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Cross-Border Dissemination of Online Content / 1. Background of the Study
Cross-Border Dissemination of Online Content / 1. Background of the Study
Contents
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1–18
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
1–18
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19–40
Executive Summary
19–40
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English Version
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Background of the Study
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Aim of the Study
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Fundamental Rights, Freedoms and Values
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Relevant EU Legislative Acts for Online Services
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Significance of the E-Commerce Directive and Challenges in Its Application
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Conclusions
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Deutsche Fassung
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Hintergrund der Studie
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Ziel der Studie
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Grundrechte, Grundfreiheiten und Werte
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Relevante Rechtsakte der EU für Online-Dienste
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Bedeutung der E-Commerce-Richtlinie und Herausforderungen bei ihrer Anwendung
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Schlussfolgerungen
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41–52
1. Background of the Study
41–52
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1.1. Online Dissemination of Content
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1.2. The Role of Platforms in the Online Dissemination of Content
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1.3. The Role of Supervisory Authorities in the Online Dissemination of Content
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1.4. The EU Digital Single Market Context
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1.5. Structure of the Study
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53–168
2. The Relevant EU Legal Framework for Online Content Dissemination
53–168
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2.1. Fundamental Rights
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2.1.1. Fundamental Rights Sources: EU Charter, European Convention on Human Rights and National Constitutional Law
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2.1.2. Relevant Fundamental Rights
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2.1.2.1. Human Dignity
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2.1.2.2. Rights of the Child and Protection of Minors
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2.1.2.3. Respect for Private and Family Life
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2.1.2.4. Freedom of Expression and the Media
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2.1.2.5. Freedom to Conduct a Business
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2.1.2.6. Right to Property
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2.1.3. Fundamental Rights Protection Obligations
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2.2. Fundamental Freedoms
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2.2.1. Freedom of Establishment and Freedom to Provide Services
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2.2.2. Free Movement of Goods
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2.3. Other Elements of EU Primary Law
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2.3.1. Fundamental Principles and Goals of the EU
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2.3.2. Relevant EU Competencies
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2.3.2.1. Legal Bases for an EU Competence in the Media Sector
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2.3.2.2. The Specific Legal Bases for the ECD
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2.4. EU Secondary Law
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2.4.1. e-Commerce Directive
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2.4.1.1. Historical Background
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2.4.1.2. Further Developments
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2.4.1.3. Main Goals and Principles of the Original ECD
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2.4.2. Audiovisual Media Services Directive
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2.4.2.1. Historical Development up to the Latest Revision in 2018
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2.4.2.2. Overview of Relevant Rules for the Online Context
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2.4.2.2.1. Personal Scope of Application
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2.4.2.2.2. Country-of-Origin Principle
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2.4.2.2.2.1. Importance of the Principle and Changes Related to It in the Recent Reform
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2.4.2.2.2.2. Home State Jurisdiction Rule
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2.4.2.2.2.3. Exceptional Derogation of Free Flow of Information
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2.4.2.2.2.4. Exception in Case of Circumvention
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2.4.2.2.3. Minimum Harmonisation Concerning Specific Types of Content
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2.4.2.2.4. Supervision and Sanctions
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2.4.3. Data Protection and ePrivacy
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2.4.3.1. Data Processing and the Media Privilege
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2.4.3.2. ePrivacy Directive and GDPR
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2.4.3.3. Market Location Principle
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2.4.3.4. Supervision and Sanctioning
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2.4.3.5. Jurisdiction and Cooperation of Authorities
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2.4.4. Intellectual Property Rules
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2.4.4.1. The InfoSoc and Enforcement Directives
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2.4.4.2. The DSM Directive
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2.4.5. Further Relevant Legislative Acts
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2.4.5.1. Platform-to-Business Regulation
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2.4.5.2. Proposal for a Regulation on Preventing the Dissemination of Terrorist Content Online
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2.5. EU Support, Coordination and Supplementary Measures
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2.5.1. The Recommendations on the Protection of Minors and Human Dignity
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2.5.2. The Actions Concerning the Tackling of Illegal Content Online
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2.5.3. The Actions Concerning the Tackling of Online Disinformation
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169–220
3. Detailed Analysis of the E-Commerce Directive
169–220
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3.1. Scope of Application
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3.1.1. Territorial Scope
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3.1.2. Functional Scope
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3.1.3. Personal Scope of Application
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3.2. The Country-of-Origin Principle
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3.2.1. Application
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3.2.2. Derogations
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3.2.3. Exemptions to the Scope of Application
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3.3. The Intermediary Liability Regime
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3.3.1. Historical Backdrop
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3.3.2. The Approach Chosen by the EU
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3.3.3. Categories of Specific Information Society Service Providers
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3.3.4. The Three Types of Specific Intermediary Service Activities
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3.3.4.1. “Mere Conduits” According to Art. 12 ECD
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3.3.4.2. Caching According to Art. 13 ECD
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3.3.4.3. Hosting According to Art. 14 ECD
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3.3.4.4. No General Monitoring Obligations According to Art. 15 ECD
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3.3.5. Delineation between National and EU Responsibilities
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3.3.6. Illegal Content – Challenges to EU Intermediary Liability Exemptions
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3.3.7. EU Intermediary Liability Framework – How the CJEU Has Dealt with the Challenges
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3.3.7.1. Challenge : The Question of Neutrality of Hosts
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3.3.7.2. Challenge 2: Actual Knowledge
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3.3.7.3. Challenge 3: Preventive Injunctions and Duties of Care
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3.3.7.3.1. L’Oréal v Ebay (C-324/09)
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3.3.7.3.2. Scarlet Extended (C-70/10) & Netlog (C-360/10)
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3.3.7.3.3. McFadden (C-484/14)
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3.3.7.3.4. Eva Glawischnig-Piesczek v Facebook Ireland (C-18/18)
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3.3.7.4. Other Intermediary-Related Case Law
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3.3.8. Defining a “Duty-of-Care” Standard
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3.3.8.1. The Reasoning behind New Responsibilities for Internet Intermediaries
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3.3.8.2. Proposals for a “Duty of Care”-Approach
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3.3.8.3. Illegal Content, Technical Standards and the New Approach
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3.3.8.4. Duty of Care for Internet Intermediaries in the EU Framework
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3.3.9. Intermediary Liability Provisions in Sectoral Legislation
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3.3.9.1. Sectoral Provisions in Digital Single Market Acts
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3.3.9.1.1. Audiovisual Media Services Directive
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3.3.9.1.2. DSM Directive
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3.3.9.2. Other Rules Complementing the ECD Liability Provisions
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3.3.9.2.1. InfoSoc and Enforcement Directive
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3.3.9.2.2. 2016 Guidance Note to the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
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3.3.9.2.3. Regulation on Market Surveillance and Compliance of Products
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3.3.9.2.4. Directive on Combating Terrorism
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3.3.9.2.5. Proposal for a Regulation on Preventing the Dissemination of Terrorist Content Online
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3.3.9.2.6. General Data Protection Regulation
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3.3.9.2.7. Platform-to-Business Regulation
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221–264
4. Towards a Future Regulatory Framework for Online Content
221–264
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4.1. Lessons Learnt
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4.1.1. Difficulties in the Application of the ECD
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4.1.2. New Actors, New Approaches and New Regulatory Models
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4.1.3. Margin for Member States in Implementation: the Example of GDPR
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4.1.4. Institutional Dimension of Enforcement on National and EU level: the Example of the GDPR
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4.1.4.1. The European Data Protection Board Compared to Other Sectors
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4.1.4.2. Essential Factors for Institutional Organisation
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4.1.4.3. The Setup between National DPAs and Their Cooperation on EU Level
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4.1.5. Application to the ECD of Interim Findings Relating to the GDPR to the ECD
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4.2. Important Considerations
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4.2.1. Value-based Approach Necessitates Effective Enforcement
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4.2.2. Involvement of Industry through Self- and Co-regulatory Measures
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4.2.2.1. Defining Self- and Co-regulation
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4.2.2.2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Self- and Co-regulation
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4.2.2.3. Existing Forms of Self- and Co-regulation in the Online Environment
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4.2.2.4. Possible Forms and Conditions of Co-regulation on EU Level
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4.2.3. The Principle of Proportionality
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4.3. Possible Avenues
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4.3.1. General Considerations
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4.3.2. Adjusting Country-of-Origin and Market Location Principle
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4.3.3. Institutional Setup and Cooperation in Enforcement
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4.3.4. Improving Conditions for Enforcement
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4.4. Looking Ahead
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265–280
5. Bibliography
265–280
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281–280
Annex
281–280
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I. EU Primary Law und Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
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II. EU Secondary Law (in force and proposed)
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A. e-Commerce Directive
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B. Audiovisual Media Services Directive
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C. General Data Protection Regulation
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D. DSM Directive
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E. P2B-Regulation
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F. TERREG Proposal
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III. Recommendations on EU Level
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A. 2006 Recommendation on the Protection of Minors and Human Dignity
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B. Recommendation on Tackling Illegal Content Online
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Cross-Border Dissemination of Online Content , page 41 - 52
1. Background of the Study
Autoren
Mark D. Cole
Christina Etteldorf
Carsten Ullrich
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748906438-41
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-6501-0
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-0643-8
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