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Russian Contributions to International Humanitarian Law / Part I: Historical Development
Russian Contributions to International Humanitarian Law / Part I: Historical Development
Contents
Chapter
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1–20
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
1–20
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21–26
Introduction
21–26
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27–138
Part I: Historical Development
27–138
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Chapter I: The Tsarist Era 1850–1917
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1. The Crimean War 1853–1856 – the opening salvo?
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2. The First Geneva Convention 1864 – Russia, the sleeping giant
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3. St Petersburg Declaration 1868 – closing Pandora’s box
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3.1 Proceedings at the conference and the final declaration
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3.2 Impact of the St Petersburg Declaration on IHL
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3.3 Russia’s role – a pragmatic idealist?
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4. The Brussels Conference 1874 – a stillborn phoenix
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4.1 Thinking big – a comprehensive code of war
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4.2 The aftermath of the failed convention
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5. The Russo-Turkish War 1877–1878 – the crucible
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6. The Hague Peace Conference of 1899 – the Parliament of Man
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6.1 Proceedings at the Conference
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6.2 Influence of the Conference on IHL
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7. Analysing the bigger picture – why Russia?
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8. The Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905 – a war waged by the books
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9. The revision of the Geneva Convention 1906 – who is the better humanitarian?
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10. The Second Hague Peace Conference of 1907 – the calm before the storm
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11. The First World War 1914–1918 – the great seminal catastrophe
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11.1 Chlorine gas – a horror made in Germany
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11.2 Prisoners of war in Russia – lost in the taiga
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12. Conclusion
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Chapter II: The Soviet Era 1917–1991
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1. Introduction
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2. Soviet peculiarities – breaking with the past
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2.1 “Socialist international law” – the fragmentation of international law
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2.2 Political justifications – renaissance of the just war theory?
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2.3 The Soviet Union and the Russian Empire – continuity or reset button?
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2.4 Conclusion – IHL through a Soviet lens
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3. The Second World War on the eastern front – obliteration of IHL
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3.1 IHL violations by Nazi Germany on the eastern front
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3.2 IHL violations by the Soviet Union on the eastern front
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4. The Soviets at Nuremberg – third wheel or driving force?
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4.1 Run-up to Nuremberg – trial or execution?
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4.2 The work of the Nuremberg Tribunal
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5. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 – the Soviet Union as “scum of the earth” or “great humanitarian?”
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5.1 A Soviet boycott
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5.2 Soviet contributions to the Conference
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6. Overt military operations during the Cold War – the denial of IHL
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6.1 From Berlin to Zhenbao
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6.2 Afghanistan 1979–1989 – the Russian Vietnam
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Conclusion Part I: Russia’s Long Way from the “Golden Age” to the “Grey Age”
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139–382
Part II: Russia’s Contemporary Approach to IHL
139–382
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Chapter I: IHL in International Diplomacy – A Lost Russian Art?
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1. Advancing IHL treaty law – Russia, the eternal sceptic
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1.1 The APMBC – resisting the regulation of anti-personnel mines
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1.2 The CCM – resisting the regulation of “de facto mines”
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1.3 Nuclear weapons – reversing Martens
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1.4 The Arms Trade Treaty – unchecked exports
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1.5 Ongoing processes of regulation – no laws for LAWS?
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1.6 Conclusion
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2. Advancing IHL compliance – “we are free like birds”
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2.1 International criminal law – leaving the ICC
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2.2 Other compliance mechanisms – three sleeping beauties
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2.3 The ICRC – behind the veil of confidentiality
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2.4 The ICRC-Swiss-led compliance initiative – good intentions, bad prospects
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2.5 Conclusion
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3. Humanitarian aid – from Russia with love?
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3.1 The legal framework of humanitarian relief – examining the care package
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3.2 Russian humanitarian relief in Syria – aide sans frontières?
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3.3 Russian humanitarian relief in Ukraine – Trojan aid?
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4. Conclusion
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Chapter II: IHL Implementation in the Domestic Russian Legal System – A Difficult Marriage?
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1. The Russian Constitution of 1993
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1.1 Art 15 – great expectations
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1.1.1 Art 15(4)(i) – Russia’s gateway to international law
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1.1.2 Art 15(4)(ii) – establishing a hierarchy
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1.2 Art 17(1) – a heart for humanity?
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1.3 Conclusion
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2. Other selected acts of implementation
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2.1 Criminal law – Russian minimalism
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2.2 Legislation concerning the armed forces – Russian abundance
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2.3 Conclusion
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3. IHL before Russian courts
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3.1 The Chechnya Decision – a wake-up call?
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3.2 The Law on Cultural Objects – the beginning of a long silence
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3.3 The Burial Law – thou shalt not mourn
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3.4 War crime trials – living up to Nuremberg?
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3.4.1 Criminal convictions for Russian wartime crimes – a handful of nothing
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3.4.2 Ignoring Strasbourg – from silence to defiance
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3.4.3 Critical assessment – ICL in Russia: a selective application
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4. Conclusion
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Chapter III: Evading IHL on the Battlefield – Denying the Existence of an Armed Conflict (“The Paintbrush”)
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1. The threshold of application – the Achilles’ heel of IHL
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2. Avoiding occupation – ceci n’est pas une occupation
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2.1 Occupation under IHL – an elaborate framework
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2.1.1 The case of Crimea – belligerent occupation or mending a “historical injustice”?
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2.1.2 The events in Crimea in 2014 – arrival of the “little green men”
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2.1.3 Classifying Crimea – Russia vs the rest of the world
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2.3.1.1 The element of “substitution of effective control” in Crimea
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2.3.1.2 The element of “against the will of the sovereign” in Crimea
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2.1.4 Russian denial – what occupation?
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2.2 Occupation by proxy – the cases of Transdniestria, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia
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2.2.1 Russia’s influence in Transdniestria, South Ossetia, and Abkhazia
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2.2.2 Direct and indirect occupation
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2.2.2.1 The narrow approach – effective control (ICJ standard)
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2.2.2.2 The broad approach – overall control (ICTY standard)
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2.2.3 Russia’s approach – between loopholes and denial
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2.3.2.1 Russia’s attitude towards South Ossetia & Abkhazia – brothers in arms
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2.3.2.2 Russia’s attitude towards Transdniestria – brothers in denial
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2.3 Conclusion
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3. Denying the involvement of Russian soldiers – phantoms of war in Donbas
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3.1 Donbas – a beautiful battleground
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3.1.1 Chronology of a war – four phases
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3.1.2 Pointillism of war – individual stories painting a bigger picture
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3.2 The Russian position – denying the obvious
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3.3 Applying the law to the facts – what type of conflict is the war in Donbas?
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3.3.1 The framework of conflict classification
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3.3.2 The war in Donbas as an international armed conflict
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3.4 Conclusion
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4. Rebranding armed clashes – a war of words
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4.1 The clash in the Kerch Strait (2018) – the art of euphemism
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4.2 The Chechen Wars – Moscow’s fight against “banditism”
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4.2.1 Descent into war – “I will crush you”
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4.2.2 The correct classification of the Chechen Wars – freedom fighters or terrorists?
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4.2.3 The Russian position – a fight against banditry
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4.3.2.1 Russia’s approach to IHL in the First Chechen War (and its consequences)
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4.3.2.2 Russia’s approach to IHL in the Second Chechen War (and its consequences)
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4.3 Conclusion
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Chapter IV: Evading IHL on the Battlefield – Outsourcing Warfare (“The Apprentice”)
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1. Wagner’s Valkyries – a new type of PMC?
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1.1 Defining PMCs – the commodification of armed conflict
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1.2 PMCs in Russia after 1991 – a late blossom
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1.3 Slavonic Corpus and Wagner Group – a new type of shadow warriors?
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1.3.1 Offensive missions
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1.3.2 Under-regulation
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1.3.3 Denial & deniability
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1.4 Conclusion
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2. Cossacks – for faith, Tsar and fatherland
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2.1 Historical context – born at the fringes of the Russian Empire
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2.2 Developments in Russia after 1991 – a Cossack renaissance
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2.3 Fighting Russian wars – “Cossacks have no borders”
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2.4 An official order or the call of duty – who sent in the Cossacks?
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3. South Ossetian Militias – experts for “dirty work”
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3.1 The Russo-Georgian War – Georgia up in flames
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3.2 Russia’s control over the SOM – equal allies?
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4. The effects of outsourcing – flying below the radar of international law
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4.1 Avoiding State responsibility and the impact on IHL
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4.1.1 Why State responsibility matters
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4.1.2 The framework of State responsibility
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4.2.1.1 Article 4 ASRIWA
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4.2.1.2 Article 8 ARSIWA
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4.2.1.3 Article 5 ARSIWA
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5. Conclusion
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Chapter V: Evading IHL on the Battlefield – Denying Facts (“The Sledgehammer”)
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1. Targeting “errors” – healthcare in danger
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1.1 Russia’s war in Syria – a “Road to Damascus Experience”?
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1.2 Protection of healthcare – firm rules, feeble respect
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1.3 Targeting hospitals in Syria – “srabotalo”
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1.4 Russia’s denial – fake news?
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2. Cluster munitions – denying the obvious
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2.1 The legality of cluster munitions – barbaric bomblets?
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2.2 Russia’s use of cluster munitions in Syria and Georgia
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3. The MH17 incident – “and then, bodies just fell from the sky”
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3.1 The crash of MH17 – a tragic day in July
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3.2 Finding responsibility – Russia’s barrage of alternative facts
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4. Conclusion
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383–408
Part III: Contrasting the Past and the Present
383–408
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1. O tempora, o mores – contrasting Russia’s approach to IHL
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2. Looking behind the obvious – why has Russia changed?
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2.1 O tempora, o leges – IHL as a victim of its own success?
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2.2 O tempora, o bella – IHL as a victim of “new wars”?
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2.3 Do ut des – does IHL lack an incentive for compliance for Russia?
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Final Conclusion
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409–447
Bibliography
409–447
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Monographies
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Book Chapters
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Journal Articles
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Reports
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Blog Posts
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Selected Newspaper Articles
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Encyclopedia Entries
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Court Decisions
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Russian Contributions to International Humanitarian Law , page 27 - 138
Part I: Historical Development
Autoren
Michael Riepl
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748913214-27
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-7307-7
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-1321-4
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