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Geopolitics of the Illicit / The smuggling of fuel from Libya to Europe
Geopolitics of the Illicit / The smuggling of fuel from Libya to Europe
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1–10
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
1–10
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13–82
Part I: Introduction
13–82
13–28
Introduction: illicit flows, criminal markets and geopolitics
Daniel Brombacher, Günther Maihold, Melanie Müller, Judith Vorrath
Daniel Brombacher, Günther Maihold, Melanie Müller, Judith Vorrath
13–28
Details
Conceptual basis and cross-cutting themes
The geopolitical dimension
Contributions
References
29–52
Re-evaluating organised crime and illicit markets: a path towards a new response
Mark Shaw, Alex Goodwin
Mark Shaw, Alex Goodwin
29–52
Details
Introduction
Legal, illegal and the spaces in between
Illicit markets and criminal actors
Evaluating multi-market harm: a new approach to anti-crime policy
A new approach
References
53–82
Shadow supply chains and criminal networks
Günther Maihold
Günther Maihold
53–82
Details
Shadow supply chains and illicit globalisation
The fluid limits of the legal/illegal and illicit in supply chains: the central role of intermediaries
Dimensions and dynamics of shadow supply chains
Places and nodes
Intermediation and disintermediation: the role of the middlemen
The transport dimension: illegal trafficking
Stages and participants
The organisation of shadow supply chains: criminal diasporas
Tracking shadow supply chains and illicit networks
Illegal trafficking and common patterns in supply chains
Illegal trafficking: common patterns
Conclusions: de-risking supply chains
References
85–162
Part II: The “classic” flows of criminal business
85–162
85–98
Cannabis cultivation and trafficking in and from Albania
Fatjona Mejdini
Fatjona Mejdini
85–98
Details
An overview
Historical background
Cannabis strongholds and cultivation peaks
Trafficking opportunities
Money laundering
A shift in cultivation
Conclusions
References
99–132
Organisational principles of the global drug economy
Daniel Brombacher
Daniel Brombacher
99–132
Details
1. Introduction: dissecting the narcotics value chains
2. The global drug economy and the global response: state of affairs
3. The organisation of the drug value chains: common features
3.1. Terminology
3.2. Geographical non-convergence of supply and demand
3.3. State authority, deterrence and illegal drug economies
4. How to trace the illicit drug value chains: the positivist bias
4.1. Seizures
4.2. Price and purity
4.3. Violence
5. What drives illicit drug economies?
5.1. The structural dimension: demand and enabling structural conditions
5.2. The actor dimension: organised crime within the drug market
6. Towards a more sustainable supply control policy: prioritising structural approaches
References
133–162
Peculiarity and persistence of a transregional flow: the evolution of human trafficking for sexual exploitation from Nigeria to Europe
Judith Vorrath
Judith Vorrath
133–162
Details
1 Introduction
2 The larger picture of a transregional flow
3 Trafficking of women for sexual exploitation from Nigeria: following the chain
3.1 Understanding recruitment patterns
Historical evolution
Social aspects of recruitment
3.2 Transiting from origin to destination
Shifting routes
Overlap of human trafficking and migrant smuggling
Entering and moving around Europe
3.3. Exploitation and control
Debt bondage and juju rituals
Coercion and enforcement
4 Illuminating the grey zone: intersections of the licit and illicit in the trafficking chain
5 A Nigerian mafia?
6 Conclusion
References
165–236
Part III: “New kids on the block” in illicit trade
165–236
165–190
Out of Africa. Following the money: uncovering illicit financial flows from Africa to Europe
Peter Fabricius
Peter Fabricius
165–190
Details
Introduction
UNECA panel sets a benchmark by estimating that Africa is losing at least US$50 billion annually in IFFs
Tackling IFFs globally
Africa addresses IFFs
Towards a global pact?
Beyond commercial IFFs
Gauging crime IFFs from Africa: the looting continues
A narco-state with strong links to Portugal
Luanda Leaks: how Isabel dos Santos, the former president’s daughter, became the richest woman in Africa
How African leaders stash their loot abroad
Smuggling gold through the souks of Dubai
The DRC: a smugglers’ and looters’ paradise
Hidden debt: Mozambique reels from the consequences of looting of state coffers and neglect of its own people
Conclusion
References
191–216
Trade in substandard and falsified medicines
Nhomsai Hagen, Cathrin Hauk, Lutz Heide
Nhomsai Hagen, Cathrin Hauk, Lutz Heide
191–216
Details
Introduction
Definition of substandard and falsified medicines
Prevalence of substandard and falsified medicines
Impact of substandard and falsified medicines
Licit and illicit flows through complex supply chains
Trafficking of substandard and falsified medicines by informal networks, organised crime groups and terrorist organisations
Non-medical use of pharmaceuticals: the example of tramadol and Captagon® (fenetylline)
Weak regulation favours trafficking of substandard and falsified medicines
Examples of substandard and falsified medicines detected in high-income and in low- and middle-income countries
Substandard and falsified medicines and the COVID-19 pandemic
Recommendations for tackling the trade in substandard and falsified medicines
References
217–236
Illicit trade in cultural property: looted in the Global South, sold in Europe
Jan Schubert
Jan Schubert
217–236
Details
1. Trafficking in cultural property: as old as the pyramids
2. The European art market as a trading venue for cultural goods from the Global South: “looting in the South, selling in the North”
2.1. Criminal supply chain: from looters in the Global South to Europe’s art markets
Stage 1: illegal acquisition
Stage 2: transit
Stage 3: crime-as-a-service
Stage 4: sale
2.2 Investors and speculators
2.3 Museums and state collections
3. Sale in cyberspace
4. Cultural property as a perfect asset for money laundering
5. Criminal participants: “different backgrounds, different motivations”
6. Playground for Organised Crime Groups
7. Terrorist organisations
7.1 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)
7.2 Africa
8. How to respond?
9. Conclusion
References
239–334
Part IV: The illicit in natural resource supply chains
239–334
239–274
Undercurrents: illegal fishing and European Union markets
Ina Tessnow-von Wysocki, Dyhia Belhabib, Philippe Le Billon
Ina Tessnow-von Wysocki, Dyhia Belhabib, Philippe Le Billon
239–274
Details
Introduction
1. The global problem of illegal fishing
1.1 Defining IUU
1.2 Impacts of IUU fishing
1.3 Drivers of illegal fishing
2. IUU fishing and European Union markets
2.1 Modus operandi of illegal fishing: major flows and actors
2.2 Illegally caught fish making its way into EU markets: the case of Ghana
3. Efforts to curb illegal fishing and their shortcomings
4. The way forward: possible solutions to reduce harm from IUU fishing
4.1 Address flags of convenience and tax havens
4.2 Curtail economic gains from illegal fishing
4.3 Increase monitoring, control and surveillance by linking available data
4.4 Enhance international cooperation and capacity building
4.5 Eliminate transshipment, particularly on the high seas
4.6 Address ports of convenience through the PSMA
4.7 Digitalise records of fish imports
4.8 Extend the concept of IUU to ‘post-fishing’ harm to marine life
4.9 Going beyond IUU to look into fairness of fishing licence contracts
5. Conclusion
References
275–308
Illegal logging, timber laundering and the global illegal timber trade
Inga Carry, Günther Maihold
Inga Carry, Günther Maihold
275–308
Details
Introduction
Environmental, social and economic implications of illegal logging
Three stages of illegal logging and timber trade
Extraction
Laundering
Integration
The who, the where and the how: criminal networks and market structures
Case studies
With a little help from the state: forest crime in Brazil
The timber triangle: Indonesia, Malaysia and China
International regulation
Responding to illegal logging and the global illegal timber trade
Extraction
Laundering
Integration
References
309–334
The smuggling of fuel from Libya to Europe
Lorenzo Bagnoli
Lorenzo Bagnoli
309–334
Details
Libya, a crossroads for smuggling
The dependence on the oil industry
International responses to illicit trade
The mechanism of the subsidies and the dynamic of the market flows
The Petroleum Facility Guard of Zawiya: the local criminal network
The importance of the intermediaries
When the Maltese came in: who are the intermediaries who made the smuggling between Libya and Europe possible
The modus operandi: faking the bill of lading
The case of the Temeteron
The most notorious of the smugglers: Abd Al-Rahman Milad, a.k.a. al-Bija
Conclusions
References
337–408
Part V: Mineral supply chains and illicit flows
337–408
337–360
Following the supply chain of “illegal” gold from South Africa
Melanie Müller
Melanie Müller
337–360
Details
Introduction
Supply chains of artisanal gold: illicit, informal and illegal elements
Gold mining in South Africa
Following illegal gold from South Africa to Europe
Artisanal miners: driven by necessity or criminal activity?
Illegal actors: the role of (criminal) networks in the context of artisanal gold mining
“Legalising” artisanal gold
Gold laundering in South Africa (and its neighbouring countries)
The role of international trading hubs
A transnational approach to the illicit trade of gold
References
361–384
The hybrid global gold regime: a perspective from the Peruvian ASGM sector
Gerardo Damonte, Bettina Schorr
Gerardo Damonte, Bettina Schorr
361–384
Details
1. Introduction: the global gold chain as a hybrid regime
2. Small-scale gold mining in Peru
3. Madre de Dios in the hybrid global gold chain
4. Concluding remarks: the hybrid global gold regime and its consequences
References
385–408
A decade of due diligence: an emerging regulatory regime to fight the trade in conflict minerals
Stefan Bauchowitz, Leopold von Carlowitz
Stefan Bauchowitz, Leopold von Carlowitz
385–408
Details
Introduction
Minerals and conflict in Eastern DRC
Norm emergence and the power of activism
Approaches to conflict minerals regulation – towards a smart mix
Conflict minerals regulation in the DRC
Much ado about nothing?
Conclusion
References
409–411
The authors
409–411
Details
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Geopolitics of the Illicit , page 309 - 334
The smuggling of fuel from Libya to Europe
Autoren
Lorenzo Bagnoli
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
ISBN print: 978-3-7560-0015-9
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-3594-0
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