Jump to content
Unlawful Content Online / Chapter 2 - The emergence of intermediaries on the internet – a socio-technical review
Unlawful Content Online / Chapter 2 - The emergence of intermediaries on the internet – a socio-technical review
Contents
Chapter
Expand
|
Collapse
Page
1–30
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
1–30
Details
31–58
Chapter 1 - Introduction
31–58
Details
A. General background
Details
B. Structure
Details
C. Methodology
Details
D. Definitions, assumptions and limitations
Details
1. Definitions
Details
I. Internet intermediaries – intermediary service providers
Details
II. Online platforms
Details
III. Illegal versus unlawful content
Details
IV. Material content
Details
V. Unlawful activity and unlawful content/information
Details
VI. Harmful content
Details
VII. Platform users
Details
2. Assumptions
Details
3. Limitations
Details
I. Sanctions
Details
II. Substantive law affecting online platforms
Details
59–97
Chapter 2 - The emergence of intermediaries on the internet – a socio-technical review
59–97
Details
A. The early internet
Details
B. The technical architecture of the internet
Details
C. Internet intermediaries within the layered internet
Details
1. A typology of intermediaries
Details
2. Internet access providers
Details
3. Search engines
Details
4. E-commerce platforms
Details
5. User generated content and social media platforms – the rise of Web 2.0
Details
6. Sharing economy platforms
Details
7. Messenger services, cloud platforms and other online intermediaries
Details
D. Intermediary powerhouses
Details
1. Multi-sided platforms
Details
2. The leading players
Details
I. Google (Alphabet)
Details
II. Amazon
Details
III. Facebook
Details
IV. Apple
Details
V. Microsoft
Details
3. From content to infrastructure control
Details
E. Summary: socio-technical and economic role of internet intermediaries
Details
98–224
Chapter 3 - Intermediaries and unlawful content – challenges in internet regulation
98–224
Details
A. The subject matter of internet governance
Details
1. Infrastructure
Details
2. Content regulation = intermediary regulation?
Details
B. The emergence of internet intermediary liability
Details
1. Justifications for internet intermediary liability in law
Details
I. Moral justifications
Details
II. Economic justifications
Details
2. Primary and secondary liability
Details
I. Primary liability for intermediaries
Details
II. Secondary liability
Details
a. Common law
Details
b. Civil law jurisdictions
Details
3. Early case law on internet intermediaries
Details
I. Case law in the EU
Details
a. United Kingdom
Details
b. Germany
Details
c. France
Details
d. Italy
Details
e. Belgium
Details
II. Case in law in the US
Details
a. Cubby, Inc v CompuServe, Inc.
Details
b. Stratton Oakmont v Prodigy Services Co.
Details
c. Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v Frena
Details
d. Sega Enterprises, Ltd. v MAPHIA & Religious Technology Center v Netcom
Details
C. Regulatory Frameworks of internet intermediary liability
Details
1. US
Details
I. Communications Decency Act 1996
Details
II. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1998
Details
III. Trademarks – The Lanham Act
Details
2. EU
Details
I. Setting the scene for an intermediary liability framework
Details
II. The E-Commerce Directive
Details
a. General principles and scope
Details
b. The liability (exemptions) of intermediaries
Details
3. Comparing the EU and US intermediary liability frameworks
Details
4. Other jurisdictions
Details
I. Australia
Details
II. Canada
Details
III. China
Details
IV. India
Details
D. Enforcement challenges in internet intermediary liability
Details
1. Emerging challenges - EU reviews of the ECD
Details
I. The 2003 and 2007 ECD evaluations
Details
II. The 2012 public consultation
Details
III. Reviews and initiatives under the Digital Single Market policy
Details
IV. Main legal challenges of the ECD inhibiting enforcement against unlawful content
Details
2. ECD intermediary liability – the main challenges through case law
Details
I. The neutrality of internet intermediaries
Details
a. Search engines
Details
b. E-commerce marketplaces
Details
i. National case law
Details
ii. EU case law
Details
iii. Application of CJEU rulings
Details
iv. US developments
Details
c. UGC platforms and social networks
Details
i. National case law
Details
ii. EU case law
Details
II. The intermediary’s actual knowledge of illegal acts
Details
a. Defining actual knowledge
Details
b. Obtaining actual knowledge
Details
i. Court or authority orders
Details
ii. Notice-and-Takedown
Details
iii. Awareness of illegal activity or information
Details
III. The preventive obligations of intermediaries
Details
a. National case law
Details
i. France
Details
ii. Italy
Details
iii. Germany
Details
iv. UK
Details
b. CJEU and ECtHR case law
Details
i. L‘Oréal v EBay (C-324/09)
Details
ii. Scarlet Extended (C-70/10) & Netlog (C-360/10)
Details
iii. Mc Fadden (C-484/14)
Details
iv. The ECtHR rulings in Delfi v Estonia & MTE v Hungary
Details
v. Eva Glawischnig-Piesczek v Facebook Ireland (C18/18)
Details
3. Summary of legal challenges of the ECD
Details
I. Summary: The availability of the ECD protections
Details
II. Summary: The knowledge standard
Details
III. Summary: Specific versus general monitoring
Details
225–417
Chapter 4 - Sectoral frameworks and the E-Commerce Directive – the enforcement gaps
225–417
Details
A. Introduction
Details
B. Personality rights and public order: defamation, hate speech and terrorist content
Details
1. Defamation
Details
I. Defamation online - background
Details
II. The legal framework of defamation in the EU
Details
III. Defamation, online intermediaries and the ECD in national law
Details
a. UK
Details
b. France
Details
c. Germany
Details
d. Differences in assessing the manifestly illegal nature of defamation
Details
e. Defamation and the interactive, social web
Details
IV. Summary and outlook
Details
2. Hate speech
Details
I. The phenomenon of hate speech on Web 2.0
Details
II. The legal framework of hate speech
Details
a. Fundamental rights at stake
Details
b. EU regulation
Details
i. The EU Code of Conduct on illegal hate speech online
Details
ii. The AVMSD and the DSA proposal
Details
c. Member States
Details
i. England and Wales
Details
ii. Germany
Details
iii. France
Details
III. Private regulation of hate speech
Details
IV. Summary and outlook
Details
3. Terrorist content
Details
I. Background
Details
II. Legal framework against terrorism online – EU and Member States
Details
III. Private regulation of terrorist content and technological developments
Details
IV. EU regulation
Details
a. Proposal of a Regulation for preventing terrorist content online
Details
b. Regulation 2019/1148 on marketing and use of explosives precursors
Details
V. Summary and outlook
Details
C. Economic rights: intellectual property
Details
4. Copyright
Details
I. Copyright and the information society
Details
II. International law and EU set-up
Details
III. Copyright enforcement and online intermediaries
Details
a. Enforcement at Member State level
Details
b. Enforcement against IAPs – blocking and filtering injunctions
Details
c. Content hosting, sharing and the road towards primary liability
Details
P2P file sharing and hyperlinking
Details
Search engines, hyperlinking and auto-complete functions
Details
Content sharing platforms
Details
IV. Industry developments: enforcement by private actors
Details
a. Content recognition and identification technologies
Details
Fingerprinting
Details
Hashing
Details
Watermarking
Details
Metadata analysis
Details
Predictive analysis
Details
b. Platform activities addressing copyright infringements – the rise of automated prevention
Details
V. EU legal initiatives – the Digital Single Market Directive (DSMD)
Details
VI. Summary and outlook
Details
5. Trademarks
Details
I. Trademarks, counterfeiting and e-commerce
Details
II. EU Trademark protection, its widening scope and the internet
Details
III. Enforcement: primary infringers or intermediaries with responsibilities?
Details
a. Online intermediaries as primary infringers
Details
b. Secondary liability trends and consumer law
Details
IV. Private enforcement
Details
V. EU policy development
Details
a. Memorandum of Understanding on the Sale of Counterfeit Goods over the Internet
Details
b. Other EU policy initiatives
Details
VI. Summary and outlook
Details
D. Product and food safety regulation
Details
6. Product safety (non-food products)
Details
I. Background – product safety in e-commerce and online platforms
Details
II. EU product safety law and e-commerce
Details
a. The New Approach and the New Legislative Framework
Details
b. Responsibilities and liabilities of economic actors
Details
III. Enforcement and e-commerce
Details
a. Tackling the challenges of enforcement in e-commerce
Details
b. Online intermediaries and product safety law
Details
IV. Private enforcement
Details
V. EU legislative initiatives
Details
VI. Summary and outlook
Details
7. Food safety
Details
I. Background – food in e-commerce and on online platforms
Details
II. Food safety and its enforcement in EU and national law
Details
a. EU food safety law – responsible economic actors
Details
b. Online intermediaries and food safety
Details
III. Summary and outlook
Details
E. Summary: Sectoral frameworks and intermediary liability
Details
1. The multilevel regulatory picture of EU intermediary liability
Details
2. Summary: Common trends in sectoral online intermediary liabiliy
Details
418–452
Chapter 5 - Enforcement case studies
418–452
Details
A. Introduction
Details
1. Rationale and objectives
Details
2. Survey structure
Details
3. Confidentiality
Details
B. Case study 1: Online market surveillance in product regulation
Details
1. Overview
Details
2. Survey results – Online market surveillance - RED and EMC Directives
Details
I. Section A: Market surveillance and enforcement
Details
a. Enforcement scope: sector coverage
Details
b. Enforcement vis-à-vis ISPs
Details
c. Online market surveillance activity
Details
d. Online market surveillance resources
Details
II. Section B: Enforcement activity and the ECD
Details
a. Use of the ECD by MSAs
Details
b. The relation between product safety laws and the ECD
Details
III. Section C: Cooperation with ISPs
Details
a. Nature of cooperation between MSAs and ISPs
Details
b. Obstacles to effective surveillance and enforcement
Details
IV. Section D: Regulatory cooperation between MSAs
Details
C. Case study 2: Online market surveillance in food safety regulation
Details
1. Overview
Details
2. Survey results – Online market surveillance in the area of food safety
Details
I. Section A: Market surveillance and enforcement
Details
a. Enforcement scope: sector coverage
Details
b. Enforcement vis-à-vis ISPs
Details
c. Online market surveillance activity
Details
d. Online market surveillance resources
Details
II. Section B: Enforcement activity and the ECD
Details
a. Use of the ECD by FSAs
Details
b. The relation between food safety laws and the ECD
Details
III. Section C: Cooperation with ISPs
Details
a. Nature of cooperation between FSAs and ISPs
Details
b. Obstacles to effective surveillance and enforcement
Details
IV. Section D: Regulatory cooperation between FSAs
Details
D. Summary of MSA/FSA case studies
Details
1. Enforcement hesitation and unclarity over the relevance of the ECD
Details
2. The technical role and legal classification of online platforms
Details
3. Product and food safety enforcement expertise as a chance
Details
4. Horizontal cooperation
Details
453–539
Chapter 6 - A new framework for online intermediary responsibility
453–539
Details
A. Intermediary responsibility reform proposals – an overview
Details
1. Systemic approaches
Details
2. Procedural approaches
Details
3. Common and divisive features of current intermediary liability reform proposals
Details
B. The regulatory choice of a new intermediary responsibility system
Details
1. The current regulatory choice
Details
2. Regulatory approaches for the internet
Details
I. Self and co-regulation on the internet
Details
a. Self-regulation
Details
b. Co-regulation
Details
II. Corporate (social) responsibility for online platforms
Details
III. Duties of care
Details
IV. Risk regulation and compliance
Details
V. Standardisation
Details
3. Application to a new intermediary responsibility framework
Details
I. Risks and pitfalls of flexible regulatory tools
Details
C. Primary and secondary responsibility and the sanctions regime
Details
D. A co-regulatory duty of care based on harmonised technical standards
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. Changes to the ECD’s online intermediary liability framework
Details
3. Sectoral flexibility – the harms under a horizontal framework
Details
4. The duty of care risk management system
Details
I. Risk assessment
Details
a. Risk identification
Details
b. Risk analysis and evaluation
Details
II. Risk control measures
Details
a. Risk control: prospective responsibility for empowering safe platform use
Details
b. Risk control: retrospective responsibility to contain unlawful content
Details
III. Example of a duty of care standard for economic harms
Details
5. Transparency and accountability obligations
Details
I. Transparency
Details
II. Accountability
Details
III. Complementary regulatory approaches towards online platforms
Details
6. The regulatory institution
Details
7. Brief of evaluation of the Commission’s DSA proposal of December 2020
Details
540–549
Chapter 7 - Conclusion
540–549
Details
550–561
ANNEX I – Interview Questionnaire (Model)
550–561
Details
A. Market surveillance and enforcement
Details
B. Enforcement activity and the E-Commerce Directive
Details
C. Cooperation with information service providers
Details
D. Regulatory Cooperation
Details
E. Additional data (not part of the interview)
Details
562–562
ANNEX II – A sectorally adaptable, risk-based duty of care standard (model)
562–562
Details
563–579
ANNEX III – A duty of care standard for E-Commerce platforms
563–579
Details
A. Introduction
Details
1. Principles
Details
B. Duty of care: risk assessment, prevention and removal
Details
1. Methodology: risk-based approach
Details
2. Risk assessment
Details
I. Harms definition
Details
II. Risk identification & definition
Details
III. Risk analysis
Details
a. Risk drivers
Details
b. Platform capabilities
Details
IV. Risk evaluation
Details
3. Risk control
Details
C. Duty of care: Notice-and-Takedown
Details
D. Duty of care: transparency
Details
1. Terms & Conditions
Details
2. Transparency reporting
Details
580–642
Bibliography
580–642
Details
A. Books, book sections, journal articles and public reports
Details
B. Blog articles, internet news articles and webpages
Details
C. Case law
Details
1. National
Details
I. France
Details
II. Germany
Details
III. Italy
Details
IV. UK
Details
V. US
Details
VI. Other jurisdictions
Details
2. EU and ECtHR
Details
I. EU
Details
II. ECtHR
Details
D. Statutes & Bills
Details
643–650
Index
643–650
Details
Durchsuchen Sie das Werk
Geben Sie ein Keyword in die Suchleiste ein
CC-BY
Access
Unlawful Content Online , page 59 - 97
Chapter 2 - The emergence of intermediaries on the internet – a socio-technical review
Autoren
Carsten Ullrich
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748927051-59
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-8315-1
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-2705-1
Chapter Preview
Chapter Preview
Share
Download PDF
Download citation
RIS
BibTeX
Copy DOI link
doi.org/10.5771/9783748927051-59
Share by email
Video schließen
Share by email Nomos eLibrary
Recipient*
Sender*
Message*
Your name
Send message
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google
Privacy Policy
and
Terms of Service
apply.
