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The Effects of Trademark Rights on the East African Common Market / Likelihood of confusion
The Effects of Trademark Rights on the East African Common Market / Likelihood of confusion
Contents
Chapter
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Page
2–4
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
2–4
Details
5–6
Preface
5–6
Details
7–14
Table of contents
7–14
Details
15–18
List of abbreviations
15–18
Details
19–22
Chapter 1: General introduction
19–22
Details
23–44
Chapter 2: The absence of common trade mark regime in the East African Community
23–44
23–23
A. Introduction
23–23
Details
23–24
B. Institutions responsible for trade mark registration
23–24
Details
24–35
C. Substantive Provisions
24–35
24–27
I. Subject matter of trade-mark protection
24–27
Details
1. Tanzanian law
Details
2. Kenyan and Ugandan laws
Details
27–35
II. Grounds for trade mark refusal
27–35
Details
1. Absolute Grounds
Details
a) Distinctiveness
Details
aa) Under the Tanzania Trade Mark Law
Details
bb) Under the Kenyan and Ugandan Trade Mark Laws
Details
b) Descriptive and generic marks
Details
c) Trade Marks based on a shape of the goods
Details
aa) The Tanzanian Law
Details
bb) The Kenyan and Ugandan laws
Details
d) Other absolute grounds
Details
aa) Under the Tanzanian Law
Details
bb) Under the Kenyan and Ugandan laws
Details
2. Relative grounds
Details
a) Prior registered trade mark
Details
b) Prior unregistered trade mark
Details
c) Business or company name
Details
d) Trade mark application filed in the name of agent
Details
35–36
D. Trade mark opposition and cancellation procedure
35–36
Details
36–42
E. Infringement of a registered trade mark
36–42
36–39
I. Scope of protection
36–39
Details
1. Use of a mark as a trade mark
Details
2. The use of business or company names
Details
3. Trade mark with reputation
Details
39–41
II. Limitation to the exclusive rights
39–41
Details
1. Use of one’s own name
Details
2. Descriptive use of a trade mark
Details
3. Honest concurrent use of trade marks
Details
4. Exhaustion of trade mark rights
Details
41–42
III. Duties in relation to a registered trade mark
41–42
Details
1. Renewal of registration
Details
2. Obligation to use a registered trade mark
Details
42–43
F. International trade mark registration
42–43
Details
43–44
G. Concluding remarks
43–44
Details
45–78
Chapter 3: The free movement of trade-marked goods in the East African Community
45–78
45–45
A. Introduction
45–45
Details
45–51
B. The Principle of free movement of goods
45–51
45–47
I. Legal basis
45–47
Details
1. The EAC Treaty (EACT)
Details
2. The EAC Common Market Protocol (CMP)
Details
3. The EAC Customs Union Protocol (CUP)
Details
47–51
II. Trade mark rights in the Common Market
47–51
Details
1. The Common Market Protocol
Details
2. The Customs Union Protocol
Details
51–77
C. Possible solution to the mischief
51–77
51–67
I. Principles of trade mark law
51–67
Details
1. Trade mark functions
Details
a) Trade mark as a badge of origin
Details
b) Trade mark as a guarantee of quality
Details
c) Trade mark functions and markets compartmentalization
Details
aa) Guarantee of origin
Details
bb) Guarantee of quality
Details
2. The Principle of trade mark exhaustion
Details
a) Forms of trade mark exhaustion
Details
b) National exhaustion
Details
c) International exhaustion
Details
d) Regional Exhaustion
Details
3. Trade Mark Exhaustion in the EAC
Details
a) The general rule
Details
aa) The Tanzanian law
Details
bb) The Kenyan and Ugandan laws
Details
b) Exception to the general rule
Details
aa) The Tanzanian law
Details
bb) The Kenyan and Ugandan laws
Details
c) Conclusion thereof
Details
4. Place of sale for the purpose of exhaustion
Details
a) The Tanzanian law
Details
b) The Kenyan and Ugandan laws
Details
67–77
II. Relevant principles of international law
67–77
Details
1. TRIPs Agreement
Details
a) Legislative freedom under Article 8 TRIPS
Details
b) The chapeau
Details
c) The national trade mark exhaustion meets TRIPS’ minimum standards
Details
d) The debate on Article 6 TRIPS
Details
2. The GATT 1994
Details
a) The national treatment
Details
b) The most favoured nation principle
Details
c) Prohibition of quantitative restrictions under Article XI GATT
Details
d) The general exception clause under Article XX GATT
Details
aa) Provisos under Paragraph (d) of Article XX GATT
Details
bb) Provisos under the chapeau
Details
77–78
D. Concluding remarks
77–78
Details
79–172
Chapter 4: Overview of the European Community trade mark system
79–172
79–80
A. Introductory remarks
79–80
Details
80–81
B. Office responsible for CTM system
80–81
Details
81–90
C. Subject matter of CTM protection
81–90
81–83
I. Substantive requirement – the capability to distinguish
81–83
Details
83–83
II. Formal requirement – the graphical representation
83–83
Details
83–84
III. Essence of the formal requirement
83–84
Details
84–90
IV. Formal and substantive requirements vis-à-vis non-traditional marks
84–90
Details
1. Smells
Details
2. Sounds
Details
3. Colours
Details
90–112
D. Grounds for Trade Mark Refusal
90–112
90–111
I. Absolute Grounds
90–111
Details
1. Requirements of Article 4 of the CTMR
Details
2. Distinctiveness
Details
3. Descriptiveness
Details
4. Generic Signs
Details
5. Shape Marks
Details
6. Further absolute grounds – Article 7(1) (f) – (k)
Details
7. Acquired distinctiveness and public policy
Details
111–112
II. Relative grounds for refusal
111–112
Details
112–146
E. CTM infringement
112–146
112–118
I. Scope of CTM protection
112–118
Details
1. Article 9 of the CTMR
Details
2. Article 8 of the CTMR
Details
118–131
II. Likelihood of confusion
118–131
Details
1. CTM function and likelihood of confusion
Details
2. In whose view is the likelihood of confusion determined?
Details
3. Thresholds of likelihood of confusion
Details
a) Similarity of trademarks
Details
aa) Visual similarity
Details
bb) Aural or phonetic similarity
Details
cc) Conceptual similarity
Details
b) Similarity of goods and/or services
Details
4. Likelihood of association
Details
131–133
III. Trademark use as a condition for infringement
131–133
Details
133–137
IV. Protection of a CTM with reputation
133–137
Details
1. Reputation – what is it?
Details
2. Infringing use in relation to a CTM with reputation
Details
a) Unfair advantage
Details
b) Detriment
Details
c) Without due cause
Details
137–142
V. Limitations to CTM rights
137–142
Details
1. Honest use of a CTM
Details
a) Use of one’s own name and address
Details
b) Descriptive use of a CTM
Details
c) Use of a CTM to indicate intended purpose
Details
d) Proviso to Article 12
Details
2. Exhaustion of CTM rights
Details
142–145
VI. Duties in relation to CTM
142–145
Details
1. Renewal of CTM registration
Details
2. Obligation to use a CTM
Details
145–146
VII. Key principles relating to precedence of CTM rights
145–146
Details
1. Priority Right
Details
2. Seniority right
Details
146–160
F. CTM Application and Opposition proceedings
146–160
146–152
I. CTM application
146–152
Details
1. Procedure and contents
Details
2. Search procedure
Details
152–160
II. Opposition against CTM registration
152–160
Details
1. Objection procedure
Details
2. Grounds for opposition
Details
3. Entitlement to file a notice of opposition
Details
4. Opposition proceedings
Details
5. Strategies and defences
Details
160–167
G. Cancellation of CTM rights
160–167
160–162
I. Revocation
160–162
Details
1. Non-use
Details
2. Improper use of a CTM
Details
162–166
II. Invalidity
162–166
Details
1. Absolute grounds for invalidity
Details
2. Relative grounds for invalidity
Details
166–167
III. Effects of CTM revocation and invalidity
166–167
Details
167–172
H. International Registration Procedure under the CTMR
167–172
167–170
I. EC as a designated territory
167–170
Details
170–172
II. CTM registration or application as a basis for international registration
170–172
Details
173–206
Chapter 5: Interplay between Community trade mark and trademark systems of EU member states
173–206
173–174
A. Introduction
173–174
Details
174–185
B. Essential aspects of Community trade mark system
174–185
174–176
I. Co-existence of trade marks
174–176
Details
176–182
II. Seniority
176–182
Details
1. Requirements for seniority
Details
a) Status of the earlier national trademark
Details
b) Triple identity rule
Details
aa) Identity of the marks
Details
bb) Same owner
Details
cc) Identical goods and/or services
Details
2. Examination of seniority claim
Details
3. Merits and demerits of seniority right
Details
a) Merits
Details
b) Demerits
Details
182–185
III. Trade mark conversion
182–185
Details
1. Grounds for conversion
Details
a) Withdrawal of a Community trade mark application
Details
b) Cessation of effects of Community trade mark
Details
c) Refusal of registration
Details
d) Successful cancellation proceedings
Details
2. Grounds for excluding conversion
Details
a) Non-use of a Community trade mark
Details
b) Grounds for refusal available in one Member State
Details
185–187
C. Enlargement of the European Union and Community trade marks
185–187
I. Automatic extension of Community trade marks
Details
1. Absolute grounds for trademark refusal
Details
2. Opposition against registration of Community trade marks
Details
3. Cancellation of Community trade marks
Details
187–187
II. Preservation of earlier rights under national law
187–187
Details
187–206
D. Enforcement of Community trade mark rights
187–206
187–189
I. Application of Brussels Regulation
187–189
Details
189–200
II. Community trade mark courts
189–200
Details
1. Jurisdiction over infringement and invalidity proceedings
Details
a) Infringement actions
Details
b) Validity of a Community trade mark
Details
2. International jurisdiction
Details
a) Connection of parties and courts
Details
b) Factors contained in the Brussels Regulation
Details
c) Place where harmful act takes place
Details
3. Delimitation of jurisdiction
Details
4. Related, simultaneous and successive actions
Details
a) Similar Community trade mark claims
Details
b) Related Community trade mark and national trade mark claims
Details
5) Jurisdiction to award temporary reliefs
Details
200–204
III. Applicable law
200–204
Details
1. Rome II Regulation
Details
2. Community Trade Mark Regulation
Details
a) General applicable law
Details
b) The law applicable to sanctions
Details
c) Efficacy of lex loci delicti rule
Details
204–206
IV. Recognition and enforcement of Judgments
204–206
Details
206–206
E. Concluding remarks
206–206
Details
207–238
Chapter 6: Free movement of branded goods in the European Union
207–238
207–208
A. Introduction
207–208
Details
208–217
B. Legal basis for free movement of branded goods
208–217
208–209
I. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
208–209
Details
209–217
II. Principles developed by the ECJ
209–217
Details
1. Existence and exercise of intellectual property
Details
a) Grundig
Details
b) Parke
Details
c) Sirena
Details
d) Deutsche Grammophon
Details
2. Specific subject-matter of intellectual property
Details
3. Essential function of a trade mark
Details
217–236
C. Exhaustion of trade mark rights
217–236
217–218
I. Delineation and forms of trade mark exhaustion
217–218
Details
218–220
II. Rationale of Community trade mark exhaustion
218–220
Details
220–227
III. Conditions for Community trade mark exhaustion
220–227
Details
1. Putting goods on the market
Details
2. Consent
Details
a) Consent is given for specific goods
Details
b) Express and implied consent
Details
c) Contractual restrictions do not vitiate consent
Details
3. Burden of proof in relation to exhaustion
Details
227–236
IV. Factors vitiating exhaustion
227–236
Details
1. Repackaging and re-affixing of a trade mark
Details
a) Artificial partitioning of the common market
Details
b) Condition of goods
Details
c) Notice of repackaging
Details
d) Identity of a person who repackaged the goods
Details
e) Reputation of a trade mark
Details
2. Extension of repackaging principles to other case scenarios
Details
a) Rebranding
Details
b) Removal of a stock code
Details
c) Reworked products
Details
236–238
D. Concluding summary
236–238
Details
239–264
Chapter 7: A model trade mark regime for the East African Community
239–264
239–240
A. Introduction
239–240
Details
240–243
B. Key Principles governing Community trade mark system
240–243
240–241
I. The principle of unitary character
240–241
Details
241–242
II. The principle of Coexistence of trade mark rights
241–242
Details
242–243
III. Interaction between trade mark coexistence and unitary principles
242–243
Details
243–256
C. Principles that should govern the EAC trade mark system
243–256
243–249
I. Modifications to the principle of unitary character
243–249
Details
1. Abandonment of the unitary principle
Details
2. Unitary character not to be defined by the entire scale of the regional bloc
Details
3. Justifications for the proposed modifications to the unitary principle
Details
a) Free movement of goods
Details
b) Competition in trade-marked goods
Details
c) Unitary character as a means of expansion of economic activities
Details
249–256
II. Modifications to the principle of co-existence
249–256
Details
1. Abolition of the national trade mark
Details
2. Coexistence as a transition solution
Details
a) Incentives to ensure that the national system fades away
Details
b) The Benelux model: Transforming existing national trade marks into EAC trade marks
Details
3. The German trade mark model
Details
256–264
D. The Proposal for the EAC trade mark regime
256–264
256–261
I. Acquisition of trade mark rights and the extent of validity
256–261
Details
1. Non-examination system at national offices
Details
2. Examination system at the EAC trade mark office
Details
3. Trade mark use requirement and the consequences thereof
Details
a) The use requirement
Details
b) Consequences of non-compliance with the use requirement
Details
261–264
II. Integration of the existing national trade mark rights into the EAC trade mark regime
261–264
Details
1. National trade mark registrations
Details
2. Applications for national trade marks
Details
3. Conciliation board
Details
265–276
Bibliography
265–276
Details
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The Effects of Trademark Rights on the East African Common Market , page 118 - 131
Likelihood of confusion
Autoren
Niteleka Jacob Nichaenzi Jaconiah
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783845242156-118
ISBN print: 978-3-8329-7700-9
ISBN online: 978-3-8452-4215-6
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