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When NGOs Fulfill State Obligations / 2. Background: Social Development and NGOs in Africa
When NGOs Fulfill State Obligations / 2. Background: Social Development and NGOs in Africa
Contents
Chapter
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1–20
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
1–20
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21–41
1. Introduction
21–41
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42–80
2. Background: Social Development and NGOs in Africa
42–80
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2.1. Theory and Context
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2.1.1. Social Development in Theory and Law
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2.1.1.1. Development Theories
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2.1.1.2. Theories on Service Provision in Developing Countries
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2.1.2. Socio-Economic Context of African LDCs
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2.1.3. Defining Non-Governmental Organizations
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2.2. NGOs and Social Development
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2.2.1. Social Protection and the Role of NGOs in Africa
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2.2.2. NGOs in Sub-Saharan Africa
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2.2.2.1. History of Associational Life and Non-State Service Provision in Africa
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2.2.2.2. The Rise of Foreign-Backed NGOs
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2.2.2.3. Governments Restricting NGOs
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2.3. Conclusion
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81–134
3. Beneficiaries’ Perspective: How NGO-State Relations Can Affect Social Rights
81–134
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3.1. A Beneficiary-Centered Approach
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3.2. Social Rights of Beneficiaries
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3.2.1. The Human Rights Framework & General Problems with Social Rights
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3.2.2. International and Regional Protection for Social Rights
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3.2.2.1. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
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3.2.2.2. African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
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3.2.2.3. African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
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3.2.3. Social Rights and their Normative Content
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3.2.4. Minimum Essential Levels of Social Rights
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3.3. NGO-Government Relations: How Things Can Go Wrong For Beneficiaries
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3.3.1. NGO-Government Relations
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3.3.1.1. Complications of the NGO-Government Relationship
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3.3.1.2. The Peculiarities of Regulating NGOs in Informal Security Regimes
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3.3.1.3. NSP-Government Relations can interfere with Social Rights
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3.3.2. Regulating Nonprofit Providers: Challenges and Pitfalls
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3.3.2.1. Irrationality, Corruption and Arbitrary Implementation
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3.3.2.2. Limited State Capacity to Implement Regulations
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3.3.2.3. Burdensome Rules and Noncompliance
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3.3.2.4. Inadequate Regulatory Oversight
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3.3.2.5. The Concurrence of Burdensome and Inadequate Rules
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3.4. Conclusion
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135–220
4. Classifying NGOs: Who Fulfills Social Rights, Who Fulfills State Obligations?
135–220
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4.1. Existing NGO Classifications in the Literature
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4.1.1. Classification Based on Relative Capacity
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4.1.2. Classification Based on Relative Function
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4.2. Deriving New Criteria from Social Rights Law
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4.2.1. Theoretical Framework
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4.2.1.1. Doctrinal Foundations: Recognizing Indirect or Implicit Duties
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4.2.1.2. Normative Foundations: The Principle of Subsidiarity
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4.2.1.2.1. As a Component of the ICESCR’s Overarching Purpose
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4.2.1.2.2. As Appropriate in the African Legal Context
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4.2.1.2.3. As Appropriate for the Regulation of NGOs
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4.2.2. General Social Rights Obligations of the State
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4.2.2.1. Duty to Fulfill Social Rights: Realizing Social Rights Through NGOs
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4.2.2.1.1. Appropriateness
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4.2.2.1.2. Essentiality as a Measure of Appropriateness
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4.2.2.1.3. Feasibility
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4.2.2.1.4. Maximizing Availability: Public Spending, Private Resources and Accepting Foreign Funding
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4.2.2.1.5. As Compared to State Duties under the African Human Rights Charter
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4.2.2.2. Duty to Respect Social Rights: Permitting Essential NGOs
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4.2.2.3. Duty to Protect Social Rights: Controlling Harmful NGOs
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4.2.2.4. Concluding Remarks
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4.2.3. Minimum Core Obligations
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4.2.3.1. ICESCR Recognizes Minimum Essential Levels
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4.2.3.2. The Contents of Core Obligations May Be Legally Determined
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4.2.3.3. Reconciling Core Obligations and Progressive Realization
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4.2.3.4. Core Obligations Set Priorities for Realizing ESC Rights
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4.2.3.5. Implications for the Legality of Restrictive NGO Laws
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4.3. A New Taxonomy for NGOs: Different Functional Type
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4.3.1. Non-Social NGOs, Duplicative NGOs & Inappropriate NGOs
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4.3.2. Supplemental NGOs & Substitutional NGOs
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4.3.3. Complementary NGOs
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4.4. Conclusion
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221–247
5. Regulating NGOs: Limits on and Duties of the State
221–247
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5.1. The Analytical Framework: Triangular Models for Social Rights
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5.2. The Three Legal Relations: State-NGO-Beneficiary
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5.2.1. The Beneficiary-to-State Relation
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5.2.2. The State-to-NGO Relation
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5.2.2.1. From Provisioning Relation to Enabling / Ensuring Relations
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5.2.2.2. From Admission to Fulfillment / Discharge of State Duties
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5.2.2.3. From Finance to Guarantee / Permit
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5.2.2.4. From Quality to Quality / Supervise
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5.2.3. The NGO-to-Beneficiary Relation
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5.3. Summary
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248–288
6. Evaluating NGO Laws: Unlawful Restrictions on Social Rights?
248–288
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6.1. Three Types of Restrictions: Obstructions, Derogations and Limitations
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6.2. The Permissibility of Limiting NGO-Provided Rights
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6.2.1. The Permissibility of Limiting ESC Rights in General
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6.2.1.1. Specific Limitations Clauses of the ICESCR: Article 13 (3) and (4)
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6.2.1.2. Permissibility of Limitations According to the African Charter
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6.2.2. Articles 4 and 5 Do Not Forbid the Limitation of NGO-Provided Rights
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6.2.3. Article 4 Can Be Used Analogously for NGO-Provided Rights
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6.2.4. Using Article 4 to Restrict Limitations on NGO-Provided Rights
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6.3. Permissibility of Obstructing the Realization of Rights by NGOs
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6.3.1. The Doctrine of Deliberately Retrogressive Measures
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6.3.2. Retrogressive Measures Should Meet the Criteria of Article 4
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6.4. Balancing Rights Claims: Beneficiaries, NGOs and the Rights of Others
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6.4.1. The Permissibility of Limiting ESC Rights to Protect the Rights of Others
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6.4.2. Balancing Competing Rights: Examples from the Courts of Uganda
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6.5. Conclusion
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289–305
7. Conclusion: NGO Regulations and Aid Efficacy
289–305
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306–316
8. References
306–316
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317–337
Bibliography
317–337
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When NGOs Fulfill State Obligations , page 42 - 80
2. Background: Social Development and NGOs in Africa
Autoren
Jihan Kahssay
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748906926-42
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-6576-8
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-0692-6
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doi.org/10.5771/9783748906926-42
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