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Consent and Sexual Offenses / Coercion by Violence and its Changing Meaning. The Experience of Italy
Consent and Sexual Offenses / Coercion by Violence and its Changing Meaning. The Experience of Italy
Contents
Chapter
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Authors
Page
1–6
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
1–6
Details
7–8
Introduction
7–8
Details
11–126
Comparative Essays
11–126
11–24
Defining Rape. In Quest of the Optimal Solution
Wojciech Jasiński
Wojciech Jasiński
11–24
Details
25–42
Coercion by Violence and its Changing Meaning. The Experience of Italy
Gian Marco Caletti
Gian Marco Caletti
25–42
Details
A. Introduction
B. The historical origin of forcible rape and the duty to resist
C. “Vis grata puellae”: from “vis atrox” to force of “any intensity”
D. The paradigm of “improper violence” and the dematerialisation of the concept of violence in the wake of German scholarship and case law
E. Reviving resistance: The “blue-jeans” decision”
F. From coercion to dissent and coercive circumstances: European influences from Strasbourg and Istanbul
G. Towards an affirmative consent model?
H. Final remarks
43–56
Regulating Expression of Consent in Sexual Relations
Karolina Kremens
Karolina Kremens
43–56
Details
A. Introduction
B. Expression of Consent in the International Context
C. Expression of Consent in Researched Jurisdictions
D. Conclusions
57–82
Affirmative Consent
Aya Gruber
Aya Gruber
57–82
Details
A. Introduction
B. Consent
Step 1: A’s Internal Agreement to Sex
Step 2: A’s External Manifestations
Step 3: B’s Understanding of A’s Mental State
C. Affirmative Consent
I. The Contract
II. An Enthusiastic Yes
III. Yes Means Yes
IV. Stop and Ask
V. Clear and Contemporaneous Consent
D. The Affirmative Consent Debate
I. The Empirical Argument: Affirmative Consent Reflects Sexual Practice
II. The Aspirational Argument: Affirmative Consent Is a Crucial Objective
III. The Retributive Argument: Affirmative Consent Is Morally Required
IV. The Distributional Argument: Affirmative Consent Produces Distributive Justice
E. Conclusion
83–94
Of Nagging and Guilt-Tripping. Lack of Consent in One’s Own Activities?
Nora Scheidegger
Nora Scheidegger
83–94
Details
A. Introduction: “New law makes new cases”
B. Two Cases
C. Factual consent and valid consent
1. The strictly verbal standard of consent
2. The Miranda Analogy
3. The “Real change of mind” Rule
4. The Coercion Rule
5. Position of Power and Dependency
Conclusion
95–102
Particularized Consent and Non-Consensual Condom Removal
Sebastian Mayr, Kurt Schmoller
Sebastian Mayr, Kurt Schmoller
95–102
Details
A. General Principle
I. Form and range of consent
II. Expression and circumstances of the declaration of consent
III. Subsequent extension of consent
B. “Stealthing” (Nonconsensual condom removal, NCCR)
I. Incapacity of resistance?
II. Different sexual act?
III. Invalid consent due to deception or error?
IV. Analysis of the protected legal interest
V. Legal consequences
103–118
Mistaken Beliefs about Consent
Andrew Dyer
Andrew Dyer
103–118
Details
A. Introduction
B. Recent reform campaigns in Australia
C. Why Mens Rea Is Important – and Why Certain Australian Rape/Sexual Assault Law Reform Proposals Are Therefore Untenable
D. Consideration of a defendant’s ‘steps’ to ascertain whether the complainant was consenting
E. Conclusion
119–126
Sense and Caution. A Comparative Perspective on Sweden’s Negligent Rape Law
Linnea Wegerstad
Linnea Wegerstad
119–126
Details
A. Introduction
B. Background
C. Rape law and a duty of diligence in a comparative perspective
D. Concluding discussion
129–346
National Reports
129–346
129–148
Australia
Andrew Dyer
Andrew Dyer
129–148
Details
A. Introduction
B. Australian sexual offence law
C. Recent Trends in Australian Non-consensual Sexual Offence Law
D. Conclusion
149–170
Austria
Sebastian Mayr, Kurt Schmoller
Sebastian Mayr, Kurt Schmoller
149–170
Details
A. Social and legal background
1. Sexuality and gender equality in society
2. Purpose of criminal law on sexual offences
a) Protected interests in sexual criminal law
b) Criminal sanctions as ultima ratio
3. Overview of sexual coercion offences
4. Consent in criminal law
a) Dogmatic classification
b) Principle of autonomy
c) Limits of consent
B. Prerequisites for consent to sexual acts
1. Capacity to consent
a) Age of consent
b) Capacity of insight and judgment
2. Form of consent
3. Ineffective consent
4. Significance of consent
C. Scope of consent to sexual acts
1. Time of consent and revocation
2. Extent of consent
3. Final refusal?
D. Intent as to absence of consent
E. Special status of sexual offences in criminal law
F. Summary
G. Bibliography
171–182
England and Wales
Lyndon Harris, Hannah Quirk
Lyndon Harris, Hannah Quirk
171–182
Details
A. Background of criminal laws on sexual conduct
B. General attitude in society toward sexual relations
I. Is there an emphasis on traditional rules of decency and morals or on autonomy?
II. Sex equality
C. Structure of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 and the interests to be protected
D. Consent
I. General capacity to give consent
II. Methods of giving valid consent
III. Grounds for negating the validity of formal consent
IV. Withdrawal of consent
V. Scope of consent
VI. If a person gives general consent to sexual relations, what does it include?
VII. Can a person actively perform a sexual act and still claim that s/he did not consent to this act?
VIII. If a person says “no”, is it still possible for the other person to obtain his/her valid consent?
183–196
Germany
Thomas Weigend
Thomas Weigend
183–196
Details
A. Background
I. General attitude in society toward sexual relations
II. Background of criminal laws on sexual conduct
III. Definition of sexual coercion offenses
IV. General role of consent in criminal law
B. Requirements for valid consent
I. General capacity to give consent
II. Ways of giving valid consent
III. Grounds for negating validity of consent
C. Reach of consent
I. Timing of consent
II. Scope of consent
III. Finality of non-consent
D. Intent as to lack of consent
E. Are there sexual offenses that do not require lack of consent?
197–210
Italy
Gian Marco Caletti
Gian Marco Caletti
197–210
Details
A. General attitude in society toward sexual relations
B. Background of criminal laws on sexual conduct
C. Definition of sexual coercion offenses
D. General role of consent in criminal law
I. Requirements for valid consent to sexual acts
1. Ways of giving valid consent
2. Grounds for negating validity of formal consent
II. Reach of consent
1. Scope of consent
III. Intent as to lack of consent
IV. Other particularities of Italian law on sexual coercion offenses
211–230
The Netherlands
Kai Lindenberg
Kai Lindenberg
211–230
Details
A. Background
I. General attitude in society towards sexual relations
II. Background of criminal laws on sexual conduct
III. Definition of sexual coercion offences: rape and indecent assault
IV. General role of consent in criminal law
B. Requirements for valid consent to sexual acts
I. General capacity to give consent
II. The primary characteristics of (non-)consent
C. Reach of consent
D. Mens rea and consent
E. Concluding remarks
231–250
Poland
Wojciech Jasiński, Karolina Kremens
Wojciech Jasiński, Karolina Kremens
231–250
Details
A. Background
I. General attitude in society towards sexual relations
II. Background of criminal laws on sexual conduct
III. Definition of sexual coercion offences
IV. General role of consent in criminal law
B. Requirements for valid consent to sexual acts
I. General capacity to give consent
1. Age
2. Consciousness and mental health
3. Lack of intoxication
II. Ways of giving valid consent
III. Grounds for negating validity of formal consent
C. Reach of consent
I. Timing and finality of consent
II. Scope of consent
D. Intent as to lack of consent
E. No requirement of lack of consent
F. Sexual offences and penal populism
251–270
Sweden
Linnea Wegerstad
Linnea Wegerstad
251–270
Details
A. Background
I. General attitude in society toward sexual relations
II. Background to criminal laws on sexual conduct
III. Definition of sexual coercion offenses (especially concerning the role of consent)
Rape
Sexual assault
Sexual molestation/harassment
IV. General role of consent in criminal law
B. Requirements for valid consent to sexual acts
I. General capacity to give consent and grounds for negating validity of formal consent
Age
Consciousness, mental health, and intoxication
Position of dependence
Constraint – violence, threat and grave fear
Fraud
II. Ways of giving valid consent
C. Reach of consent
I. Timing of consent
II. Scope of consent
III. Finality of consent
D. Intent as to lack of consent
I. For a conviction of intentional sexual coercion, is it necessary to prove that the perpetrator knew that the victim did not consent?
II. Are there lesser requirements for mens rea?
III. Are there offenses of reckless or negligent sexual coercion, dispensing with the requirement of intent?
E. Are there sexual offenses that do not require lack of consent?
271–284
Switzerland
Nora Scheidegger
Nora Scheidegger
271–284
Details
A. Background
I. General attitude in society toward sexual relations
II. Criminal laws on sexual conduct
III. Definition of sexual coercion offences
IV. General role of consent in criminal law
B. Requirements for valid consent to sexual acts
I. General capacity to give consent
1. Age
2. Consciousness, mental health
3. Intoxication
II. Ways of giving valid consent
III. Grounds for negating the validity of formal consent
1. Constraint
2. Fraud
C. Reach of consent
I. Timing of consent
II. Scope of consent
III. Finality of consent
D. Intent as to lack of consent
E. Sexual offenses that do not require lack of consent
285–298
Turkey
R. Barış Atladı
R. Barış Atladı
285–298
Details
A. Consent as a Ground of Justification
I. Capability to consent
II. The Existence of a Personal Right that can be Disposed of
III. Declaration of Consent
IV. Act Corresponding to the Declared Consent
B. Sexual Offenses in the Turkish Penal Code and the Relevance of Consent
I. Sexual Offenses in the TPC and their Reform
II. The Legal Interest Protected by Sexual Offenses
III. Assessment of the Consent of the Concerned Person
1. Sexual Assault
2. Child Molestation
3. Sexual Intercourse with persons under 18 years
4. Sexual Harassment
C. Consent in Turkish Criminal Procedural Law
D. Consent in Criminal Policy, Criminology and Victimology
E. Conclusion and Assessment
299–326
United States
Aya Gruber
Aya Gruber
299–326
Details
A. Background
I. Attitudes in the United States toward Sex Crimes and Sex Crime Laws
II. U.S Criminal Laws that Punish Sex without Consent
III. The Legal Operation of Consent in American Criminal Law
B. Requirements for Valid Consent
I. Consent and Capacity
Age
Intoxication
Other incapacities
II. Consent and Coercion
Coercion by Physical Force or Threat
Coercion by Status
Coercion by Deception
Coercion by Extortionate Threat
III. Consent and Communication
C. Other Legal Parameters of Consent
I. Consent and Timing
II. Consent and Burdens
III. Consent and Mens Rea
D. Other Peculiarities of American Sex-Crime Law
327–346
Synopsis
Thomas Weigend, Elisa Hoven
Thomas Weigend, Elisa Hoven
327–346
Details
I. Background of rape offenses
1. Protected interest – public morals or individual autonomy?
2. Basic concepts of rape offenses
a) Compulsion
b) Lack of consent
II. The role of consent in criminal law, especially in sex offenses
III. Prerequisites of valid consent
1. Age
2. Mental incapacity
3. Intoxication
4. Personal dependence
5. Threats
6. Deceit
IV. Expressing consent
V. Timing of consent
VI. Scope of consent
VII. Mens rea as to lack of consent
VIII. Conclusion
347–350
Biographical Notes
347–350
Details
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Consent and Sexual Offenses , page 25 - 42
Coercion by Violence and its Changing Meaning. The Experience of Italy
Autoren
Gian Marco Caletti
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748930242-25
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-8653-4
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-3024-2
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