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Representing the Absent / 10. The Rights of and Obligations towards Future Generations
Representing the Absent / 10. The Rights of and Obligations towards Future Generations
Contents
Chapter
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Authors
Page
1–8
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
1–8
Details
9–18
Introduction
Alessandra Donati, Valérie Rosoux, Hélène Ruiz Fabri
Alessandra Donati, Valérie Rosoux, Hélène Ruiz Fabri
9–18
Details
Specificity of the Book
Taking the Longue Durée Seriously
Outlines of the Book
19–38
1. Representing the Past Absent: Conceptual Starting Points
Stipe Odak
Stipe Odak
19–38
Details
Introduction
1. The Present Absent
2. The Past Absent
3. The Future Absent
4. Why Should We Care About the Past Absent?
4.1. Every Generation Is a Separate Nation
5. How Do We Represent the Past Absent?
Conclusion: Limits and Scopes of Representation
39–68
2. Representatives of Absent Victims or Indirect Victims? An Analysis of Intergenerational Victimhood at the International Criminal Court (ICC)
Kritika Sharma
Kritika Sharma
39–68
Details
1. Recognition of Victimhood Through the Generations by the International Criminal Court (ICC): Introduction
2. ‘Victims’ before the International Criminal Court: Eligibility Criteria and Relevant Factors (or Pre-requisites)
2.1. Recognition as a Victim and the Resultant Consequences
2.2. Family Members as Successors of Deceased Victims
2.2.1. Legal Standing of Deceased Persons as ‘Victims’
2.2.2. Resumption of Action on Behalf of a Deceased Victim
2.3. Family Members of Victims as Victims Themselves
2.3.1. Direct Versus Indirect Victims
2.3.2. Types of Harm
3. Differentiated Claims on the Basis of Different Categories of Victims and Different Categories of Crimes?
3.1. Victims of a Situation Versus Victims of a Crime
3.2. Difference in Legal Status Based on the Category of Crime and Underlying Acts
3.3. Children Born out of Rape and Sexual Slavery as Victims at the ICC
4. Recognising the Past and the Future – Recognition of ‘Intergenerational Victimhood’: Conclusion
69–92
3. Exploring the Past and Future Dimensions of the Absent Victim in International Human Rights Adjudication
Carlos J. Bichet Nicoletti
Carlos J. Bichet Nicoletti
69–92
Details
Introduction
1. Victims in International Human Rights Law
1.1. Victims in the Inter-American System of Human Rights
1.2. Victims in the European System of Human Rights
1.3. Victims in the African System of Human Rights
1.4. The ‘Absent Victim’ and Human Rights Adjudication
2. Redress for Absent Victims in Human Rights Courts
2.1. Guarantees of Non-Repetition and Absent Victims
2.2. Pilot Judgements: Structural Decisions for Future Victims
Conclusions
93–122
4. Shared Memories, Shared Records, Shared Ownership: The Presence of Victims in the Preservation, Articulation, and Retrieval of the ICTY Archives
Fé de Jonge
Fé de Jonge
93–122
Details
1. Introduction
2. Conflict as Property
3. The ICTY Archives as Touchstones of Memory
3.1. Organisation
3.2. Presentation
3.3. Accessibility
4. Restoring the Balance
5. Conclusion
123–142
5. Absence and the Victim of Enforced Disappearance
Sandra M. Rios Oyola
Sandra M. Rios Oyola
123–142
Details
1. Introduction
2. Enforced Disappearance, and Social Disappearance
3. International Framework regarding the definition of Enforced Disappearance
4. Domestic Legislation: the Colombian Case
5. The Social Effects of Enforced Disappearance
6. Representing the Disappeared Victims’ Absence
7. Conclusion
143–162
6. Longing, Belonging and Owning: How to Untangle Competing Claims over Colonial Cultural Objects?
Lily Martinet
Lily Martinet
143–162
Details
1. The Need to Bridge Cultural Property with Cultural Heritage
2. Going Beyond a State-centric Framework
3. The Absence of Nuances in an Ownership Framework
4. Mainstreaming the Framework Built for Indigenous People
5. Putting Future Generations at the Heart of the Process
Conclusion
163–188
7. Coming to Terms with Belgium’s Colonial Past: The Failure of the Parliamentary Commission
Valérie Rosoux
Valérie Rosoux
163–188
Details
Introduction
1. Glorifying and Silencing the Past
2. Major Procedural Choices
2.1. Agenda-setting: No Zone of Potential Agreement
2.2. Parties: Who can Speak on Behalf of the Absents?
2.3. Principles of Justice to Find their Rightful Place
3. When Past and Present Devour Each Other
Epilogue: When Memory Overflows
189–210
8. Negotiating the Past: Correcting or Resurrecting?
I William Zartman
I William Zartman
189–210
Details
1. Making the Absents Present in the United States
2. Making Absents Present in Africa
3. Referent Principles
4. Never Again
211–236
9. Peace for the Future: The Incorporation of Future Generations in Peace Treaties and Reconciliation Institutions
Alexandra R. Harrington
Alexandra R. Harrington
211–236
Details
1. Introduction
2. Peace Agreements, Intergenerational Equity and Intergenerational Justice
2.1. Explicit References to Children, Young Adults and Future Generations
2.1.1. Implicit References to Children, Young Adults and Future Generations
3. Truth and Reconciliation Mechanisms, Intergenerational Equity and Intergenerational Justice
3.1. References to Children and Young Adults
3.2. Implicit References to Children, Young Adults and Future Generations
3.3. Implicit References to Intergenerational Equity and Intergenerational Justice
4. Conclusions
237–264
10. The Rights of and Obligations towards Future Generations
Yumiko Nakanishi
Yumiko Nakanishi
237–264
Details
1. Introduction
2. Rights of Future Generations
2.1. Why Should Rights Be Discussed?
2.2. Existence of Fundamental Rights of Future Generations
2.2.1. Explicit Fundamental Rights of Future Generations
2.2.2. Implicit Fundamental Rights of Future Generations
2.3. The Rights of Future Generations in Intergenerational Relations
2.4. Representation of Future Generations
2.4.1. Transfer of Rights of Future Generations to the Present Generation
2.4.2. Climate Change Litigation
3. States’ Obligations towards Future Generations
3.1. Why Should States take Future Generations into Consideration?
3.2. From Where do Courts Derive States’ Obligations to Protect the Environment?
3.2.1. The Duty of Care from National Law
3.2.2. Public Trust Doctrine
3.2.3. Human Rights
3.2.4. Protective Obligation from Fundamental Rights in the Constitution
3.2.5. Intertemporal Guarantees of Freedom
3.2.6. Obligations from the Paris Agreement
3.2.7. Etat de droit
3.2.8. The Environmental Charter in France
4. Obligations of the Present Generation towards Future Generations
4.1. The Present Generation and Future Generations
4.2. Obligations of the Present Generation Towards Future Generations
4.2.1. Explicit Obligations of the Present Generations Towards Future Generations
4.2.2. Obligations of Companies as the Present Generation
5. Concluding Remarks
265–290
11. Future Generations Under EU Law
Alessandra Donati
Alessandra Donati
265–290
Details
1. Introduction
2. The Principle of Sustainable Development
3. The Precautionary Principle
4. The Principle of Solidarity Between Generations
5. The Principle of Non-regression
6. Conclusion
291–308
12. The Greening of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Environmental Protection Possibilities for Future Generations
Luisa Cortat Simonetti Gonçalves
Luisa Cortat Simonetti Gonçalves
291–308
Details
1. Introduction
2. The Greening of the Inter-American System
3. Access to the Inter-American Commission and Court
3.1. Brief Note on the Criticism of the Environmental Control by the Inter-American Court
4. Environmental Principles and Rights for Future Generations
a) Sustainable Development
b) Prevention
c) Precaution
d) Cooperation
e) Temporal Non-Discrimination and Institutional Continuity
5. Concluding Remarks
309–336
13. Building Climate Law Through Intergenerational Justice: An Empirical Assessment
Marta Torre-Schaub, Marcos de Armenteras Cabot
Marta Torre-Schaub, Marcos de Armenteras Cabot
309–336
Details
Introduction
1. The Direct Invocations of Future Generations: On Standing and Representation
1.1. Future Generations as a Core Argument: Levers
1.1.1. The Oposa Minors Case as a Landmark Illustration
1.1.2. The Added Value of Standing for Future Generations
1.2. Is it then Necessary to Open Standing for Future Generations? Limits
1.2.1. The Real Utility of Representing the Future Generations in Climate Case Law
1.2.2. The Legitimacy of Representing Future Generations
2. An Emerging Path for Transgenerational Justice: The Indirect Invocation of Future Generations in Climate Change Litigation
2.1. The Construction of an Intergenerational Principle Through Constitutional Arguments
2.1.1. Using Constitutional Rights to Protect the Future
2.1.2. Consolidating Intergenerational Justice
2.2. Using National Plans and Programs to Protect Future Interests
2.3. Affirming Principles and Rights through Climate Change Litigation
2.3.1. Asserting Environmental Principles to Protect Future Generations’ Interests
2.3.2. How Duties and Rights Can Defend Future Interests
Concluding Remarks
337–374
14. Mechanisms Available under the Law of the Sea to Speak on Behalf of Future Generations
Elena Ivanova
Elena Ivanova
337–374
Details
1. Introduction
2. Interpretation of the Obligations Concerning the Protection of the Marine Environment under the UNCLOS
2.1. The Obligation to Protect and Preserve the Marine Environment Under Article 192 UNCLOS
2.1.1. Due Diligence Obligation
2.1.2. Preservation of the Environment – Maintaining and Improving the Present Condition
2.1.3. Erga Omnes
2.2. Conservation of Living Resources in the light of Articles 61 (2), 62 (4), 117
2.3. Due Diligence Obligations
2.3.1. Conservation of the Living Resources as an Element in the Protection and Preservation of the Environment
2.3.2. Implications
2.4. The Precautionary Approach
3. Common Heritage of Mankind
3.1. Evolution of the Notion
3.1.1. UNCLOS III
3.2. Content of the Principle of Common Heritage of Mankind under the UNCLOS
3.2.1. Legal Status: Prohibition of Private and Public Appropriation or Sovereignty
3.2.2. Regime of Utilisation
(a) The Authority – a Means for Achieving International Cooperation and International Management
(b) Intertemporal Dimension
4. Dispute Settlement Mechanism under the UNCLOS
4.1. Disputes Concerning Activities in the Area
4.2. Environmental Disputes
4.3. Advisory Jurisdiction
4.4. Locus Standi
5. Conclusion
375–392
15. Voice and No Votes for Future Citizens
Rudolf Schuessler, Fritz Gillerke
Rudolf Schuessler, Fritz Gillerke
375–392
Details
1. Principles for the Ascription of Voting Rights in Democracies
2. Narrow ASP and the Voting Rights of Future Citizens
3. Conclusion
393–412
16. Democratic Legitimacy, Institutions for Future Generations and the Problem of Constitutional Power
Ludvig Beckman
Ludvig Beckman
393–412
Details
Introduction
1. Future Generations and Democratic Legitimacy
2. Democratic Legitimacy
2.1. Inclusion
2.2. Constitutional Power
3. The Importance of Constitutional Power
4. Future Generations and Constitutional Power
4.1. Future Generations as ‘Constituent Power’
4.2. Future Generations as the Legal Sovereign
5. Conclusions
413–438
17. Representing the Interests of Present and Future Generations at the Same Time – A Case Study of the Hungarian Ombudsman for Future Generations
Marcel Szabó
Marcel Szabó
413–438
Details
Introduction
1. Protecting the Interests of Future Generations in Hungarian Law
1.1. The Constitutional Framework Established by the Hungarian Fundamental Law
1.2. The Hungarian Deputy Commissioner for Fundamental Rights and Ombudsman for Future Generations
1.3. The Legal Relationship between the Ombudsman for Future Generations and the Constitutional Court
2. Behind the Institution – Theoretical Considerations Regarding the Legal Personality of Future Generations
3. The Interests of Future Generations in International Law
4. Some Aspects of Taking the Interests of Future Generations into Account
4.1. Ethical Aspects
4.2. Economic Aspects
4.3. Legal Aspects Flowing from the Ethical and Economic Aspects
5. Concluding Remarks
439–462
18. How to See the Invisible? The Recognition of the ‘Rights of Nature’ to Represent Future Generations
Silvia Bagni, Michele Carducci
Silvia Bagni, Michele Carducci
439–462
Details
1. Introduction
2. Step One: Defining the Absent in Broader Terms
3. ‘Natural Time’ as the Key Dimension for Understanding the Absent as Nature
4. Current International Regulation on Climate Change: Nature as a Stone Guest
5. Step Two: Identifying the Subjective Rights of the Absent
6. Sympoietic Heuristics and the Legal Status of Nature as a Subject
7. The Relational Approach to the Law as a Methodology to Reconcile the Concept of ‘Right’ with Sympoietic Heuristics
8. Adapting Legal Systems to the Recognition of the ‘Rights of Nature’
8.1. The Grundnorm of the Integrity of the ES and new Conflict Resolution Rules
8.2. Introducing Science-Based Processes of Democratic Decision-Making and the Ecological Analysis of Law
9. Conclusion
463–496
19. The Recognition of the Rights of Nature in Latin America – The Lost Linkage with the Rights of Future Generations
Luis A. López Zamora
Luis A. López Zamora
463–496
Details
1. Introduction
2. Setting the Stage: The Rights of Nature and the Rights of Future Generations as Distinctive Discourses
3. The Emergence of the Rights of Nature in Latin America and the Scholarship Explaining that Trend
3.1. On the Dilution of the Monopoly of Human Legal Subjectivity in the Region
3.2. The Recognition of the Rights of Nature
3.2.1. The Case of Ecuador
3.2.2. The Case of Bolivia
3.2.3. The Case of Colombia
4. Unveiling the Reasons for the Implementation of the Rights of Nature in the Region
4.1. Recognising Nature’s Legal Subjectivity to Grant it Access to Constitutional Procedures
4.2. The Recognition of Nature and its Role in Making the Legal Personality of Future Generations Work
5. Conclusions
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Representing the Absent , page 237 - 264
10. The Rights of and Obligations towards Future Generations
Autoren
Yumiko Nakanishi
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748918646-237
ISBN print: 978-3-7560-1337-1
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-1864-6
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