecute Wildlife Crimes
4.5 Communal Property Areas Need Improved Management
5 Recommendations for Reforming the Legislative Framework
5.1 Beyond the Poacher: Prosecuting Criminals Higher Up the Chain
5.2 Improving Coordination in, and Effectiveness of, the Prosecution of Wildlife Crimes
6 Conclusion
273–376
PART V: WATER ENVIRONMENT
273–376
273–340
Chapter 12: Water Related Policy and Statutory Law
Pieter Heyns, Shirley Bethune
Pieter Heyns, Shirley Bethune
273–340
Details
1 Introduction
2 Namibia’s Water Environment in Context
2.1 Rainfall
2.2 Evaporation
2.3 Water Balance
2.4 Water Resources
2.5 Water Demand
2.6 Water Scarcity
3 The Challenge to Provide Water Services
4 Conception and Implementation of National Water Policy and Law
5 The Water Policy Framework
5.1 The Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Policy (WASP)
5.2 The National Water Policy (NWP)
5.3 The Water Supply and Sanitation Policy (WSASP)
5.4 The Draft Wetland Policy
6 The Statutory Framework
6.1 The Constitution of Namibia
6.2 The Water Act No. 54 of 1956
6.3 The Water Resources Management Act No. 24 of 2004
6.4 The Water Resources Management Act No. 11 of 2013
6.5 The Soil Conservation Act No. 76 of 1969
6.6 Territorial Sea and Exclusive Economic Zone of Namibia Act No. 3 of 1990
6.7 The Namibia Water Corporation Act No. 12 of 1997
7 Water Development Planning
7.1 Introduction
7.2 National Water Planning
8 Transboundary Water Management
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Helsinki Rules
8.3 The United Nations Watercourses Convention
8.4 Theories of Sharing Transboundary Water
8.5 Customary and General Principles of International Law
8.6 The SADC Water Protocols
8.7 The SADC Regional Water Policy
9 Transboundary Water Agreements
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Water Commission Institutional Structure
9.3 The Kunene River Agreements
9.4 The Okavango River Agreement
9.5 The Orange River Agreements
9.6 The Zambezi River Agreements
9.7 The Cuvelai Watercourse Commission
341–358
Chapter 13: The Okavango River Basin – Resolving the Dichotomy Between Development and Environment
Pieter Heyns
Pieter Heyns
341–358
Details
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 The Okavango River Basin
4 Development of the Eastern National Water Carrier in Namibia
5 Environmental Issues
5.1 The Omatako Canal
5.2 The Proposed Rundu–Grootfontein Pipeline Feasibility Study
5.3 The Proposed Divundu Hydropower Project
5.4 The Activities of the OKACOM
6 The Development Space
6.1 Development plans
6.2 Negotiating the Development Space
7 Conclusion
359–376
Chapter 14: Fisheries Related Statutory Law and Policy in Namibia
Clinton Hay
Clinton Hay
359–376
Details
1 Introduction
2 The Policy Framework
2.1 Namibia’s Marine Resources Policy: Towards Responsible Development and Management of the Marine Resources Sector (2004)
2.2 Namibia’s Inland Fisheries Policy: White Paper on the Responsible Management of the Inland Fisheries of Namibia (1995)
2.3 Namibia’s Aquaculture Policy: Towards Responsible Development of Aquaculture (2001)
3 The Statutory Framework
3.1 The Marine Resources Act No. 27 of 2000
3.2 The Inland Fisheries Resources Act No. 1 of 2003
3.3 The Aquaculture Act No. 18 of 2002
379–452
PART VI: LAND, SOIL AND FORESTRY
379–452
379–406
Chapter 15: Land, Soil and Agriculture from a Namibian and International Law Perspective
Oliver C. Ruppel, Anielle von Finckenstein
Oliver C. Ruppel, Anielle von Finckenstein
379–406
Details
1 Introduction
2 Soil Protection in the International Legal Framework
3 Soil, SDGs and the Right to Food
4 Soil and Global Climate Governance
5 Soil Protection in the National Legal Framework
5.1 The Constitution and Land Tenure in Namibia
5.2 Policy, Legislative, and Institutional Framework Relating to Soil Protection: An Overview
5.3 Land and Agricultural Policies
5.4 Land and Agriculture Related Legislation
6 Concluding Remarks
407–434
Chapter 16: Land-Use Planning and the Environment
Felicity F. Owoses
Felicity F. Owoses
407–434
Details
1 Introduction
2 The Concept of Land-Use Planning
3 Environmental Aspects of Land-Use Planning
4 Planning Levels
5 Land-Use Plans
6 The Land-Use Planning as a Process
7 Approaches to Land-Use Planning
8 Current Land-Use Policy and Legislative Framework
9 Legislative and Policy Framework on Land-Use Planning
10 Land-Use Planning Institutions and Administration
10.1 The National Planning Commission
10.2 The Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform
10.3 Ministry of Urban and Rural Development
10.4 Other Authorities, Organisations and Persons
11 Spatial Planning
11.1 National Spatial Development Framework
11.2 Regional Structure Plans
11.3 Urban Structure Plans
11.4 Zoning Schemes
12 Authorised Planning Authorities
13 Regional Planning
14 Land-Use Planning in the Coastal Zone
14.1 Policy, Legal and Institutional Frameworks
14.2 Status of Coastal Zone Management
14.3 The National Policy on Coastal Management
14.4 Defining the Coastal Zone
15 Concluding Remarks and Recommendations
435–452
Chapter 17: Forestry Related Law and Policy
Clemens C.C. von Doderer, Jonathan M. Kamwi, Oliver C. Ruppel
Clemens C.C. von Doderer, Jonathan M. Kamwi, Oliver C. Ruppel
435–452
Details
1 Introduction
2 Constitutional Provisions Relevant to Forests
3 Relevant Regional Frameworks, Statutory Law and Policy
3.1 The SADC Protocol on Forestry and the Forestry Strategy
3.2 The Forest Policy of 1992
3.3 Namibia’s Forestry Strategic Plan of 1996
3.4 2001 Development Forestry Policy for Namibia
3.5 De Lege Lata: The Forest Act No. 12 of 2001
3.6 De Lege Ferenda
3.7 The 2015 Forest Regulations to the Forest Act
3.8 The Community Forestry Guidelines of 2005
3.9 The Customary Law of Traditional Communities
3.10 The Environmental Management Act No. 7 of 2007
4 Concluding Remarks
455–530
PART VII: MINING AND ENERGY
455–530
455–466
Chapter 18: Mining Law and Policy in Namibia
Meyer van den Berg, Peter Koep
Meyer van den Berg, Peter Koep
455–466
Details
1 The Environmental Management Act
2 Mining Laws and Policy
2.1 The Minerals (Prospecting and Mining) Act
2.2 The Minerals Policy
2.3 The SADC Protocol on Mining
467–508
Chapter 19: Energy Law and Policy in Namibia
Detlof von Oertzen
Detlof von Oertzen
467–508
Details
1 Introduction to Namibia’s Energy Industry
1.1 The Liquid Fuels Sector
1.2 The Electricity Sector
1.3 The Upstream Oil and Gas Sectors
1.4 The Renewable Energy Sector
2 Energy-related Regional and International Developments
2.1 Energy Security
2.2 Energy and Climate Change
2.3 International Regulatory Framework
2.4 Regional Regulatory Framework – the SADC Region
2.5 Support Mechanisms for the Deployment of Renewable Energies
3 Energy-related Laws and Policies in Namibia
3.1 The Petroleum Products and Energy Act (1990)
3.2 The Petroleum Exploration and Production Act (1991)
3.3 The White Paper on Energy Policy (1998)
3.4 The Atomic Energy and Radiation Protection Act (2005)
3.5 The SADC Protocol on Energy (2006)
3.6 The Draft Gas Bill (2001)
3.7 Vision 2030 (2004)
3.8 The Electricity Act (2007)
3.9 National Connection Charge Policy (2014)
4 Nuclear Fuel Cycle Policy (2014)
5 Net Metering Rules (2016)
6 Fifth National Development Plan (2017)
7 Harambee Prosperity Plan (2016)
8 National Energy Policy (2017)
9 National Renewable Energy Policy (2017)
10 National Independent Power Producer Policy (2018)
11 Draft Electricity Bill (2018)
12 Draft Namibia Energy Regulatory Authority Bill (2018)
13 Draft Off-Grid Electrification Policy (2019)
14 Draft Smart Grid Policy (2019)
15 Draft National Electrification Policy (2020)
509–530
Chapter 20: Namibia’s Electricity Sector
Detlof von Oertzen
Detlof von Oertzen
509–530
Details
1 Introduction
2 Supply Entities
3 Independent Power Producers
4 Embedded Generators
5 Distributed Generating Capacity
6 Emergency and Backup Generating Capacity
7 Off-grid Generating Capacity
8 Electricity Demand
9 Electricity Distributors
10 Revenues Generated
11 Electricity Price
12 Key Electricity Sector Stakeholders
12.1 Electricity End-Users
12.2 Ministry of Mines and Energy
12.3 Electricity Control Board
12.4 Namibia Power Corporation
12.5 Electricity Distribution and Supply Entities
12.6 Private Sector Entities
13 Namibia’s Electricity Market Model
13.1 The Single Buyer Market Model (2000 to 2019)
13.2 The Modified Single Buyer Market Model (from 2020)
14 Private Sector Participation in the Electricity Industry
15 Procurement of Additional Generating Capacity
15.1 Direct Negotiations
15.2 Competitive Bidding and Tendering
16 Reflections on Namibia’s Electricity Future
16.1 Short-term Imperatives – 2021 to 2025
16.2 Medium- to Long-term Imperatives – beyond 2025
17 Concluding Remarks
533–606
PART VIII: CLIMATE CHANGE
533–606
533–560
Chapter 21: Review of the Climate Change Situation in Namibia: Projected Trends, Vulnerability and Impacts
Isaac Mapaure
Isaac Mapaure
533–560
Details
1 Introduction
2 Namibia’s Contribution to Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions
3 Climate Trends and Projections
4 Potential and Actual Impacts of Climate Change
4.1 Climate Situation and Vulnerability
4.2 Agriculture
4.3 Biodiversity, Ecosystems and Tourism
4.4 Coastal Zone
4.5 Energy
4.6 Human Health and Well-Being
4.7 Fisheries and Marine Resources
4.8 Water Resources
5 Compliance, Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change: Summary of Selected Actions Taken
6 Concluding Remarks
561–606
Chapter 22: Climate Change de Facto and de Jure: Legal and Regulatory Aspects Relevant to Namibia
Oliver C. Ruppel
Oliver C. Ruppel
561–606
Details
1 Introduction
2 De Facto: Aspects of Human Vulnerability
2.1 Impacts of Climate Change
2.2 Future Risks and Opportunities
2.3 Box: Green Hydrogen from Namibia?
3 De Jure: Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Climate Change in Namibia
3.1 Legal Climate Change Action?
3.2 Constitutional Aspects of Climate Change
3.3 Implementing Article 44 of the Constitution: Legislation Relevant for Climate Change
3.4 Implementing Article 95(l) of the Constitution: Namibia’s Climate Change Policy
4 Climate Law
4.1 International Climate Law
4.2 Domestic Climate Policy
4.3 Domestic Climate Law
4.4 Private Law Litigation
4.5 Neighbour Law and Nuisance Claims
4.6 Public Climate Litigation
4.7 International Climate Litigation
5 Conclusion
609–660
PART IX: CUSTOMARY LAW AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
609–660
609–642
Chapter 23: Customary Law and the Environment
Manfred O. Hinz
Manfred O. Hinz
609–642
Details
1 Introduction
2 Post-Independence Conservation Policy in Namibia: Gateway for Customary Environmental Law
3 Customary Law and Customary Environmental Law within the General Legal System
4 Community Projects (Conservancies, Community Forests, Fishery Reserves) and Customary Law
5 BIOTA and TFO Research on Customary Law and the Environment
6 Traditional Conservationism
7 The Protection of Traditional Knowledge
8 Concluding Remarks
643–660
Chapter 24: Western Intellectual Property Rights Regimes and Traditional Knowledge Protection Systems in Africa
Eliamani Laltaika
Eliamani Laltaika
643–660
Details
1 Introduction
2 Defining Traditional Knowledge and Associated Genetic Resources
3 Biopiracy
4 Western Intellectual Property Regime versus Community Rights
5 The Convention on Biological Diversity: A New Era for GR Governance?
6 Intellectual Property in Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and TK
6.1 The International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources
6.2 The TRIPS Agreement and UPOV
6.3 Historical Backdrop
6.4 The Pinch of IPR to Farmers
7 African Approach
7.1 The OAU Model Legislation on the Protection of the Rights of Local Communities, Farmers and Breeders, and for the Regulation of Access to Biological Resources
7.2 The Swakopmund Protocol on the Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Expressions of Folklore
8 The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefit Arising from their Utilisation: Too Little, Too Late?
8.1 Overview of the Protocol
8.2 Does the Protocol Make a Difference?
8.3 Too Little, Too Late?
9 The Need for a Paradigm Shift
10 Concluding Remarks
663–706
PART X: ENVIRONMENTAL ADJUDICATION
663–706
663–676
Chapter 25: Environmental Justice and Litigation
Oliver C. Ruppel
Oliver C. Ruppel
663–676
Details
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Justice and Advocacy
3 Administrative Procedures for Compliance and Enforcement
4 The Role of Namibian Courts in Environmental Matters
5 Criminal Law
6 Conflict Resolution
6.1 Environmental Litigation
6.2 Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the Field of Environmental Conflict
7 Concluding Remarks
677–692
Chapter 26: Instituting an Environmental Court or Tribunal: An Option for Namibia?
Elize Shakalela
Elize Shakalela
677–692
Details
1 Introduction to Environmental Courts and Tribunals
2 Models of ECTs
2.1 Free-standing Environmental Court (EC) Model
2.2 Specialised Green Chambers
2.3 Green Judges
2.4 Tribunals
3 ECTs in the Context of Namibia’s Judiciary and the Environmental Management Act
4 Push Factors for Establishing an ECT in Namibia
4.1 Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration
4.2 Development Agencies
4.3 The Judiciary
4.4 Other Factors
5 The Significance of Establishing an Environmental Court / Tribunal in Namibia
5.1 ECTs as Effective Tool to Enforce Environmental Law Timeously
5.2 Option to Operate as a Multi-Door-Court-House
5.3 Comprehensive Locus Standi
5.4 Improving Access to Environmental Justice
5.5 An African Example: The Environment and Land Court (ELC) of Kenya
6 Conclusion
693–706
Chapter 27: The Ombudsman and the Environment
Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting
Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting
693–706
Details
1 Introduction
2 Legal Foundations
3 Basic Characteristics of the Ombudsman in Namibia
4 The Environmental Mandate of the Ombudsman
5 Investigation, Enforcement and Reporting Procedures
709–788
PART XI: CROSS - CUTTING ISSUES
709–788
709–766
Chapter 28: Trade, Environment and Sustainable Development
Oliver C. Ruppel
Oliver C. Ruppel
709–766
Details
1 Introducing the International Trade, Environment and Development Debate
1.1 The Trade Perspective
1.2 The Environmental Perspective
1.3 The Development Perspective
1.4 Sustainable Development: The Answer to the Dilemma?
2 The Role of Trade for Sustainable Development and the Reduction of Poverty in Africa
3 Regional Integration and Natural Resources in Southern Africa
4 The WTO and the Environment
4.1 The Primary Objectives of the WTO
4.2 The 2001 Doha Declaration and the Environment
4.3 The Committee on Trade and Environment
4.4 WTO Agreements and Environmentally Relevant Provisions
4.5 The WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body
4.6 Some Environmental Case References
4.7 The WTO and the North-South Divide
4.8 Climate Change and WTO Law
5 Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) and the Multilateral Trading System
6 The Trade and Investment Environment in Namibia
7 Cotonou and Post-Cotonou Agreement
8 Concluding Remarks
767–788
Chapter 29: Human Rights and the Environment
Oliver C. Ruppel
Oliver C. Ruppel
767–788
Details
1 Introduction
2 Human Rights Categories
3 Constitutionality of Environmental Human Rights?
3.1 The Preamble
3.2 Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
3.3 Article 6: The Right to Life
3.4 Article 8: Respect for Human Dignity
3.5 Article 10: Equality and Freedom from Discrimination
3.6 Article 15: Children’s Rights
3.7 Articles 18 and 5: Administrative Justice
3.8 Article 19: The Right to Culture
3.9 Article 25: Enforcement of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
3.10 Article 95(1): The Environmental Principle of State Policy
3.11 Article 100: Sovereign Ownership of Natural Resources
3.12 Article 144: International Law
4 Concluding Remarks
789–839
Bibliography
789–839
Details
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Environmental Law and Policy in Namibia , page 663 - 676
Chapter 25: Environmental Justice and Litigation
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Oliver C. Ruppel
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748933564-663
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-8828-6
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-3356-4
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