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African Soil Protection Law / Country report for Cameroon
African Soil Protection Law / Country report for Cameroon
Contents
Chapter
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Authors
Page
1–30
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
1–30
Details
31–52
Executive summary
Harald Ginzky, Oliver C. Ruppel
Harald Ginzky, Oliver C. Ruppel
31–52
Details
1 The project
Details
1.1 Preparatory work
Details
1.2 Project design
Details
1.3 Selection of project countries
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1.4 Processing method
Details
1.5 Cooperation with the Pan-African Parliament
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2 Project results
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2.1 Setting the scene
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2.2 Proposed options
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2.2.1 Framework legislation
Details
2.2.2 Climate change, land and soil
Details
2.2.3 Agriculture
Details
2.2.4 Livestock
Details
2.2.5 Industrial facilities
Details
2.2.6 Mining
Details
2.2.7 Infrastructure
Details
2.2.8 Urbanisation
Details
2.2.9 Clarity of land tenure
Details
2.2.10 Control of foreign investors
Details
3 Institutional arrangements
Details
4 Procedures and procedural rights
Details
5 The role of science
Details
6 Global, continental and regional cooperation
Details
7 The way forward
Details
53–176
Country report for Cameroon
Christopher F. Tamasang, Cyril Effala, Ivo T. Tassah
Christopher F. Tamasang, Cyril Effala, Ivo T. Tassah
53–176
Details
1 Country information
Details
1.1 Geography and climatic conditions
Details
1.2 Economy
Details
1.3 Society
Details
1.4 Information on the organisational structure of Cameroon
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1.4.1 Legal system and legal tradition
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1.4.2 Competence of legislation
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1.4.3 Competence of law enforcement
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1.4.4 The Constitution, statutory and customary law
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2 Soil degradation
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2.1 The state of the environment
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2.2 Different types of soil and their vulnerability in terms of degradation
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2.3 Main drivers of soil degradation
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2.3.1 Agriculture
Details
2.3.2 Mining
Details
2.3.3 Wildfires, farming, hunting, and cattle rearing
Details
2.3.4 Industrial sites
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2.3.5 Urban sprawls
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2.3.6 Demographic growth rate
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2.3.7 Weather and climate factors
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2.3.8 Topographic constraints
Details
2.3.9 Land-grabbing
Details
2.3.10 Other causes or drivers of soil degradation
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2.4 Key actors in soil degradation
Details
2.5 Conclusion
Details
3 General information on public soil legislation
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3.1 Policy frameworks, government strategies, action plans, etc.
Details
3.1.1 International policies relevant to soil protection
Details
3.1.2 National policies relevant to soil protection
Details
3.2 Relevant international law for the protection of soils
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3.2.1 Relevant international soft law commitments
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3.2.2 Relevant international hard law instruments
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3.3 Relevant national legal provisions for the protection of soil
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3.3.1 The Constitution
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3.3.2 Legislation on land tenure
Details
3.3.3 Public environmental law
Details
3.3.4 Environmental monitoring
Details
3.3.5 Cross-cutting issues
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3.4 Relevant ministries and state institutions and their responsibilities
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3.4.1 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
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3.4.2 Ministry of State Property, Surveys and Land Tenure
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3.4.3 Ministry of Environment, Protection of Nature and Sustainable Development
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3.4.4 Ministry of Forests and Wildlife
Details
3.4.5 Ministry of Economy, Planning and Regional Development
Details
3.4.6 Ministry of Urban Development and Housing
Details
3.4.7 Ministry of Trade
Details
3.4.8 Ministry of Mines, Industry and Technological Development
Details
3.4.9 Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation
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3.4.10 Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries
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3.4.11 Institute of Research for Agricultural Development
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3.4.12 Inter-Ministerial Committee for the Environment
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3.4.13 National Consultative Commission for the Environment and Sustainable Development
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3.4.14 Regional and local authorities
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3.4.15 National Council for Planning and Sustainable Development of the Territory
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3.5 Conclusion
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4 Legislation on main drivers of soil degradation: Strengths and weaknesses
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4.1 Agriculture
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4.1.1 Relevant legal provisions
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4.1.2 Enforcement issues
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4.1.3 Monitoring
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4.1.4 And what’s more?
Details
4.2 Mining
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4.2.1 Relevant legal provisions
Details
4.2.2 Monitoring
Details
4.2.3 The role of foreign investors
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4.3 Industrial development
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4.4 Demographic growth, urban sprawl and land-planning regulatory frameworks
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4.5 Climate change law and soil degradation
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4.6 Land tenure insecurity: Relevant legal provisions and associated problems
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4.6.1 Ordinance No. 74/2 of 6 July 1974 establishing the rules governing state lands
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4.6.2 Ordinance No. 74/1 of 6 July 1974 establishing the rules governing land tenure
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4.6.3 Decree No. 76/166 of 27 April 1976 establishing the terms and conditions for the management of national lands
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4.6.4 Circular No. 001/CAB/PM of 1 April 2014 relating to measures applicable to investors on access to land
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4.6.5 Law No. 85/009 of 4 July 1985 relating to expropriation on grounds of public utility and the modalities for the payment of indemnities
Details
4.6.6 Traditional law
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4.6.7 Conflicts and means of resolution
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4.6.8 Land tenure legislation and associated land-grabbing
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4.6.9 Relationship of landownership and environmental responsibility
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4.7 Wildfires, hunting and cattle rearing
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4.8 Conclusion
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5 Lessons learnt and recommendations
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5.1 Positive lessons learnt and opportunities for soil protection
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5.2 Negative lessons learnt
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5.3 Recommendations
Details
177–294
Country report for Kenya
Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Irene Kamunge, James Kipkerebulit Yatich
Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Irene Kamunge, James Kipkerebulit Yatich
177–294
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1 Introduction
Details
2 Country information
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2.1 Religion
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2.2 Climatic conditions
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2.3 Population
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2.4 Literacy levels
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2.5 The economy
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2.6 National debt
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2.7 Kenya’s political system and governance
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2.8 Legislative authority
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2.9 Environmental dispute resolution
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3 Main drivers and causes of soil degradation
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3.1 Kenya soil profile
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3.2 The main drivers of soil degradation
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3.2.1 Agriculture
Details
3.2.2 Mining
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3.2.3 Industrial activities
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3.2.4 Soil erosion
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3.2.5 Unregulated urban and infrastructural development
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3.2.6 Climate change
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3.2.7 Brownfield sites
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3.3 Other threats to soil
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3.3.1 Topographic features
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3.3.2 Soil contamination
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3.3.3 Soil compaction
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3.3.4 Salinity and sodicity
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3.3.5 Soil erodibility
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3.3.6 Poor rangeland management
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3.3.7 Loss of forest cover
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3.3.8 Biodiversity loss
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3.3.9 Poverty
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3.3.10 Encroachment of fresh water and wetland ecosystems
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3.4 Key actors in soil degradation
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3.4.1 Investors
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3.4.2 Government
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3.4.3 Farmers
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3.4.4 Pastoralists
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3.5 Conclusion
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4 Background on soil legislation
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4.1 Historical perspective
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4.2 Colonial laws, policies and plans
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4.2.1 Crown Lands Ordinance, No. 21 of 1902
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4.2.2 Crown Lands Ordinance, 1915
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4.2.3 Native Lands Trust Ordinance, 1938
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4.2.4 Agricultural Policy, 1944
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4.2.5 African Courts Ordinance, 1951
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4.2.6 Swynnerton Plan, 1954
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4.3 Selected soil conservation initiatives in post-independence Kenya
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4.3.1 National Soil and Water Conservation Project
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4.3.2 Permanent Presidential Commission on Soil Conservation and Afforestation
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4.4 Types of conservation measure that have been used in Kenya
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4.4.1 Terraces
Details
4.4.2 Conservation agriculture
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4.4.3 Cover crop for soil fertility and erosion control
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4.4.4 Green manure
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4.4.5 Agroforestry
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4.4.6 Hedges
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4.4.7 Improved fallows
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4.4.8 Vegetation strips
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4.4.9 Conservation and regeneration measures
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4.4.10 Contour farming
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4.4.11 Trash lines
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4.4.12 Cut-off drains, retention and infiltration ditches
Details
4.5 Conclusion
Details
5 Legislation on the main drivers of soil degradation
Details
5.1 International instruments relevant to soil protection
Details
5.1.1 Convention on Biological Diversity
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5.1.2 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011–2020) and Aichi Biodiversity Targets (2020)
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5.1.3 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
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5.1.4 Land degradation-neutrality
Details
5.2 Regional policies and instruments
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5.2.1 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1968
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5.2.2 Action Plan of the African Union/New Partnership for Africa’s Development Environment Initiative
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5.2.3 NEPAD’s Initiative for the Resilience and Restoration of African Landscapes
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5.2.4 Protocol Concerning Protected Areas and Wild Fauna and Flora in the Eastern African Region, 1985
Details
5.3 National policies
Details
5.3.1 National Environment Policy, 2014
Details
5.3.2 National Land Policy, 2009
Details
5.3.3 National Land Use Policy, 2017
Details
5.3.4 National Climate Change Action Plan, 2013
Details
5.4 National Laws
Details
5.4.1 The Constitution of Kenya, 2010
Details
5.4.2 Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999
Details
5.4.3 Forest Conservation and Management Act, 2016
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5.4.4 Water Act, 2016
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5.4.5 Climate Change Act, 2016
Details
5.4.6 Land laws
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5.4.7 Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Authority Act, 2013
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5.4.8 Crops Act, 2013
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5.4.9 Irrigation Act, 2019
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5.4.10 Plant Protection Act, 2012
Details
5.4.11 Mining Act, 2016
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5.4.12 Environment and Land Court Act, 2011
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5.4.13 Fertilizers and Animal Foodstuffs Act
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5.5 Jurisprudence on environmental protection
Details
5.6 Conclusion
Details
6 Lessons learnt and recommendations for future legislation
Details
6.1 Lessons learnt
Details
6.2 Recommendations
Details
6.3 Elements of a soil-specific legislation
Details
295–378
Country report for Zambia
Pamela Towela Sambo, Andrew Nkunika, Nelly Zulu
Pamela Towela Sambo, Andrew Nkunika, Nelly Zulu
295–378
Details
1 Introduction
Details
1.1 Geographic and climatic information
Details
1.2 Historical background, demographic information and education
Details
1.3 Main economic activities
Details
1.3.1 Mining
Details
1.3.2 Agriculture
Details
1.3.3 Manufacturing
Details
1.3.4 Energy
Details
1.3.5 Construction
Details
1.3.6 Tourism
Details
1.4 Gross national product
Details
1.5 National debt
Details
1.6 Foreign investments
Details
2 Information on government organisational structure
Details
2.1 Legal system / tradition
Details
2.2 Competence of legislation and enforcement
Details
2.3 Role of traditional entities
Details
2.4 Religious considerations
Details
3 Main drivers of soil degradation
Details
3.1 Mining and soil sustainability
Details
3.2 Unsustainable agricultural practices
Details
3.2.1 Overstocking and overgrazing of animals
Details
3.2.2 Wrong use of fertilizers and pesticides
Details
3.3 Deforestation
Details
3.4 Climate change effects
Details
3.5 Poverty and demographic growth
Details
3.6 Urbanisation
Details
3.7 Weak governance systems
Details
4 Relevant legislative framework on the main drivers of soil degradation
Details
4.1 Constitutional provisions on soil sustainability
Details
4.2 Mining legislation
Details
4.3 Agricultural legislation
Details
4.3.1 Fencing Act, Chapter 190
Details
4.3.2 Agriculture (Fertilizers and Feed) Act, Chapter 226
Details
4.3.3 Land tenure system
Details
4.3.4 Environmental Management Act, 2011
Details
4.3.5 Forests Act, No. 4 of 2015
Details
4.3.6 Urban and Regional Planning Act, No. 3 of 2015
Details
4.3.7 Local Government Act, No. 2 of 2019
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4.3.8 Solid Waste Regulation and Management Act, No. 20 of 2018
Details
5 Relevant policy framework on the main drivers of soil degradation
Details
5.1 Vision 2030
Details
5.2 Sustainable Development Goals
Details
5.3 Seventh National Development Plan
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5.4 Draft National Land Policy, 2017
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5.5 National Policy on Environment, 2009
Details
5.6 National Climate Change Policy, 2016
Details
5.7 National Agricultural Policy, 2016
Details
6 Relevant international soil commitments
Details
6.1 Regional commitments
Details
6.1.1 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
Details
6.1.2 Southern African Development Community
Details
6.1.3 African Union
Details
6.2 Multilateral environmental treaties
Details
7 Cross-cutting issues
Details
7.1 Environmental impact assessments
Details
7.2 Public participation
Details
7.3 Access to information
Details
8 Law concerning foreign investors
Details
9 Competence of environmental enforcement
Details
9.1 The Environment Fund
Details
9.2 Environmental audits
Details
9.3 Environmental monitoring
Details
9.4 Prevention orders
Details
9.5 Protection orders
Details
9.6 Restoration orders
Details
9.7 Compliance orders
Details
9.8 Cost orders
Details
9.9 Civil and criminal prosecution
Details
10 Lessons learnt and recommendations
Details
379–452
Mapping out options for model legislation for sustainable soil management in Africa
Harald Ginzky, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Oliver C. Ruppel, Pamela Towela Sambo, Christopher F. Tamasang
Harald Ginzky, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Oliver C. Ruppel, Pamela Towela Sambo, Christopher F. Tamasang
379–452
Details
1 Introduction
Details
2 Setting the scene
Details
2.1 Africa in natural, historical, economic and political terms
Details
2.2 Importance of soil
Details
2.3 Main soil threats, degradation drivers and challenges
Details
2.3.1 Agriculture
Details
2.3.2 Mining
Details
2.3.3 Industrialisation
Details
2.3.4 Urbanisation
Details
2.3.5 Weather and climate change
Details
2.3.6 Topographical constraints
Details
2.3.7 Poverty
Details
2.3.8 Poor law implementation and enforcement
Details
2.3.9 Illegal or illegitimate foreign investment in land
Details
3 Framework for soil legislation
Details
3.1 International framework
Details
3.2 National framework
Details
3.3 The country studies’ findings
Details
3.4 Recommendations
Details
3.4.1 Objective and value of framework legislation and political buy-in
Details
3.4.2 Constitutional provisions
Details
3.4.3 Soil-related policies
Details
3.4.4 Overarching soil provisions
Details
3.4.5 Penalties and sanctions
Details
4 Climate change, land and soil
Details
4.1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change findings
Details
4.2 Recommendations
Details
5 Agriculture
Details
5.1 Agriculture – crop growing
Details
5.1.1 Cameroon
Details
5.1.2 Kenya
Details
5.1.3 Zambia
Details
5.1.4 Public law
Details
5.1.5 Findings
Details
5.1.6 Recommendations
Details
5.2 Agriculture – livestock
Details
5.2.1 Summary of three country reports
Details
5.2.2 Public law
Details
5.2.3 Findings
Details
5.2.4 Recommendations
Details
6 Industry, mining, infrastructure and urbanisation
Details
6.1 Industrial facilities
Details
6.1.1 The country studies’ findings
Details
6.1.2 Recommendations
Details
6.2 Mining
Details
6.2.1 The country studies’ findings
Details
6.2.2 Recommendations
Details
6.3 Infrastructure
Details
6.3.1 The country studies’ findings
Details
6.3.2 Recommendations
Details
6.4 Urbanisation
Details
6.4.1 The country studies’ findings
Details
6.4.2 Recommendations
Details
7 Clarity of land tenure
Details
7.1 The country studies findings
Details
7.2 Recommendations
Details
8 Control of foreign investors
Details
8.1 The country studies’ findings
Details
8.1.1 Cameroon
Details
8.1.2 Kenya
Details
8.1.3 Zambia
Details
8.2 Recommendations
Details
9 Institutional and procedural aspects
Details
9.1 Institutional arrangements
Details
9.1.1 Competent authorities: Responsibilities, coordination and internal procedures
Details
9.1.2 Recommendations
Details
9.2 Institutional setting and more effective procedures
Details
9.2.1 Drafting legislation in institutional settings is important and demanding
Details
9.2.2 Coordination and clear distinction of competencies are essential
Details
9.2.3 Decentralisation of responsibilities is key
Details
9.2.4 Determination of appropriate level
Details
9.2.5 Further mechanisms to avoid poor law enforcement
Details
9.2.6 Specific control mechanisms of communities’ chiefs
Details
9.2.7 Optional: extension of water authorities to water and soil authorities
Details
9.2.8 National circumstances need to be considered and accordingly adapted
Details
9.3 Procedures and procedural rights
Details
9.3.1 Environmental impact assessment
Details
9.3.2 Access to information
Details
9.3.3 Public participation
Details
9.3.4 Access to justice
Details
9.3.5 Recommendations
Details
10 The role of science
Details
11 Global, continental and regional cooperation
Details
11.1 The African Union
Details
11.1.1 Vision 2063
Details
11.1.2 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Details
11.1.3 The African Ministerial Conference on the Environment
Details
11.1.4 The African Continental Free Trade Area
Details
11.1.5 New Partnership for Africa’s Development
Details
11.2 Regional Economic Communities
Details
11.3 Recommendations
Details
12 Outlook
Details
453–484
Soil protection across Africa: Taking a glimpse at Namibia, Uganda, Mozambique, Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa
Oliver C. Ruppel, Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting, Larissa-Jane Houston, Yvonne Nana Afua
Oliver C. Ruppel, Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting, Larissa-Jane Houston, Yvonne Nana Afua
453–484
Details
1 Introduction
Details
2 Namibia
Details
3 Uganda
Details
4 Mozambique
Details
5 Nigeria
Details
6 Ghana
Details
7 South Africa
Details
8 Africa relevant international regulatory framework on soil
Details
9 Conclusion
Details
485–498
The Pan-African Parliament of the African Union: Composition, mandate and partnerships, and its quest for sustainable development
Oliver C. Ruppel, Larissa-Jane Houston
Oliver C. Ruppel, Larissa-Jane Houston
485–498
Details
1 Introduction
Details
2 Composition
Details
3 Mandate
Details
4 Functions and powers
Details
5 Partnerships
Details
6 Quest for Sustainable Development
Details
499–528
Soil protection and the right to food: Sustainability implications for global climate governance and world agricultural trade?
Oliver C. Ruppel
Oliver C. Ruppel
499–528
Details
1 Introduction
Details
2 Soil and the right to food
Details
3 Soil and global climate governance
Details
3.1 UNFCCC
Details
3.2 Paris Agreement
Details
4 Soil agronomy, circular bioeconomy and supply chain management
Details
5 World agricultural trade
Details
5.1 World Trade Organisation
Details
5.2 Trade in agriculture under the WTO
Details
5.2.1 The 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Details
5.2.2 The WTO agreements on agriculture, subsidies and countervailing measures
Details
6 Conclusion
Details
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African Soil Protection Law , page 53 - 176
Country report for Cameroon
Autoren
Christopher F. Tamasang
Cyril Effala
Ivo T. Tassah
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748908043-53
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-6693-2
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-0804-3
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