15
List of Graphs and Tables
Graph 1: Conceptual Design of the Theoretico-Empirical Frame of Reference 38
Graph 2: Bottom-up, Top-down, and Cross-loading Processes of
Europeanisation 89
Graph 3: Categories of Europeanisation 93
Graph 4: Factors Facilitating Change 106
Graph 5: System of Political Responsibilities for a High Level of
Employment 156
Graph 6: The Three Pillars of European Employment Pact 185
Graph 7: The EES’s Annual Policy Co-ordination Cycle (1997-2002) 192
Graph 8: The ‘Policy ID’ of the ‘Stand-Alone’ EES (1997-2002) 198
Graph 9: The 2003 New EES 208
Graph 10: The ‘Policy ID’ and Structure of the New EES (since 2003) 211
Graph 11: EU-Level EES-PCN – Core Actors and Areas of Interactions 266
Graph 12: The British Part of the EES-PCN 284
Graph 13: The German Part of the EES-PCN (until 2002) 302
Graph 14: The German Part of the EES-PCN (since 2002/03) 303
Graph 15: The EES-PCN and Its Interrelatedness with European
Economic Policy Co-ordination 428
Table 1: General Dimensions of EMLG Policy Networks in First Pillar
Policies 57
Table 2: Differences between OMC and European Soft Law 68
Table 3: Degree of Institutionalisation of Policy Co-ordination/OMC
Processes 70
Table 4: Potential Impact of the OMC on (Institutional and) Policy Change 71
Table 5: Ideal Type of Policy Co-ordination through OMC 73
Table 6: Domains of Europeanisation 92
Table 7: Matrix of Categories and Domains of Europeanisation 95
Table 8: Means and Results of Policy Change 98
Table 9: Forms and Effects of Policy Transfer 99
Table 10: Causal/Facilitating Factors and Mechanisms of Policy Change
and Convergence 100
Table 11: Types of Policy Convergence 102
Table 12: Mechanisms of Institutional Change 104
Table 13: Categories of Key Intervening Variables Explaining
Europeanisation 110
Table 14: Veto Points and National Political Institutions Offering Resources 136
List of Graphs and Tables
16
Table 15: The Effect of OMC on the Anglo-Saxon and Continental Welfare
State 138
Table 16: Key British Employment Policy Instruments during the 1980s 143
Table 17: Key British Labour Market and Employment Legislation during
the 1980s and 1990s 144
Table 18: Key German Employment Policy Instruments during the 1980s 153
Table 19: Key German Labour Market and Employment Legislation during
the 1980s and 1990s 155
Table 20: Indicators for Adaptation to the Institutional Logic of the EES 164
Table 21: Indicators for Europeanisation of National Employment Policies 167
Table 22: Co-ordination within the EES 204
Table 23: Country-Specific Messages to the UK and Germany 214
Table 24: Convergence and Europeanisation Potential of the EES 237
Table 25: European Employment Policy Co-ordination Cycle: Chronology
of Core Actors’ Contributions 1997-2005 268
Table 26: Steering Group of the Alliance for Jobs 295
Table 27: Main British Socio-Economic and Employment Policies and
Innovations introduced in 1997/98 313
Table 28: Main British Socio-economic and Employment Policies and
Innovations introduced in 1999 319
Table 29: Main British Socio-economic and Employment Policies and
Innovations introduced in 2000 324
Table 30: Main British Socio-economic and Employment Policies and
Innovations introduced in 2001 330
Table 31: Main British Socio-economic and Employment Policies and
Innovations introduced in 2002 337
Table 32: Main British Socio-economic and Employment Policies and
Innovations introduced from 2003 to 2005 346
Table 33: Number of Main British Socio-Economic Policies adopted under
the EES’s Pillars and Thematic Focal Points from 1997/98 to 2005 352
Table 34: Recommendations under the EES addressed to the UK from
2000 to 2004 353
Table 35: Main German Socio-Economic and Employment Policies and
Innovations introduced in 1998 362
Table 36: Main German Socio-economic and Employment Policies and
Innovations introduced in 1999 367
Table 37: Main German Socio-economic and Employment Policies and
Innovations introduced in 2000 374
Table 38: Main German Socio-economic and Employment Policies and
Innovations introduced in 2001 380
Table 39: Main German Socio-economic and Employment Policies and
Innovations introduced in 2002 390
Table 40: Main German Socio-economic and Employment Policies and
Innovations introduced from 2003 to 2005 401
List of Graphs and Tables
17
Table 41: Number of Main German Socio-Economic Policies adopted under
the EES’s Pillars and Thematic Focal Points from 1997/98 to 2005 409
Table 42: Recommendations addressed to Germany under the EES from
2000 to 2004 411
Table 43: Activation of Domestic Veto Points under the EES 414
Table 44: Adaptation to the Institutional Logic of the EES within the
UK and Germany 416
Table 45: Europeanisation of Employment Policy Co-ordination Structures
in the UK and Germany 420
Table 46: General Dimensions of the EES-PCN 422
Table 47: Indicators for Europeanisation of National Employment Policies
in the UK and Germany 430
Table 48: Number of Main Socio-Economic Policies Adopted in the UK
and Germany under the EES’s Thematic Focus 433
Table 49: Main Examples for ?-Convergence in Terms of Functional
Equivalence 434
Table 50: Europeanisation of Employment Policy-Making and Policies
in the UK and Germany – The Final Picture and Result 437
Table 51: European Employment/Integrated Guidelines 1998 to 2005 444
Chapter Preview
References
Zusammenfassung
Mit ihren spezifischen Merkmalen als neues Politikinstrument – wie etwa ihrem rechtlich nicht bindenden Charakter, dem Ziel des gegenseitigen Politiklernens durch Austausch bester Praktiken oder gemeinsamen Evaluierungsprozessen – stellt die Europäische Beschäftigungsstrategie (EBS) und die mit ihr Anwendung findende Offene Methode der Koordinierung (OMK) beschäftigungspolitische Akteure in der EU vor die neuen Herausforderungen von Politik-Koordinierung, die die Politikgestaltung im europäischen Mehrebenensystem neu prägen.
Das vorliegende Buch beschäftigt sich intensiv mit diesen unterschiedlichen Facetten der EBS und ihrer Wirkung. Es geht dabei über bisherige Einzelstudien zur EBS hinaus und befasst sich nicht nur mit deren Entstehung, Entwicklung und Merkmalen. Es kontrastiert vielmehr den eigenen Anspruch der EBS mit ihrer politischen Realität und untersucht theoretisch hoch reflektiert deren Einfluss auf Politik-Koordinierungsstrukturen, Beschäftigungspolitiken und zugrunde liegenden Ideen sowie deren Zusammenspiel mit anderen wirtschaftspolitischen Bereichen. Neben der EU-Ebene dienen Großbritannien und Deutschland als Fallbeispiele für mitgliedstaatliche Anpassungsprozesse. Das Buch verankert seine Wirkungsanalyse sehr fundiert in der wissenschaftstheoretischen Debatte um Europäisierung und Politikkonvergenz, um deren Anwendbarkeit im Falle der EBS kritisch zu analysieren. Es komplettiert damit Europäisierungsstudien zu regulativer Politik durch die Analyse des Einflusses weicher Politik-Koordinierung im europäischen Mehrebenensystem.