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Perspectives on Platform Regulation / Platform Governance at the Periphery: Moderation, Shutdowns and Intervention
Perspectives on Platform Regulation / Platform Governance at the Periphery: Moderation, Shutdowns and Intervention
Contents
Chapter
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Authors
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1–8
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
1–8
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9–22
Introduction
Judit Bayer, Lorna Woods, Bernd Holznagel
Judit Bayer, Lorna Woods, Bernd Holznagel
9–22
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The structure of this book
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Acknowledgements
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Bibliography
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23–164
Models of Platform Regulation
23–164
23–46
Rights and Duties of Online Platforms
Judit Bayer
Judit Bayer
23–46
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Chapter 1. Introduction
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Chapter 2. The regulatory frames of platforms’ powers
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Chapter 2.a. Stricter interpretation of platforms’ roles and responsibilities
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Chapter 2.b. Wider freedom to platforms
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Chapter 3. The bigger picture
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Chapter 3.a. Infrastructural regulatory approach
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Chapter 3.b. Horizontal effect of human rights
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Chapter 4. Conclusion
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Bibliography
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47–76
European Legislative Initiative for Very Large Communication Platforms
Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
47–76
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Chapter 1. Europe-wide regulation of digital platforms
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Chapter 2. Digital Services Act and Digital Markets Act
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Chapter 2.a. Background
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Chapter 2.b. Regulatory targets
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Chapter 2.c. Focus on very large platforms
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Chapter 3. The new ABC of European platform regulation
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Chapter 3.a. Content moderation
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Chapter 3.b. Illegal content
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Chapter 3.c. Advertising
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Chapter 3.d. Recommendation systems
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Chapter 3.e. General terms and conditions
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Chapter 4. Rigid requirements for content moderation in the Digital Services Act.
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Chapter 4.a. Transparency as a basic rule of content moderation
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Chapter 4.b. Account suspensions in case of abusive behaviour
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Chapter 4.c. Recommendation systems
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Chapter 4.d. Complaint management for illegal content
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a) Upward compatible ground rules for all hosting services
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b) Special regulations for online platforms
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c) Low-threshold out-of-court alternative procedure
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d) Trusted flaggers
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Chapter 4.e. Serious crimes
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Chapter 4.f. Advertising
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Chapter 4.g. Official announcements
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Chapter 4.h. Interim summary
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Chapter 5. Flexible specifications for systemic risks of very large platforms
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Chapter 5.a. Risk assessment
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Chapter 5.b. Minimisation of risks
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Chapter 5.c. Audit, data access law, reporting
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Chapter 5.d. Design specifications and architecture specifications
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Chapter 5.e. Summary
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Chapter 6. Market conduct rules for gatekeepers in the Digital Markets Act.
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Chapter 6.a. Rigid commandments and prohibitions
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Chapter 6.b. Other commandments and prohibitions
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Chapter 6.c. Enforcement of market rules for gatekeepers
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Chapter 7. Conclusion
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Bibliography
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Annex: List of Europe’s Digital Regulatory Instruments
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77–98
Introducing the Systems Approach and the Statutory Duty of Care
Lorna Woods
Lorna Woods
77–98
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Chapter 1. Introduction
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Chapter 2. A Traditional Approach to Liability for Content
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Chapter 3. A Different Model
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Chapter 4. Platform Design and Harm
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Chapter 5. Risk Assessment: A Model from Work Spaces
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Chapter 6. The Statutory Duty of Care: A Proposal
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Chapter 7. Conclusion
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Bibliography
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99–118
Policy Developments in the USA to Address Platform Information Disorders
Sarah Hartmann
Sarah Hartmann
99–118
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Chapter 1. Introduction and Overview
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Chapter 2. Lack of Reliable Sources – Measures against the Decline of Local News
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Chapter 3. Lack of Platform Accountability – Draft Laws to Shrink Section 230 Immunity
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Chapter 3.a. Limiting the Scope for Specific Categories of Content
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Chapter 3.b. Amplification, Recommendation or Monetization of Content
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Chapter 3.c. Additional Obligations as Prerequisites for Immunity
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Chapter 4. Lack of Competition – Introducing Portability and Interoperability
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Chapter 5. Conclusion
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Bibliography
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119–144
Interoperability of Messenger Services. Possibilities for a Consumer-Friendly Approach
Jörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
Jörg Becker, Bernd Holznagel, Kilian Müller
119–144
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Chapter 2. Technical/economical view
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2.1. Subject
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2.1.1. Messenger services
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2.1.2. Interoperability
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2.2. Introducing Interoperability
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2.2.1. Interfaces
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2.2.2. Standardization
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2.2.3. Federation
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2.3. Impact of interoperability
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2.3.1. Competition
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2.3.2. Innovativeness
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2.3.3. Data privacy
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2.3.4. Usability
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2.4. Result
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Chapter 3. Interoperability obligation according to the EKEK
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3.1. Applicability of the EKEK to messenger services
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3.1.1. Extension of the scope of application
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3.1.2. Messenger services as interpersonal communication services
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3.1.3. Types of interpersonal communication services
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3.2. Interoperability of services according to EECC
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3.2.1. Authorization to promote and ensure interoperability
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3.2.2. Interoperability of number-based communication services
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3.2.3. Interoperability of number-independent communication services
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3.2.3.a). Regulatory approach
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3.2.3.b). Threats to connectivity between end users
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3.2.3.c). Providers with significant coverage and user base
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3.2.3.d). Scope of the obligation
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Chapter 4. Conclusion
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Bibliography
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145–164
Six Problems with Facebook’s Oversight Board. Not enough contract law, too much human rights.
Mårten Schultz
Mårten Schultz
145–164
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Chapter 1. Introduction
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1.1. Background
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1.2. The Oversight Board: A very brief description
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An outline of the arguments of this article
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Chapter 2. The narrative
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Chapter 3. The bias
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Chapter 4. The rules
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Chapter 5. The process
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Chapter 6. The decisions
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Chapter 7. The power shift
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Chapter 8. Concluding Remarks
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Bibliography
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165–260
Screenshots: A Glance beyond the Transatlantic
165–260
165–186
„Open with Caution“. How Taiwan Approaches Platform Governance in the Global Market and Geopolitics
Kuo-Wei Wu, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang
Kuo-Wei Wu, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang
165–186
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Introduction
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Chapter 1. Taiwan, geopolitics, internet, and platforms
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Chapter 2. Why do Taiwan’s approaches (must) differ from the EU?
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Section 1. GAFAM is only part of the problem
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Section 2. GAFAM as potential partners
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Chapter 3. The uneven regulatory landscape in Taiwan
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Section 1. Early clashes
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Section 2. Updating the legal framework for ICT innovations
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Section 3. Combating disinformation
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Chapter 4. Addressing Chinese infiltration
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Chapter 5. Conclusion
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Bibliography
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187–214
Digital Platform Regulation in Japan – does the soft approach work?
Izumi Aizu
Izumi Aizu
187–214
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Introduction: Three areas and two approaches to platform regulation
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Chapter 1. Hate speech regulation in Japan
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1.1. Hate speech in 2000s preceding the new legislation
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1.2. International voices pushed Japan to the New HSEA
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1.3. The Effect of HSEA challenged
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1.4. Hate Speech on the Internet
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1.5. Industry self-regulation on Internet content
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1.6. Local ordinances implemented
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1.7. Political and Social areas
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Chapter 2: Privacy and Personal Data Protection and Economic Concerns
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2.1. Economic concerns
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2.2. The formation process of the “Act on improving Transparency and Fairness of Digital Platform”
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2.3. Act on Improving Transparency and Fairness of Digital Platforms (AITFDP) enacted
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2.4. Privacy and Personal Data protection
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2.5. Transfer of personal data to a foreign country
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2.6. Tentative Conclusion
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Bibliography
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Annex: Historical Relationship between Japan and Korea
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A.1. Ancient age to Middle Age
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A.2. Post WW II situation of Korean residents in Japan
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215–232
Social Media Platform Regulation in India – A Special Reference to The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021
Siwal Ashwini
Siwal Ashwini
215–232
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Introduction
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Social Media in India: A prolegomenon
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The Legal Framework of Social Media Platforms in India
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Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021: A critical Analysis (Illustrative, not exhaustive)
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Regulating Social Media Intermediaries and Digital Media together: An Incongruous Approach
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Flawed Assumptions
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Originator Traceability: A Nemesis
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An Inchoate Attempt
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Regulating Overzealously
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Conclusion
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Bibliography
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233–260
Thoughts on the Regulation of Content on Social Media in Latin America: Authors’ Rights, Limitations and Content Filtering
Maria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
Maria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales
233–260
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Chapter 1. Introduction
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Chapter 2. The Latin American landscape of social media governance: A brief overview of regulations in México, Colombia, Argentina and Chile
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Chapter 2.a. Intermediary Liability
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a) MEXICO
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b) COLOMBIA
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c) ARGENTINA
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d) CHILE
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Chapter 2.b. Personal Data Protection
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a) MEXICO
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b) COLOMBIA
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c) ARGENTINA AND CHILE
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Chapter 2.c. Rights to Honor and Reputation
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a) MEXICO
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b) COLOMBIA
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c) ARGENTINA
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d) CHILE
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Chapter 2.d. Other Regulatory Trends
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a) Hate speech
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b) The legal regulation of influencers
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Chapter 3. Intellectual Property Laws in the context of Social Media Platforms in Latin America: Regulating Copyrighted Content in Latin America
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Chapter 3.a. Overview of the Copyright System in Latin America and its Exceptions and Limitations
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a) Background: Berne and the Three-Step Rule
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b) Authors’ rights in copyrighted content from the user's standpoint: Are everyday practices of social media content-sharing illegal in Latin America? Is copyright affecting essential tasks on the int...
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c) Should exceptions and limitations in Latin America be reformed in order to adapt to the common practices in the digital environment? Is there a possibility of incorporating broader criteria, such a...
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Chapter 3.b. Notice and Take-Down: Content Filtering in Latin America
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a) The particular case of the new law in Mexico
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Chapter 4. Conclusion
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Bibliography
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261–364
Topic-based Regulation: Media Law and Data Protection
261–364
261–290
Media Law Regulation of Social Networks - Country Report: Germany
Bernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
Bernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn
261–290
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Chapter 1. Increased need for truthful information on the Internet
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Chapter 2. State duty to protect the democratic discourse
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Chapter 3. Media law requirements for content on social networks
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Chapter 3.a. Journalistic standards of due diligence
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Chapter 3.b. Labelling of social bots
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Chapter 3.c. Labelling of political advertising
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Chapter 3.d. Interim conclusion
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Chapter 4. Media law requirements for content moderation on social networks
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Chapter 4.a. Specifications for recommendation and filtering systems
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a) Transparent recommendation algorithms
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b) Transparent filter algorithms
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c) Prohibition of discrimination of journalistic content
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d) Design specifications
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Chapter 4.b. Expeditious deletion of certain criminal content
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a) Establishment of voluntary self-regulation
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b) Case Study “Liberation of Germany from the Merkel Regime”
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Chapter 4.c. Civil court requirements for content moderation according to community standards
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a) Hate speech
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b) Fact-checking
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Chapter 4.d. Findability of truthful content in user interfaces
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Chapter 5. Interim conclusion
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Chapter 6. High requirements as to content of public service media
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Chapter 6.a. Public service broadcaster as “counterweight”
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Chapter 6.b. Expansion of entitlements for online program
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Chapter 6.c. Further development into a public interest-oriented platform
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Chapter 6.d. Funding of public service content
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Chapter 7. Overview of instruments
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Chapter 8. Conclusion
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Bibliography
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291–328
Reshaping Canada’s Broadcasting Act: Solutions in Search of a Problem?
Michael Geist
Michael Geist
291–328
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Chapter 1. Introduction
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Chapter 2. The Long Road to Internet Regulation
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Chapter 3. Change in Government, Change in Policy
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Chapter 4. A Shift in Approach: Harnessing Change
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Chapter 5. BTLR report
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Chapter 6. The Government Responds to the Yale Report: Bill C-10
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Chapter 7. Responding to a fictional content crisis
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Chapter 8. The myth of the level playing field
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Chapter 9. Missing economic thresholds
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Chapter 10. Removing Canadian ownership requirements
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Chapter 11. Discoverability requirements
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Chapter 12. Downgrading the Role of Canadians in their Own Programming
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Chapter 13. The “Regulate Everything” Approach
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Chapter 14. Risk to Canadian Ownership of Intellectual Property
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Chapter 15. Mandated Confidential Data Disclosures May Keep Companies Out of Canada
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Chapter 16. Mandated Payments Likely to Bring in Less Than the Government Claims
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Chapter 17. Misleading Comparison to the European Union
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Chapter 18. Bill C-10 and the Regulation of User Generated Content
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Chapter 19. The Bill C-10 Endgame
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Bibliography
Details
329–350
The UK’s Approach to Regulation of Digital Platforms
Lorna Woods
Lorna Woods
329–350
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Chapter 1. Introduction
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Chapter 2. Data Protection
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Chapter 3. Cambridge Analytica and the Use of Data for Political Purposes
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Chapter 4. Online Advertising
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Chapter 5. Age Appropriate Design Code
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Chapter 6. Competition and Markets Authority
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Chapter 7. Competition Policy
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Chapter 8. Consumer Protection
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Chapter 9. Internet Safety and Online Harms
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Chapter 10. Conclusions
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Bibliography
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351–364
Social Media Users Data Access: Russian Legal Approach
Juliya Kharitonova, Larissa Sannikova
Juliya Kharitonova, Larissa Sannikova
351–364
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Chapter 1. Introduction
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Chapter 2. VKontakte Case Study
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Chapter 3. Legal treatment of user data on social media under Russian law
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Chapter 3.a. Personal data
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Chapter 3.b. Sensitive personal data
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Chapter 3.c. Personal data in the public domain
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Chapter 4. Conclusion
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Bibliography
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365–506
Hate Speech on Platforms
365–506
365–414
Protecting Democratic Expression Online: Canada’s Work in Progress
Richard Janda
Richard Janda
365–414
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I. Canada’s existing legal framework
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a. No equivalent to NetzDG
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b. All-but non-existent role of government agencies
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c. Criminal law provisions
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d. The Canada-U.S.-Mexico Trade Agreement
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II. Reports on directions for law reform
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a. Taking Action to End Online Hate
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b. Canada's communications future: Time to act
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c. Defamation Law in the Internet Age
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The Commission also recommended that there be “a takedown obligation on intermediary
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d. Report of the Citizens’ Assembly on Democratic Expression
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e. Canadian Commission on Democratic Expression
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III. Bill C-36
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a. Definition of hate speech and hatred
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b. Peace bond
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c. Canadian Human Rights Act
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d. Ideas not retained
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IV. The Digital Citizen Initiative Consultation Papers
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V. Final critical observations
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Bibliography
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415–432
Lessons learned from the first years with the NetzDG
Maximilian Hemmert-Halswick
Maximilian Hemmert-Halswick
415–432
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I. Introduction - Balance between State Sovereignty and Economic Freedom
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II. The Approach of the NetzDG
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1. Compliance approach
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2. Terminology
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a) Addressees: social networks
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b) The most important term: illegal content
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3. Complaints management
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a) Establishment of a complaint management system
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b) The Danger of Overblocking
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c) Establishment of regulated self-regulation
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4. Transparency obligations: Conflict between NetzDG and community standards – Facebook case study
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5. Conclusion
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III. Amending the NetzDG
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1. Countercomplaints procedure
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2. Transparency rules
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3. Regulatory supervision
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a) Powers of intervention
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b) Duty to cooperate – Duty to report
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4. Out-of-court conciliation
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IV. Outlook
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Bibliography
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433–450
Platform Governance at the Periphery: Moderation, Shutdowns and Intervention
Giovanni De Gregorio, Nicole Stremlau
Giovanni De Gregorio, Nicole Stremlau
433–450
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1. Introduction
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2. An initial response: Criminalising online hate and disinformation
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3. Internet shutdowns and the control of narratives
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4. Building consensus on interventions
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5. Conclusion
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Bibliography:
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451–472
Protecting the Freedom of Expression in an Era of “Platformization:” Paving a Road to Censorship?
Jacob Mchangama, Natalie Alkiviadou
Jacob Mchangama, Natalie Alkiviadou
451–472
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Chapter 1. Introduction
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Chapter 2. International Human Rights Law: A Framework of First Reference?
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1. Pros and Cons to an IHRL approach to Online Content Moderation
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2. Article 20(2): An Analysis
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Chapter 3. The European Court of Human Rights: A Template to Avoid?
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Chapter 4. South Africa: A Good Practice Template
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Conclusion
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Bibliography
Details
473–488
Online Shaming - a New Challenge for Criminal Justice
Kristiina Koivukari, Päivi Korpisaari
Kristiina Koivukari, Päivi Korpisaari
473–488
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1. Freedom of expression and social media
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2. Shaming as harmful action online
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3. Criminalizing online shaming?
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3.1 Conduct initiating shaming action
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3.2 Conduct participating in shaming action
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4. Conclusions
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Bibliography
Details
489–506
The Role of Occupational Safety and Health Legislation in Hate Speech Regulation. Employers’ responsibility to prevent and respond to the risk of hate speech at work – the Finnish perspective
Enni Ala-Mikkula
Enni Ala-Mikkula
489–506
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Chapter 1. Introduction
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Chapter 2. The case of the Finnish Occupational Safety and Health Act
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2.1. Employers’ general obligations and the aim of preventing the risk of hate speech at work
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2.2. Employers’ risk-specific responsibilities and responses to the risk of hate speech at work
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2.3. Concrete safety measures based on responsibilities
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Chapter 3. Conclusion
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Bibliography
Details
507–584
Combating Disinformation
507–584
507–530
Platform (un)accountability. Reviewing Platform Responses to the Global Disinfodemic One Year Onward
Trisha Meyer, Alexandre Alaphilippe
Trisha Meyer, Alexandre Alaphilippe
507–530
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1. Introduction
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2. Policy and theoretical context
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3. Methodology and dataset
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4. Platform-specific responses
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Facebook (Facebook, Messenger, Instagram, Whatsapp)
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Google (Search, YouTube, AdSense)
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TikTok
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Twitter
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5. Comparison and key take-aways
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6. Conclusion
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Bibliography
Details
531–548
Disinformation in the Perspective of Media Pluralism in Europe – the role of platforms
Elda Brogi, Konrad Bleyer-Simon
Elda Brogi, Konrad Bleyer-Simon
531–548
Details
Chapter 1. Introduction
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Chapter 2. Disinformation and the threat to media pluralism
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Chapter 3. The Code of Practice on Disinformation
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Chapter 4. Limited impact
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Chapter 5. Some suggestions to address the shortcomings
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Chapter 6. Trustworthiness as a feature of the online information environment?
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Chapter 7. Conclusion
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Bibliography
Details
549–564
The Regulation of Online Disinformation in Singapore
Peng Hwa Ang, Gerard Goggin
Peng Hwa Ang, Gerard Goggin
549–564
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Chapter 1. Introduction
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Chapter 2. Context
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Chapter 3. What is PoFMA/ How Does PoFMA Work
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Chapter 4. Issues
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Chapter 5. Use
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Chapter 6. Comparison with Other Jurisdictions
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Chapter 7. What Next
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Bibliography
Details
565–584
Conclusions: Regulatory Responses to Communication Platforms: Models and Limits
Judit Bayer, Bernd Holznagel, Päivi Korpisaari, Lorna Woods
Judit Bayer, Bernd Holznagel, Päivi Korpisaari, Lorna Woods
565–584
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1. Communication Platforms
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2. Effects of modern platform economy on public communication
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3. Platform harms
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4. How to deal with the harms?
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a. Defining a general duty of care standard
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b. Duty of standards in specific areas (sectors)
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c. Enforcing the duty of care standard: self-regulation, co-regulation or state supervision
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d. Supervision: allocating competences between competent authorities
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5. Final remarks: do we need a global regulation?
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Bibliography
Details
585–594
The Authors and Editors
585–594
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595–601
Index
595–601
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Perspectives on Platform Regulation , page 433 - 450
Platform Governance at the Periphery: Moderation, Shutdowns and Intervention
Autoren
Giovanni De Gregorio
Nicole Stremlau
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748929789-433
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-8557-5
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-2978-9
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