Policies and Politics of Teaching Religion
Abstract
In many states the role of religion and religious communities is controversial. While this is particularly true of predominantly Muslim countries, it also holds for Europe. The controversy revolves not least around the issue of religious instruction.
What is the legal basis of religious instruction, in which institutions does it take place, who draws up the curricula, who trains the teachers, and what is its impact? Do states seek to instrumentalise it to strengthen their legitimacy; do societal forces use it to influence government policies? Does it trigger, deepen or reduce conflict?
These questions are examined in case studies of Afghanistan, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Egypt, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Israel, Lebanon, Macedonia, Tunisia, Turkey and the UK. A comparison of the case studies reveals commonalities in the pattern of problems and conflicts, but also gaps in the state of our knowledge, and, hence, the need for further research.
Zusammenfassung
Die Rolle von Religion und Religionsgemeinschaften ist in vielen Staaten umstritten, besonders häufig in überwiegend muslimischen Staaten, aber auch in Europa. Gegenstand von Auseinandersetzungen ist nicht zuletzt der Religionsunterricht.
Was sind seine rechtlichen Grundlagen, in welchen Institutionen wird er erteilt, wer bestimmt die Lehrpläne, wer bildet die Lehrer aus, welche Wirksamkeit hat er? Suchen Staaten ihn zur Stärkung ihrer Legitimität zu nutzen oder gesellschaftliche Kräfte durch ihn Einfluss auf staatliche Politik zu gewinnen? Löst er Konflikte aus, verstärkt oder mildert er sie?
Diese Fragen werden an den Fällen Afghanistans, Ägyptens, Bosnien-Herzegowinas, Deutschlands, Frankreichs, Großbritanniens, Mazedoniens, des Libanon, Indiens, Indonesiens, Israels, Tunesiens und der Türkei untersucht. Der Vergleich der Studien zeigt Gemeinsamkeiten der Problem- und Konfliktmuster auf, aber auch Lücken im gesicherten Forschungsstand und damit Desiderate für weitere Forschung.
- Kapitel Ausklappen | EinklappenSeiten
- 7–8 Introduction 7–8
- 155–160 Authors 155–160
- Akp?nar, A. (2007), The Making of a Good Citizen and Conscious Muslim through Public Education: The Case of Imam Hatip schools, in Carlson, M., A. Rabo and F. Gök (eds) (2007), Education in ‘Multicultural’ Societies: Turkish and Swedish Perspectives, Stockholm: Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, Transactions, Vol. 18, 161–178.
- Altun, S. and D. Canca (2011), A Model Study on the Explanation of the Centralized High School Entrance Examination in Turkey, World Applied Science Journal, 15, 1253–1259.
- Atatürk, K., D. Küçük, H. Aslan and Frankfurter Buchmesse (2008), Selected Parts of speech (Nutuk), Istanbul: Profil Yay?nc?l?k.
- Bar-Lev, M. (1984), Cultural Characteristics and Group Image of Religious Youth, Youth and Society, 16, 153–70. doi.org/10.1177/0044118X84016002003
- Bar-Lev, M. (1988), The ‘Hesder Yeshiva’ as an Agent of Social Change in Israel, British Journal of Religious Education, 11, 38–46. doi.org/10.1080/0141620880110107
- Bar-Lev, M. and P. Kedem (1983), Is Giving up Traditional Religious Culture Part of the Price to Be Paid for Acquiring Higher Education? Higher Education, 12, 373–388. doi.org/10.1007/BF00158241
- Bar-Lev, M. (1991), Politicization and Depoliticization of Jewish Religious Education in Israel, Religious Education, 86:4. doi.org/10.1080/0034408910860410
- BenDavid-Hadar, I. and A. Ziderman (2011), A new model for equitable and efficient resource allocation to schools: The Israeli case, Education Economics, 19, 341–362. doi.org/10.1080/09645291003726467
- Coleman, J., S. Kilgore and T. Hoffer (1982), Cognitive Outcomes in Public and Private Schools, Sociology of Education, 55, 65–76. doi.org/10.2307/2112288
- Dede, A.Y. (2008), Islamism, state control over religion and social identity: Turkey and Egypt, PhD Thesis, Western Michigan University, 2008.
- Deshen, S.A. (1970), Immigrant voters in Israel: Parties and congregations in a local election campaign, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Gökçe, F. and O. Nilüfer (2010), Minority and Foreign Schools on the Ottoman Education System, Uluslararas? E?itim Arast?rmalar? Dergisi, 1.1 (Summer 2010).
- Haz?rlayan, Y. et al. (2004), Imam Hatip Liserleri: Efsaneler ve Gerçekler, Istanbul: TESEV YAYINLARI, 2004.
- Hemmings, P. (2010), Israeli Education Policy: How to Move Ahead in Reform. OECD: Economics Department Working Paper No. 781.
- Kamil, O. (2001), The Synagogue, Civil Society, and Israel’s Shas party, Middle East Critique, 10, 18, 47–66. doi.org/10.1080/10669920108720177
- Karpat, Kemal H. (2004), The Genesis of the Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (1976), in European Journal of Turkish Studies, Thematic Issue N°1, Gecekondu.
- Kimmerling, B. (1998), Between hegemony and dormant Kulturkampf in Israel, Israel Affairs, 4, 3–4. doi.org/10.1080/13537129808719480
- Köseleci Blanchy, N. and A. Sasmaz (2011), PISA 2009: Where does Turkey stand? Turkish Policy Quarterly, 10:2.
- Leslau, A., M. Bar-Lev and Bar Ilan University (1994), Religiosity among Oriental youth in Israel, Ramat-Gan: Sociological Institute for Community Studies, Bar-Ilan University.
- Leon, N. (2010), The transformation of Israel’s religious-Zionist middle class, Journal of Israeli History, 29, 1, 61–78. doi.org/10.1080/13531041003594921
- Maoz, A. (2007), Religious Education in Israel, Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, Buchmann Faculty of Law. OECD (2010), PISA 2009: OVERCOMING SOCIAL BACKGROUND, Vol. II.
- Ozgur, I. (2012), Islamic schools in modern Turkey: Faith, politics, and education, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139176026
- Rabinovich, I. and J. Reinharz (2008), Israel in the Middle East: Documents and readings on society, politics, and foreign relations, pre-1948 to the present, Waltham, Mass: Brandeis University Press.
- Sarfati, Y. (2009), The rise of religious parties in Israel and Turkey: A Comparative Study. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University.
- Spolsky, B. and E.G. Shohamy (1999), The Languages of Israel: Policy, ideology, and practice, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
- Swirsky, S. and N. Dagan-Buzaglo (2009), Separation, Inequality and Loosening Control: The State of State Education in Israel, Tel Aviv: ADVA Center.
- Taub, D. and J. Klein (2000), State Religious Education – Religion vs. State, Journal of Church and State, 42, 345–366. doi.org/10.1093/jcs/42.2.345
- Yonah, Y. (2000), Parental Choice in Israel’s Educational System: Theory vs. Praxis, Studies in Philosophy and Education, 19, 445–464. doi.org/10.1023/A:1005223312650
- Zarembski, L. (2005), Refracted vision: An analysis of religious-secular tensions in Israel, Jerusalem: The Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies.
- Zürcher, E.J. (2010), The Young Turk legacy and nation building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk’s Turkey, London: I.B. Tauris.
- ?
- Bibliography - Giuditta Fontana
- Author’s Interview with Mire Mladenovski, President of the History Teachers’ Association, 13 September 2012.
- Author’s Interview with Ljubica Grodzanovska, journalist, 9 September 2012. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32992-0_2
- Balcan Insight:
- Macedonia Plea for Religion in Schools, Balkan Insight, 20 May 2009. doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(09)71138-3
- Macedonia Religious Classes ‘Uncostitutional’, Balkan Insight, 15 April 2009. No Religion in Macedonian Schools, Balkan Insight, 27 August 2009.
- Poll Shows Macedonia Becoming More Socially Conservative, Balkan Insight, 26 November 2010.
- Religion Classes for Macedonian Pupils, Balkan Insight, 1 September 2008.
- Religious Lessons Cause Stir, Balkan Insight, 31 October 2008.
- UN: Secularism in Macedonia at Risk, Balkan Insight, 30 April 2009. doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(09)71138-3
- Buchenau, Klaus. What Went Wrong? Church-State Relations in Socialist Yugoslavia, Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 33:4 (2005), 547–567. doi.org/10.1080/00905990500354046
- Bureau for Development of Education of the Republic of Macedonia, Curriculum: Ethics of Religions.
- Bureau for Development of Education of the Republic of Macedonia, Curriculum: Introduction to Religions, 2008.
- Carras, Costa. Religious Identity and Religious Education in Schools, in Christina Koulouri (ed.) Clio in the Balkans, the Politics of History Education, Thessaloniki: Center for Democracy and Reconciliation in Southeast Europe, 2002, 359–366
- Center for Research and Policymaking, Introducing Religious Teaching in the Public Education System of the Republic of Macedonia. A Blueprint for a Programmatic Framework, Skopje: Center for Research and Policymaking, 2006.
- Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia, 1992. Council, Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief,
- Asma Jahangir, Mission to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Geneva: United Nations General Assembly, 2009.
- Djenovic, Drasko, Macedonia: Official Discrimination Continues, Forum 18 News, 9 October 2009.
- Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: UN Expert Speaks out on Religious Intolerance. UN News Centre, 30 April 2009.
- Ivekovic, Ivan, Nationalism and the Political Use and Abuse of Religion: The Politicisation of Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Islam in Yugoslav Successor States, Social Compass 49:4 (2002), 523–536. doi.org/10.1177/0037768602049004004
- Karajkov, Risto, Church, Mosque, Nato, Macedonian Parliament, Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso, 14 August 2007.
- Karajkov, Risto, The Government vs. the Court. Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso, 24 April 2009.
- Karajkov, Risto, Macedonia, Clashes over Religious Symbols, Again, Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso, 24 February 2011.
- Kuburi?, Zoric and Christian Moe, Introduction, in Zoric Kuburi? and Christian Moe (eds), Religion and Pluralism in Education Comparative Approaches in the Western Balkans, Novi Sad: CEIR in cooperation with the Kotor Network, 2006, 1–8.
- Macedonia, Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of, Steps Towards Integrated Education, 2010. Matevska, Dushka, The Relationship between the Political and Religious Elite in Contemporary Macedonian Society, Politics and Religion V:1 (2011), 129–139.
- Matevski, Zoran, National and Religious Identity of Macedonian Youth after the Fall of Communism, in 37th World Congress of the International Institute of Sociology, Stockholm.
- Matevski, Zoran, The Religious Education in the Pedagogical System in the Republic of Macedonia, in Kotor Network Conference “Religion in Schools: Problems of Pluralism in the Public Sphere”, Kotor, 2005.
- Matevski, Zoran, Etem Aziri and Goce Velichkovski, Introducing Religious Education in Macedonia, in Zorica Kuburi? and Christian Moe (eds), Religion and Pluralism in Education Comparative Approaches in the Western Balkans, Novi Sad: CEIR in cooperation with the Kotor Network, 2006, 139–151.
- Mirascieva, Snezana, Vlado Petrovski and Emilija Petrova Gjorgjeva, Teaching in the Religious Education in the Republic of Macedonia Today, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 15, 2011, 1404–1409. doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.302
- Murgescu, Mirela-Luminita, Religious Education and the View of the Others in Southeast Europe, in Christina Koulouri (ed.), Clio in the Balkans, the Politics of History Education, Thessaloniki: Center for Democracy and Reconciliation in Southeast Europe, 2002, 295–299. doi.org/10.1080/14683850208454674
- Ohrid Framework Agreement, 2001.
- Quercia, Paolo, Bordeline Religion: The Role of Churches in Balkan Nation Building, CeMiSS Quarterly II:1, 2004, 21–33.
- Republic of Macedonia State Statistical Office, Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2002, Book X: Total Population According to Ethnic Affiliation, Mother Tongue and Religion, Skopje: State Statistical Office, 2002.
- Republic of Macedonia State Statistical Office, Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2002, Book XIII: Total Population, Households and Dwellings According to the Territorial Organisation of the Republic of Macedonia, Skopje: State Statistical Office, 2002.
- Stavrova, Biljana, All God’s Children? Transitions Online, 16 January 2007. UNICEF Country Office Skopje, Study on Multiculturalism and Inter-Ethnic Relations in Education, Skopje: UNICEF, 2009.
- United Nations Development Programme, People Centered Analyses Report, Skopje: UNDP, 2008.
- US Department of State, Macedonia. International Religious Freedom Report, 2005.
- US Embassy Skopje, Macedonia: Ahmeti Rates State of Affairs a “Four out of Ten”, 21 August 2009.
- US Embassy Skopje, Macedonia: Implementing New Religious Freedom Law While Blurring Church-State Separation, 18 April 2008.
- US Embassy Skopje, Macedonia’s Culture Wars, 8 May 2009.
- Velickovski, Goce, Attitudes of High School Teachers to Introduction of Religious Education in the Republic of Macedonia, In Kotor Network Conference “Religion in Schools: Problems of Pluralism in the Public Sphere”, Kotor, 2005
- ?
- References - Kelsey Shanks
- Annette, John (2005), Faith Schools and Communities: Communitarianism, Social Capital and Citizenship, in Roy Gardner, Jo Cairns and Denis Lawton (eds), Faith Schools: Consensus or Conflict? London: Routledge, 191–201.
- Barker, Rachel and John Anderson (2005), Segregation or Cohesion: Church of England Schools in Bradford, in Roy Gardner, Jo Cairns and Denis Lawton (eds), Faith Schools: Consensus or Conflict? London: Routledge, 122–37.
- Barnes, Philip (2007), Religious Education and the Misrepresentation of Religion, in Marius Felderhof, Penny Thompson and David Torevell (eds), Inspiring Faith in Schools: Studies in Religious Education, Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 75–86.
- Brighouse, Harry (2005), Faith-Based Schools in the United Kingdom: An Unenthusiastic Defence of a Slightly Reformed Status Quo, Roy Gardner, Jo Cairns and Denis Lawton (eds), Faith Schools: Consensus or Conflict? London: Routledge, 83–9.
- Chadwick, Priscilla (2001), The Anglican Perspective on Church Schools, Oxford Review of Education, 27: 474–87. doi.org/10.1080/03054980120086185
- Commission on Integration and Cohesion (2007), Our Shared Future.
- Council of Europe (2002), The New Challenge of Intercultural Education: Religious Diversity and Dialogue in Europe, http://www.coe.int/t/e/cultural_cooperation/ education/Intercultu
- ral_education/
- Davies, Lynn (2008), Educating against Extremism, Trentham: Stoke on Trent.
- Department for Education and Skills (2001), Schools Achieving Success.
- Gallagher, Tony (2004), Education in Divided Societies, Basingstoke: Palgrave. doi.org/10.1057/9780230536722
- Gates, Brian (2005), Faith Schools and Colleges of Education since 1800, in Roy Gardner, Jo Cairns and Denis Lawton (eds), Faith Schools: Consensus or Conflict? London: Routledge,
- 14–35.
- Gilley, Sheridan, and William Sheils (eds.), (1994), A History of Religion in Britain, Oxford: Blackwell.
- Halstead, J. Mark, and Terence McLaughlin (2005), Are Faith Schools Divisive?, in Roy Gardner, Jo Cairns and Denis Lawton (eds), Faith Schools: Consensus or Conflict? London: Routledge, 61–73.
- Herbert, Ian (2002), ‘Apartheid’ Fears over First Muslim Secondary School in State Sector, Independent, 2 April, 11.
- Jackson, Robert (2004), Rethinking Religious Education and Plurality: Issues in Diversity and Pedagogy, London: RoutledgeFalmer. doi.org/10.4324/9780203465165
- Johnson, Helen (ed.), (2006), Reflecting on Faith Schools, London: Routledge.
- Keast, John (2005), Faith Schools, Religious Education and Citizenship, in Roy Gardner, Jo Cairns and Denis Lawton (eds), Faith Schools: Consensus or Conflict? London: Routledge, 213–21.
- King, Carolyn (2010), Faith Schools in Pluralistic Britain: Debate, Discussion, and Considerations, Journal of Contemporary Religion, 25:2, 281–299. doi.org/10.1080/13537901003750977
- Levin, Lynndy (2005), Through the Looking Glass: Religion, Identity and Citizenship in a Plural Culture: From the Viewpoint of the Modern Orthodox Jewish School, in Roy Gardner, Jo Cairns and Denis Lawton (eds), Faith Schools: Consensus or Conflict? London: Routledge, 138–44.
- Mason, Marilyn (2005), “Religion and Schools – A Fresh Way Forward? A Rights-Based Approach to Diversity in Schools, in Roy Gardner, Jo Cairns and Denis Lawton (eds), Faith Schools: Consensus or Conflict? London: Routledge, 74–82.
- Meer, Nasar (2007), Muslim schools in Britain: Challenging mobilisations or logical developments?, Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 27:1, 55–71. doi.org/10.1080/02188790601145374
- Modood, Tariq (1992), On Not Being White in Britain: Discrimination, Diversity and Commonality, in Mal Leicester and Monica Taylor (eds), Ethics, Ethnicity and Education, London: Kogan Page, 72–87.
- Molokotos-Liederman, Lina (2000), Religious Diversity in Schools: the Muslim Headscarf Controversy and Beyond, Social Compass, 47:3, 367–381.
- Monsma, Stephen V., and J. Christopher Soper (2009), The Challenge of Pluralism: Church and State in Five Democracies, 2nd ed., Lanham, MD: Roman and Littlefield.
- Murphy, Alan, Learning Together (2005), in Roy Gardner, Jo Cairns and Denis Lawton (eds), Faith Schools: Consensus or Conflict? London: Routledge, 113–21.
- Ofsted (2007), Making Sense of Religion: A report on religious education in schools and the impact of locally agreed syllabuses, London.Ouseley Report (2002), Community Pride not Prejudice: Making Diversity Work in Bradford, Bradford: Bradford City Council.
- Parker-Jenkins, Marie (2005), Dimitra Hartas and Barrie A. Irving, In Good Faith: Schools, Religion and Public Funding, Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
- Paton, Graeme (2010), Coalition pledge on faith schools, Telegraph, 20 May.
- Pring, Richard (2005), Faith Schools: Can They be Justified? in Roy Gardner, Jo Cairns and Denis Lawton (eds), Faith Schools: Consensus or Conflict? London: Routledge, 51–60.
- Schagen, Sandie and Ian Schagen (2001), Faith Schools and Specialist Schools, Education Journal, 62, 30–1.
- Schagen, Sandie et al. (2002), The Impact of Specialist and Faith Schools on Performance, Slough: National Foundation for Educational Research.
- The National Curriculum Handbook Department for Education and Employment (1999), https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/QCA-99-457.pdf.
- Weller, Paul (2009), How participation changes things: ‘inter-faith’, ‘multi-faith’, and a new public imaginary, in Adam Dinham, Robert Furbey and Vivien Lowndes (eds), Faith in the Public Realm, Bristol: Policy Press, 63–81. doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781847420305.003.0004
- ?
- Bibliography - Anne Françoise Weber
- Baubérot, Jean, 2004: Laïcité, 1905–2005, entre passion et raison, Paris: Seuil.
- Bedouelle, Guy and Jean-Paul Costa, 1998: Les laïcités à la française, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- Becquelin, Geneviève et al., 2003: Table ronde: L’enseignement du fait religieux à l’école, Paris: Collection “les Actes de la DESCO”, Sceren, CRDP de l’académie de Versailles.
- Comerro, Viviane and Françoise Dieterich, 2004: Bilan d’un sondage sur l’enseignement du fait religieux, AC/Essentiel Alsace, 16, 4–9.
- Commission Stasi, (Commission de reflexion sur l’application du principe de laïcité dans la république), 2003: Rapport au Président de la République, Paris: La Documentation française.
- Debray, Régis, 2002: L’enseignement du fait religieux dans l’École laïque (Report to the Minister of National Education), Paris: Odile Jacob.
- Debray, Régis, 2011: Dix ans après le rapport Debray, Enseigner les faits religieux dans une école laïque, Paris, http://eduscol.education.fr/cid56291/enseigner-les-faits-religieux-seminaire-2011.html.
- Dussère, Pierre et al., 2012: Dossier septembre 2012 de l’Observatoire des Programmes de Manuels scolaires, http://ens-religions.formiris.org/?WebZoneID=260&ArticleID=3674.
- Estivalèzes, Mireille, 2003: Teaching about religion in the French education system, Prospects, XXXII, 2, 179–190. doi.org/10.1023/A:1023642829816
- Ferry, Jules, 1883: Lettre adressée aux instituteurs – 17 November 1883, www.vie-publique.fr/documents-vp/lettre_ferry.shtml.
- Fortier, Jacques, 2012: Le débat autour du Concordat anime la campagne en Alsace, Le Monde, 1 June 2012.
- Gillig, Jean-Marie, 2012: Bilinguisme et religion à l’école: La question scolaire en Alsace de 1918 à nos jours, Strasbourg: La Nuée Bleue.
- Gorce, Bernard, 2012: Sur la laïcité, les clivages sont nombreux en France, La Croix, 10 December 2012, http://www.la-croix.com/Actualite/S-informer/France/Sur-la-laicite-les-clivages-sont-nombreux-a-gauche-_EG_-2012-12-10-886126.
- Harang, Charles-Edouard, 2007: Les manuels scolaires et le fait religieux, http://hist-geo.spip.ac-rouen.fr/spip.php?article5104.
- Joutard, Philippe, 1989: Rapport de la mission de réflexion sur l’enseignement de l’histoire, la géographie et les sciences sociales, Paris: La Documentation française.
- Jozsa, Dan-Paul, Thorsten Knauth and Wolfram Weisse (eds), 2009: Religionsunterricht, Dialog und Konflikt. Analysen im Kontext Europas, Münster: Waxmann.
- Körs, Anna, 2009: Jugend und Religion in Europa. Einstellungen zu Religion in Lebenswelt, Schule und Gesellschaft im Vergleich acht europäischer Länder, in Jozsa, Dan-Paul, Thorsten Knauth and Wolfram Weisse (eds), 2009: Religionsunterricht, Dialog und Konflikt. Analysen im Kontext Europas, Münster: Waxmann, 241–286.
- Marck, Luc: Enseignement religieux: Initiative pour une “dispense publique”, Lalsace.fr, 26 June 2012, http://www.lalsace.fr/actualite/2012/06/26/initiative-pour-une-dispense-publique
- Menasseyre, Christiane, 2003: Laïcité et enseignement du fait religieux, L’enseignement du fait religieux, Paris: Collection “les Actes de la DESCO”, Sceren, CRDP de l’académie de Versailles.
- Ministry of National Education, 2006: Le socle commun de connaissances et de compétences, Decrét du 11 juillet 2006, Paris, http://eduscol. education.fr/cid45625/presentation-socle. html.
- Ministry of National Education, 2008: Programmes de l’enseignement d’histoire-géographieéducation civique, classe de cinquième, Bulletin officiel spécial n° 6 du 28 août 2008. doi.org/10.1353/fta.0.0023
- Ministry of National Education, 2010: Programmes de l’enseignement d’histoire et de géographie en classe de seconde générale et technologique en classe de seconde, Bulletin official spécial n° 4 du 29 avril 2010.
- Ministry of National Education, 2011: Circulaire n° 2011-131 du 25 août 2011 relative à l’instruction morale à l’école primaire, Bulletin officiel n°31 du 1er septembre 2011.
- Nabor, Cédric, 2012: Enseigner le fait religieux à l’école élémentaire, Mémoire de Master, IUFM Outreau, http://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-00735786.
- Nasr, Marlène, 2001: Les Arabes et L’Islam vus par les manuels scolaires français, Paris: Éditions Khartala.
- Nouilhat, René, 2011: Quel enseignement des religions à l’École? Le Plus du Nouvel Observateur, 4 November 2011, http://leplus.nouvelobs.com/contribution/210458-quel-enseignementdes-religions-a-l-ecole.html.
- Portier, Philippe, 2011: Ecole et religion en France (XIXe-XXe siècles), Enseigner les faits religieux dans une école laïque, Paris, http://eduscol. education.fr/cid56291/enseigner-les-faitsreligieux-
- seminaire-2011.html.
- République Française, 2005: Rapport annexé à la loi n°2005-380 d’orientation et de programme pour l’avenir de l’école du 23 avril 2005, http://eduscol. education.fr/cid47390/textes-reference.html.
- Sarkozy, Nicolas, 2007: Allocution de M. le Président de la République dans la salle de la signature du Palais de Latran, 2007, http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/ 2007/12/21/discours-du-president-de-la-republique-dans-la-salle-de-la-signature-du-palais-du-latran_992170_823448.html.
- UNSA Bas-Rhin, 2012: Alsace: le recteur “revoit sa copie” sur la demande de dispense de l’enseignement religieux, http://ud-67.unsa.org/post/2012/10/10/ Alsace-%3A-le-recteur-%C2%AB-revoit-sa-copie-%C2%BB-sur-la-demande-de-dispense-d-enseignement-religieux.
- Willaime, Jean-Paul, 2009: Religion im Klassenzimmer. Die Herausforderung einer europäischen “laïcité d’intelligence” und die Ergebnisse des REDCO-Projekts, in Jozsa, Dan-Paul, Thorsten Knauth and Wolfram Weisse (eds), 2009: Religionsunterricht, Dialog und Konflikt. Analysen im Kontext Europas, Münster: Waxmann, 435–440.
- ?
- Bibliography - Rüdiger Blumör
- Abdulbaqi, Misbah (2008), Madrassahs in Afghanistan: Evolution and its Future, in Policy Perspectives, Special Issue Afghanistan
- Barfield, Thomas (2010), Afghanistan. A Cultural and Political History, Princeton doi.org/10.1515/9781400834532
- Berrebi, Claude (2007), Evidence about the Link between Education, Poverty, and Terrorism among Palestinians, in Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, 13:1, 1–38 doi.org/10.2202/1554-8597.1101
- Blanchard, Christopher M. (2006), Islamic Religious Schools, Madrasas: Background, Congress Research Service Report for Congress, Order Code RS21654
- Borchgrevink, Kaja (2010), Beyond Borders: Diversity and Transnational Links in Afghanistan Religious Education, Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) Paper, Oslo
- Clark, Kate (2011), The Layha: Calling the Taleban to Account, Afghanistan Analyst Network Thematic Report 6/2011
- Coulson, Andrew (2004), Education and Indoctrination in the Muslim World. Is there a Problem? What Can We Do about it?, in Policy Analysis, No. 511
- Dadfar, Azam (1999), Psychosozialer Hintergrund des Krieges in Afghanistan, in Conrad Schetter and Almut Wieland-Karimi (eds.), Afghanistan in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Frankfurt, 79–108
- Dorronsoro, Gilles (2009), The Taliban’s Winning Strategy in Afghanistan, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington DC
- Ekanayake, S.B. (2004), Education in the Doldrums. Afghan Tragedy, Peshawar, second edition
- Elias, Barbara (2002), The Taliban Biography. Documents on the Structure and Leadership of the Taliban 1996–2002, The National Security Archive, Electronic Briefing Book No. 295
- Fair, C. Christine (2008), The Madrasah Challenge. Militancy and Religious Education in Pakistan, Washington
- Foschini, Fabrizio (2012), The Battle for Schools in Ghazni – or, Schools as Battlefield, The Afghanistan Analyst Network
- Giustozzi, Antonio and Claudio Franco (2013), The Taleban and the Schools, Afghanistan Analyst Network, forthcoming doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199327942.003.0003
- Giustozzi, Antonio (2012), Hearts, Minds, and the Barrel of a Gun. The Taliban’s Shadow Government, in Prism 3, 2, 71–80
- Giustozzi, Antonio and Claudio Franco (2011), The Battle for the Schools. The Taleban and State Education, Afghanistan Analyst Network Thematic Report 8/2011
- Giustozzi, Antonio and Christoph Reuter (2011), The Insurgents of the Afghan North, Afghanistan Analyst Network Thematic Report 4/2011
- Giustozzi, Antonio (2010a), Between Patronage and Rebellion. Student Politics in Afghanistan, Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit Briefing Paper Series
- Giustozzi, Antonio (2010b), Nation–Building is not for All. The Politics of Education in Afghanistan, Afghanistan Analyst Network Thematic Report 02/2010
- Giustozzi, Antonio (2007), Koran, Kalashnikov and Laptop. The Neo-Taliban Insurgency in Afghanistan, London
- Glad, Marit (2009), Knowledge under Fire: Attacks on Education in Afghanistan, CARE
- Habib, Emal (2012), Who fights whom in the Andar Uprising (Part 1), The Andar Uprising – Has the Tide Already Turned? (Part 2), The Afghanistan Analyst Network
- Hartung, Jan-Peter and Helmut Reifeld (2006), Islamic Education, Diversity, and National Identity, New Delhi
- Haqqani, Husain (2002), Islam’s Medieval Outposts, in Foreign Policy Jones, Adele M.E. (2011), The Politics of “Peace” Curricula in Afghanistan, in Heribert Weiland, Kerstin Priwitzer and Joschka Philipps (eds.), Education in Fragile Contexts. Government Practices and Challenges, Freiburg i. Br. doi.org/10.2307/3183558
- Karlsson, Pia and Amir Mansory (2007), An Afghan Dilemma: Education, Gender and Globalisation in an Islamic Context, Stockholm
- Krueger, Alan B. and Jitka Maleckova (2003), Education, Poverty, and Terrorism: Is there a Causal Connection? in Journal of Economic Perspectives 17:4, 119–144 doi.org/10.1257/089533003772034925
- Maley, William (2009), The Afghanistan Wars, New York, second edition Malik, Jamal (2008) (ed.), Madrasas in South Asia. Teaching Terror? London and New York
- Malik, Jamal (2011), Madrasa-Reform in Afghanistan, GIZ, unpublished manuscript
- Ministry of Education (2012), Education Joint Sector Review, 1391/2012. Main Report, Kabul
- Munsch, Holger (2005), Case Study: Basic Education for Afghan Refugees (1990–2004), in Basic Education for Refugees and Displaced Populations, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit, Eschborn
- Naumann, Craig C (2009), Books, Bullets, and Burqas. Anatomy of a Crisis – Educational Development, Society, and the State in Afghanistan, Milton Keynes
- Olesen, Asta (1995), Islam and Politics in Afghanistan, Surrey
- Pedahzur, Ami (2005), Suicide Terrorism, Cambridge
- Rahman, Tariq (2008); Madrasas: The Potential for Violence in Pakistan? in Jamil Malik (ed.), Madrasas in South Asia. Teaching Terror? London and New York, 61–84
- Rashid, Ahmed (2001), Taliban. Afghanistans Gotteskrieger und der Dschihad, Munich, third edition
- Reuter, Christoph, Borhan Younus (2009), The Return of the Taliban in Andar District, in Antonio Giustozzi (ed.), Decoding the New Taliban, New York, p. 101–118
- Roy, Olivier (1990), Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan, Cambridge, second edition Rubin, Barnett R. (1996), The Fragmentation of Afghanistan, Lahore doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511563553.004
- Rugh, Andrea B. (2012), International Development in Practice. Education Assistance in Egypt, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, New York doi.org/10.1057/9781137012883
- Ruttig, Thomas (2011), Elastisch und stabil: Organisationsstrukturen und Ideologie der afghanischen Taliban, in Conrad Schetter and Jörgen Klußmann (eds.), Der Taliban-Komplex. Zwischen Aufstandsbekämpfung und Militäreinsatz, Frankfurt, 31–55
- Samady, Saif R. (2001), Education and Afghan Society in the Twentieth Century, UNESCO Paris doi.org/10.1007/BF03220042
- Schetter, Conrad (2012), Translocal Lives. Patterns of Migration in Afghanistan, in: Crossroads Asia Working Paper Series, No. 2
- Schetter, Conrad and Jörgen Klußmann (2011), Introduction, in Conrad Schetter and Jörgen Klußmann (eds.), Der Taliban-Komplex. Zwischen Aufstandsbekämpfung und Militäreinsatz, Frankfurt, 9–28
- Schetter, Conrad (2007), Lokale Macht- und Gewaltstrukturen in Afghanistan, in Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, 39, 3–10
- Schetter, Conrad (2002), Paschtunwali oder Islam? Kultureller Wertewandel im Afghanistankrieg, in Interkulturell, 3/4, 82–109
- United Nations Assistance Mission to Afghanistan (UNAMA) (2007), Suicide Attacks in Afghanistan (2001–2007), Kabul
- United Nations Assistance Mission to Afghanistan (UNAMA) (2012), Annual Report 2011. Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, Kabul
- Winthrop, Rebecca and Corinne Graff (2010), Beyond Madrasas. Assessing the Links between Education and Militancy in Pakistan, Center for Universal Education at Brookings, Working Paper 2 doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1629254