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Internet and New Technologies Law / Online Dispute Resolution and the Form of an Arbitration Agreement
Internet and New Technologies Law / Online Dispute Resolution and the Form of an Arbitration Agreement
Contents
Chapter
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Authors
Page
1–4
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
1–4
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5–12
Introduction
5–12
Details
13–32
The Future is Digital
13–32
13–13
1. The IGF and its role in the global digital diplomacy
13–13
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14–20
2. The IGF 2021 priorities as stated by the MAG
14–20
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2.1. Main Focus Areas – overview
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2.1.1. Economic and social inclusion and human rights
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2.1.2. Universal access and meaningful connectivity
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2.2. Emerging and Cross-cutting Issues – overview
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2.2.2. Environmental sustainability and climate change
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2.2.3. Inclusive IG ecosystems and digital cooperation
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2.2.4. Trust, security, stability
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21–25
3. Challenges for the global digital dialogue
21–25
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3.1. What and how to regulate in the world of technology?
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3.2. What and how to finance in the world of technologies?
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3.3. Technologies and sustainable development
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26–26
4. The new skills needed
26–26
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27–28
5. Digitalising our way into a post-pandemic recovery
27–28
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29–30
6. How the IGF’s current format aligns with the challenges ahead
29–30
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31–32
7. Looking forward
31–32
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35–116
Section One. Internet, New Technologies and the Society
35–116
35–42
Connecting Law to New Technologies: Perspectives and Challenges
Alexandre Cavalcanti Andrade de Araújo
Alexandre Cavalcanti Andrade de Araújo
35–42
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1. Introduction
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2. New Technologies - The Future of Law
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3. Conclusion
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43–58
The Changing Nature of the Consumer in the Digital Reality
Monika Jagielska, Monika Namysłowska, Aneta Wiewiórowska-Domagalska
Monika Jagielska, Monika Namysłowska, Aneta Wiewiórowska-Domagalska
43–58
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1. Introduction
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2. The triggers of the change
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2.1 Departing from sales contract
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2.2 Departing from the off-line world
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3. Changes in the notion of a consumer
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4. Changes in consumer model
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5. Conclusions
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59–74
Risky Business: Legal Implications of Emerging Technologies Affecting Consumers of Financial Services
Zofia Bednarz, Kayleen Manwaring
Zofia Bednarz, Kayleen Manwaring
59–74
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1. Introduction
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2. The Technologies: Characteristics and Use in Financial Services
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2.1. Emerging Technologies Used by Financial Services Firms
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2.2. Use of AI and Big Data in Retail Financial Services
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2.3. (Concerning) Characteristics of the Technologies
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3. Challenges to Financial Law and Regulation
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3.1. Overview of Potential Consumer Harms
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3.2. Algorithmic Bias and Discrimination
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3.3. Excessive Data Collection
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3.4. Digital Consumer Manipulation
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3.5. Personalisation of Financial Services
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4. Conclusions
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75–88
New Technologies as Exclusion Instrument in the Social Security System. The Brazilian Covid-19 Pandemic Case
Renato Bernardi, Heloísa Pancotti
Renato Bernardi, Heloísa Pancotti
75–88
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Introduction
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1.1 The social political context.
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1.2 The social security context:
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1.3 The first global risk to the social security system at the XXI century: What came up?
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1.4 The digital inclusion challenge in Brazil
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Conclusions
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89–100
The Future of e-Voting. Some Remarks from the Perspective of the Polish Law
Beata Stępień-Załucka
Beata Stępień-Załucka
89–100
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1. Introduction
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2. Definition of e-voting
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3. Standards and regulations that e-voting has to face
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4. Threats connected with introduction of e-voting.
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5. Summary
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101–116
Regulation and Control of Algorithmic Codes – a Necessity of our Times (?)
Ewa Rott-Pietrzyk, Dariusz Szostek, Marek Świerczynski
Ewa Rott-Pietrzyk, Dariusz Szostek, Marek Świerczynski
101–116
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1. Introduction
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2. Control over codes at EU level
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3. Artificial Intelligence Act & Council of Europe
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3.1. General remarks
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3.2. A risk-based approach
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3.3. Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence Act
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3.4. The Council of Europe's role in regulating algorithmic codes
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4. Conclusions
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119–238
Section Two. Internet, New Technologies and the Justice System
119–238
119–128
The Legal Tech and the Legal Profession – the New Technology Enters the Lawyers’ Offices
Fryderyk Zoll
Fryderyk Zoll
119–128
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1. New technology impacts the way in which the legal profession operates
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1.1. The AI-supported decision-making
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1.2. New business model
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2. The ethical challenge
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2.1. Confidentiality
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2.2. Conflict of interests
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2.3. Acting based on the professional skills and knowledge
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3. Changing the legal education of lawyers in the AI-age
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4. Conclusions
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129–144
The Impact of Law Tech on the Future of Lawyers
Gabriela Bar, Silvia A. Carretta, Shobana Iyer
Gabriela Bar, Silvia A. Carretta, Shobana Iyer
129–144
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1. Introduction
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2. New Means of Production
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3. Hybrid Disruption Through Lawtech
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4. New Challenges Posed by the Use of AI
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5. Innovation as a Must on the Long Run
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145–158
A Quest for Technological Competence: Raising the Bar
Doug Surtees, Craig Zawada
Doug Surtees, Craig Zawada
145–158
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159–172
The Road to Modern Judiciary. Why New Technologies Can Modernise the Administration of Justice?
Mariusz Załucki
Mariusz Załucki
159–172
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1. Introduction
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2. The current state and recent developments in the judiciary
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3. Selected solutions from around the world
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4. Towards the modernisation of the judiciary (instead of a conclusion)
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173–196
The Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Field of Justice
Wilfried Bernhardt
Wilfried Bernhardt
173–196
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1. Introduction
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2. Definition of AI
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3. Stages of development of IT support for the judiciary
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4. AI support for the judiciary and prosecution authorities
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4.1 Categories
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4.1.1 Information Retrieval, Data Extraction
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4.1.2 Automated analysis and statistical evaluation of sentencing considerations in criminal judgments.
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4.1.3 Use of AI for criminal investigative services to detect child pornography and child abuse.
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4.1.4 Use of AI to categorize offenders
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4.1.5 Automated Translation
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4.1.6 Anonymizing court judgments
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4.1.7 Interaction
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4.1.8 Further possibilities of AI use in the judiciary
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4.2 Use of AI by the European Union
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5. Legal assessment of the use of artificial intelligence in the judiciary
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5.1 GDPR
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5.2 Principles of national constitutions, European Charter of Fundamental Rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
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5.2.1 Constitutional principles that suggest the use of artificial intelligence
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5.2.2 Principles that could oppose the use of AI
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(1) Right to human dignity
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(2) Principle of non-discrimination
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(3) Principle of the natural and independent judge
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(4) The right to an effective remedy
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(5) Fair trial
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(6) Right to the legal judge
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(7) Transparency principle
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(8) Principle of the right to be heard
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6. European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice
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7. Proposal for a Regulation laying down harmonized rules on artificial intelligence.
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8. Conclusion
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197–208
Towards a Right to Digital Justice? The Constitutionalization of Digital Justice in Mexico
Mauro Arturo Rivera León, Rodrigo E. Galán Martínez
Mauro Arturo Rivera León, Rodrigo E. Galán Martínez
197–208
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1. Introduction
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2. A Forced Transition: Online Justice at the Federal Level
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3. The Constitutionalization of Digital Justice: A Future Fundament Right or a Characterization of Justice in Mexico?
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4. More Challenges than Certainties: A Provisional Conclusion
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209–238
Online Dispute Resolution and the Form of an Arbitration Agreement
Przemysław Polański, Jacek Gołaczyński
Przemysław Polański, Jacek Gołaczyński
209–238
Details
Introduction
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Part I. Online Dispute Resolution
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1) Complaint form
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2) Collection and retention of personal data contained in the complaint
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3) Pre-dispute information
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4) Handling of the case by the ODR entity
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Part II. Arbitration covenant. The concept
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241–334
Section Three. Internet, New Technologies and Sustainable Development
241–334
241–254
Digitally Transforming the Web into an EcoSphere of EcoSystems
Charlie Northrup
Charlie Northrup
241–254
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1. Beyond the Web
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2. Lack of a universal self-validating/authenticating membership model
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3. Disintermediating the Intermediaries
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4. Disintermediating the Web Browser
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5. The Benefits of Membership
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6. We are at the beginning of the beginning
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7. Fiefdoms to Hyperconnectivity
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8. The Need for a New Framework
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9. The Transformation
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10. MultiKey Infrastructure (MKI)
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11. Summary
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255–274
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and ist Influence Upon the Internal Context of Brazilian Companies
Felipe Garcia Teló, Ricardo Pinha Alonso
Felipe Garcia Teló, Ricardo Pinha Alonso
255–274
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Introduction
Details
2. Compliance
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2.1. Definition
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2.2. Modalities
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3. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act
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3.1. Historical Context
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3.2. General Background
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3.3. Main dispositions
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4. The impact of the Sarbanes Oxley Act upon Brazilian companies
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4.1. Case study 1: Enel Distribution Ceara (EDC)
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4.2. Case study 2: Petrobras
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5. Conclusion
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275–294
Eco Smart City Method of Promoting Environmental Sustainability and Sustainable Development in an Industralised and Digitalized Society
Alexandra R. Harrington, Magdalena Stryja
Alexandra R. Harrington, Magdalena Stryja
275–294
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1. Introduction
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2. SDG Background and History
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3. Intersections of the SDGs and Eco Smart Cities
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SDG 1 – End poverty in all its forms everywhere
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SDG 2 – end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
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SDG 3 – ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
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SDG 4 – ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
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SDG 6 – ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
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SDG 7 – ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
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SDG 8 – promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
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SDG 9 – build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
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SDG 11 – make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
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SDG 13 – take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts & SDG 15 – protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertificati...
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SDG 16 – promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutional at all levels
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SDG 17 – strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development
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4. Conclusion
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295–318
Criminal Liability in the Context of the Functioning of a Smart City
Wojciech Filipkowski, Rafał Rejmaniak
Wojciech Filipkowski, Rafał Rejmaniak
295–318
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1. Introduction
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2. Assumptions of the smart city concept
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2.1. Smart city and the 2030 Agenda
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2.2. Smart areas
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3. Selected technological issues
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4. Basic problems of liability of smart city component users
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4.1. Concepts of attribution of responsibility for a result to a human
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4.1.1. Decision loop
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4.1.2. Trustworthy artificial intelligence
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4.1.3. Human-Centered Automation
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4.2. The question of full autonomy of systems
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4.3. Scope of responsibilities of system users
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5. Selected specific problems of criminal liability of users of smart city components
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5.1. Man-in-the-loop
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5.2. Man-on-the-loop
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6. Conclusion
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319–334
The Use of Governance and Mediation for Disaster Prevention and Environmental Risk Management
Gabriela Soldano Garcez, Renata Soares Bonavides
Gabriela Soldano Garcez, Renata Soares Bonavides
319–334
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Introduction
Details
2. Social and Environmental Responsibility of Companies
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3. The Contribution of Environmental Compliance to the Reach of the Sustainable Development Goal 17
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3.1. Mediation as an instrument of compliance and prevention of environmental disasters: Negotiated conflict resolution strategy for environmental risk management, through governance
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4. Conclusions
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337–432
Section Four. Internet, New Technologies and Privacy
337–432
337–360
Privacy by Design – Searching for the Balance Between Privacy, Personal Data Protection and Development of Artificial Intelligence Systems
Zanda Davida, Dominik Lubasz
Zanda Davida, Dominik Lubasz
337–360
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1. Introduction
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2. Concepts of privacy by design and data protection by design
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3. Functional use of data protection by design model in the design of AI systems
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4. Training
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5. Requirements
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6. Design
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7. Coding
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8. Testing
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9. Release
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10. Maintenance
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11. Summary and conclusions
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361–380
Privacy by Design in China’s Digital Privacy Laws and its Application in Smart Cities
Hongyu Fu, Chong Liu
Hongyu Fu, Chong Liu
361–380
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1. Privacy by Design: Principles and Its Application in EU and U.S.
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1.1 Introduction of Privacy by Design and Its Foundational Principles
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1.2 An Overview of the Application of Private by Design in EU and U.S.
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2. Private by Design in China
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2.1 The Chinese Legal Regime of Digital Privacy Protection
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2.1.1 China’s Coordinated Legislative Approach to Digital Privacy Protection
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2.1.2 China’s Recent Endeavor to a Unified Digital Privacy Protection Law
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2.1.3 Supplementing Rules to Digital Privacy Legislation
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2.2 The Application of Private by Design under Current China’s Digital Privacy Protection Laws
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2.2.1 The “Proactive not Reactive” Principle Is Embodied in the Chinese Criminal and Administrative Legislations
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2.2.2 The “Privacy as the Default Setting” Principle Is Embodied in the Relevant Stipulations on Mobile Internet Application Program (APP).
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2.2.3 The Principles of “Privacy Embedded into Design” and “Full Lifecycle Protection” are Applied in The Civil Code and The Cybersecurity Law
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2.2.4 The Full Functionality Principle Is Applied in The Civil Code and The Personal Information Protection Law.
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2.2.5 The Visibility and Transparency Principle Is Embodied in Preliminary Informing and Later-stage Processing.
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2.2.6 The Keep It User-Centric Principle Is Applied in Confirming Users’ Right by Laws and Regulations.
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3. Application of Privacy by Design in China’s Smart Cities, with A Case Study of Face Recognition Technology
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3.1 China’s Smart City Building and the Entailed Privacy Concerns
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3.2 The General Application of Privacy by Design in China’s Smart Cities
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3.3 Case Study: Applying Privacy by Design in Face Recognition Technology
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4. Conclusion
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381–392
Cloud Computing Issues: A Possible Solution
Maddalena Castellani, Roberto Giacobazzi, Cesare Triberti
Maddalena Castellani, Roberto Giacobazzi, Cesare Triberti
381–392
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1. Cloud Computing, Outsourcing
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2. Features of the Services
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3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
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4. Legal Aspects: Security and Risk in Cloud Computing
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5. A Possible Solution
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393–404
Liability of Hosting ISPs: the Czech Perspective
Matěj Myška, Pavel Koukal, Zuzana Vlachová, Ondřej Woznica
Matěj Myška, Pavel Koukal, Zuzana Vlachová, Ondřej Woznica
393–404
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Introduction
Details
1. Transposition of the E-commerce Directive and the System of Safe Harbours
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2. Establishing the Liability of ISPs
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3. Conclusion and Outlook
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405–432
Cybersecurity Resilience in Digital Society – the Practical Approach
E. Niewiadomska-Szynkiewicz, M. Amanowicz, A. Wronska, P. Kostkiewicz
E. Niewiadomska-Szynkiewicz, M. Amanowicz, A. Wronska, P. Kostkiewicz
405–432
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1. Introduction
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2. Society Resilience
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3. ICT threats and vulnerabilities
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4. Cybersecurity protection methods and defence systems
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Malware and security incidents detection techniques
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Early warnings of cyber threats
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DDoS defence systems
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Prevention of fraud in electronic transactions
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5. Global situational awareness
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6. Conformity assessment and certification
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7. Future perspectives and open issues
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433–444
Conclusions and Recommendations for the UN Community
433–444
433–433
Krzysztof Szubert:
433–433
Details
Section One
Details
434–434
Monika Jagielska, Monika Namysłowska, Aneta Wiewiórowska-Domagalska:
434–434
Details
434–434
Zofia Bednarz, Kayleen Manwaring:
434–434
Details
435–435
Heloísa Helena Silva Pancotti, Renato Bernardi:
435–435
Details
435–435
Ewa Rott Pietrzyk, Dariusz Szostek, Marek Świerczyński:
435–435
Details
Section Two
Details
436–436
Fryderyk Zoll:
436–436
Details
436–436
Gabriela Bar, Silvia A. Carretta, Shobana Iyer:
436–436
Details
437–437
Doug Surtees, Craig Zawada:
437–437
Details
437–437
Wilfried Bernhardt:
437–437
Details
438–438
Mariusz Załucki:
438–438
Details
Section Three
Details
438–438
Charlie Northrup:
438–438
Details
439–440
Alexandra R. Harrington, Magdalena Stryja:
439–440
Details
441–441
Wojciech Filipkowski, Rafał Rejmaniak:
441–441
Details
Section Four
Details
441–441
Maddalena Castellani, Cesare Triberti, Roberto Giacobazzi:
441–441
Details
442–442
Matej Myška, Pavel Koukal, Zuzana Vlachová, Ondřej Woznica:
442–442
Details
442–444
Niewiadomska-Szynkiewicz, Amanowicz, Wrońska, Kostkiewicz:
442–444
Details
445–458
About the Authors
445–458
Details
459–479
Bibliography
459–479
Details
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Internet and New Technologies Law , page 209 - 238
Online Dispute Resolution and the Form of an Arbitration Agreement
Autoren
Przemysław Polański
Jacek Gołaczyński
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748926979-209
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-8307-6
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-2697-9
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doi.org/10.5771/9783748926979-209
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