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Ulrich Beyerlin, Thilo Marauhn

International Environmental Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2011

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International Environmental ‘Soft Law’ S. 290-299

„… Organizations as Law-makers (Oxford 2005). 30 AC Kiss and D Shelton, International Environmental Law (3rd edn …” „… 289 Part IV: ‘SETTING THE RULES OF THE GAME’International Environmental ‘Soft Law’ 20 …” „… International Environmental ‘Soft Law’ 20.1 Theoretical Premises International law is characterised by close …”

Customary International Environmental Law; Environmental Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes S. 282-289

„… International Environmental Law In the view of Dupuy, the process of customary law-making in the fi eld of …” „… international law-making. This question is of considerable concern for international environmental law, because …” „… O N M E N T A L L A W 19 Customary International Environmental Law; Environmental Jus Cogens …”

Environmental Protection and International Economic Law S. 424-439

„… 423 Part VI: Other Areas of International LawInternational Economic Law 28 Environmental …” „… and on possible obstacles to the further development of international environmental law suggest that …” „… of WTO Law The fact that environmental protection was not explicitly addressed in the text of the …”

From the Beginnings of International Environmental Law to the Stockholm Conference (1972) S. 2-7

„… Environmental Law 1 From the Beginnings of International Environmental Law to the Stockholm Conference (1972 …” „… law of the sea, international environmental law is thus a rather young branch of law. However, the …” „… of this natural resource. Nevertheless in the early stages of international environmental law …”

International Environmental Governance S. 242-265

„… Marauhn, Law-Making and Law-Enforcement in International Environmental Law after the 1992 Rio Conference …” „… law-making. Many multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) have been drafted under the auspices of …” „… law-making process. The continued relevance of states as authors of international environmental law remains …”

Private Environmental Governance S. 300-315

„… international environmental law-making, both in the context of treaty-making and with regard to the development …” „… Environmental Law-Making In just a few decades, private entities have become actors in international …” „… actors participating in international environmental law-making may be that this blurs lines of …”

Common but Differentiated Responsibilities S. 62-73

„… Marauhn, Law-Making and Law-Enforcement in International Environmental Law after the 1992 Rio Conference …” „… Lawyers’ (2000) 11 Yearbook of International Environmental Law 52, 70. C O M M O N B U T D I F F E R E …” „… Environmental Law, and International Environmental Lawyers’ (2000) 11 Yearbook of International Environmental …”

Johannesburg and Beyond S. 24-31

„… existence. In fact, notwithstanding some remaining lacunae in international environmental law-making, such …” „… , International Environmental Law, and International Environmental Lawyers’ (2000) 11 Yearbook of International …” „… North–South Divide in International Environmental Law’ (2006) 66 ZaöRV 259, 263. 19 G Pring, ‘The 2002 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XXXII

„… Environmental Law-Making 299 21.2.1 NGO Involvement in Environmental Treaty-Making 300 21.2.2 Private Actor …” „… Distinguishing Environmental Standards from Environmental Law-Making 302 21.3.2 Categorising Standards 304 …” „… INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW International Environmental Law is a new textbook written for …”

Sustainable Development S. 74-85

„… international environmental law community. Taken together, all these documents already contain the key elements …” „… . Reconciling Economic, Social and Environmental Law (Leiden/Boston 2005) 549. 13 New Delhi Declaration, ibid …” „… Environmental Law’ (2004) 15 Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 29, 59 et seq …”

Procedural Environmental Obligations S. 228-241

„… environmental law.2 Accordingly, Principle 19 of the Rio Declaration calls upon states to provide prior and …” „… , International Environmental Law. Fairness, Effectiveness and World Order (Cambridge 2006) 120. 3 Similar Arts …” „… Environmental Law (2nd edn Cambridge 2003) 832 et seq. 5 In force since 27 October 1986; it is binding on 108 …”

Environmental Protection and Human Rights S. 390-411

„… 391 Part VI: Other Areas of International LawEnvironmental Protection and Human Rights 26 …” „… Part VI Relationship between International Environmental Law and Other Areas of International Law …” „… Environmental Protection and Human Rights Due to the acknowledgement that law will never be enforced unless …”

Perspectives S. 440-447

„… Environmental Lawyers’ (2000) 11 Yearbook of International Environmental Law 52, 54. 5 Ibid, 60. 6 U Beyerlin …” „… system of international environmental law is still far from perfect and shows severe gaps. They may also …” „… . This indicates that the effectiveness of such important concepts of international environmental law as …”

Precautionary Action S. 48-57

„… international environmental law is usually addressed in international legal writings in terms of the …” „… , PA is certainly one of the most prominent concepts in current international environmental law.2 …” „… Bodansky even observed that ‘[i]f international environmental law were to develop Ten Commandments, the …”

‘Key Concepts’: Meaning, Underlying Ideas and Classifi cation S. 32-39

„… Part II Key Concepts in International Environmental Law 33 Part II: Key Concepts‘Key Concepts’ 5 …” „… Environmental Law: Meaning and Role The 1992 Rio Declaration1 features a catalogue of 27 multifaceted concepts …” „… norms, others are located in a ‘twilight’ zone at the bottom of the international environmental law …”

Environmental Dispute Settlement S. 378-389

„… courts and tribunals specialised in non-environmental issues (eg the International Tribunal for the Law …” „… , referring to P Sands, Principles of International Environmental Law (2nd edn Cambridge 2003) 65. 3 For more …” „… international environmental law beyond the solely inter partes dispute-settlement process.6 25.3.1 The ICJ and …”

‘No Harm’ S. 40-47

„… references see A Kiss and D Shelton, International Environmental Law (3rd edn New York 2004) 184 …” „… Handbook of International Environmental Law (Oxford 2007) 531, 533. 10 See in particular A Kiss, ‘Abuse of …” „… , International Environmental Law & Policy for the 21st Century (Ardsley 2003) 22. 42 P A R T I I : K E Y C O …”

International Environmental Treaty-Making and Treaty Regime-Building S. 266-281

„… environmental treaty4 destined to help consolidate or even integrate the disparate environmental law-making …” „… environmental agreements are the same as those employed in other areas of international treaty law. As a rule …” „… Environmental Agreements: A Little-Noticed Phenomenon in International Law’ (2000) 94 AJIL 623, 638 et seq; T …”

Responsibility and Liability S. 360-377

„… accepted rule of customary international law and also applies to international environmental law. State …” „… responsibility was at the origin of modern international environmental law as can be taken from the Trail …” „… frequently in international environmental law. This may be due to a number of factors, including broad …”

From Rio to the Johannesburg Conference (2002) S. 14-23

„… , Law-Making and Law-Enforcement in International Environmental Law after the 1992 Rio Conference (Berlin 1997 …” „… term has not yet succeeded in replacing the notion of ‘international environmental law’. 18 P A R T I …” „… , ‘Environmental Summitry and International Law’ (2002) 13 Yearbook of International Environmental Law 21, 25–26 …”

From Stockholm to the Rio Conference (1992) S. 8-13

„… 2.2 Impacts of the North–South Divide on International Environmental Law As already indicated …” „… to the development of international environmental law. In particular the net of bilateral and …” „… . Nevertheless, international environmental treaty law in the early 1990s still had some large gaps, and the …”

Environmental Protection and International Peace and Security S. 412-423

„… 411 Part VI: Other Areas of International LawInternational Peace and Security 27 Environmental …” „… sustainable development. This illustrates that the interrelationship between international environmental law …” „… with a view to their environmental soundness. 27.2 The Law of Armed Confl ict The law of armed confl …”

Compliance Assistance S. 344-359

„… International Lawyer’ (1993) 4 Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 141, 164. 19 A …” „… effectiveness of international environmental law. Rather, there is a need to assist states in the …” „… ), The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law (Oxford 2007) 947, 948–950. 344 P A R T V …”

Polluter Pays S. 58-61

„… Accidents,6 both pointing to PP as ‘a general principle of international environmental law’. The 1992 …” „… , Principles of International Environmental Law (2nd edn Cambridge 2003) 280. 10 PW Birnie, AE Boyle and C …” „… P A R T I I : K E Y C O N C E P T S texts’ in J Ebbesson and P Okawa (eds) Environmental Law and …”

Compliance Control S. 316-343

„… , Law-Making and Law-Enforcement in International Environmental Law after the 1992 Rio Conference (Berlin 1997 …” „… Environmental Law: An Overview’ in Wolfrum (ed), above n 9, 13, 17–22. 21 On the interaction between law-making …” „… , ensuring compliance with MEAs is a major concern of international environmental law. Traditionally …”

Freshwater Resources S. 86-115

„… Part III Key Issues in Current International Environmental Law 87 PART III: Key Current …” „… Louka, International Environmental Law. Fairness, Effectiveness, and World Order (Cambridge 2006) 173 …” „… Yearbook of International Environmental Law 101. 90 P A R T I I I : K E Y C U R R E N T I S S U E S …”

Oceans and Marine Resources S. 116-145

„… U Beyerlin and T Marauhn, Law-Making and Law-Enforcement in International Environmental Law after …” „… Stockholm Conference had given to the development of international environmental law,5 a signifi cant …” „… critical account of the role of international adjudicative bodies in international environmental law in …”

Index S. 448-453

„… 20, 121, 152 Humanitarian law; see Armed confl ict, environmental protection Indigenous peoples; see …” „… , 368 Environmental protection 146, 228–229, 231 Liability regime for the Antarctic 360, 368–369 Marine …” „… settlement 93, 117, 379–380, 382–383 Arctic 123, 130 Armed confl ict, environmental protection Biological …”

Wastes and Hazardous Substances S. 212-227

„… . International environmental law has so far rarely addressed the national treatment of waste. Apart from the …” „… international environmental law. To some extent this is due to limited scientifi c knowledge about the toxicity …” „… Hazardous Waste’ (2007) 18 Yearbook of International Environmental Law 258. W A S T E S A N D H A Z A R D …”

Air, Ozone, Climate and Outer Space S. 146-177

„… international environmental law, dealt with a severe air pollution dispute between Canada and the United States …” „… September 2007) 3. Cf E Louka, International Environmental Law. Fairness, Effectiveness and World Order …” „… Environmental Policy and Law 274 et seq. 43 See UNEP Press Release, ‘Ozone Treaty Anniversary Gifts Big Birthday …”

Flora, Fauna and Biological Diversity S. 178-211

„… International Lawyer’ (1993) 4 Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 141 and Koester …” „… Conservation Regimes to Global Governance’ (2001) 1 International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and …” „… Treaties and the Global Protection of Birds (Part I)’ (1999) 11 Journal of Environmental Law 87, 91–92 and …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845265582

Mahulena Hofmann, P.J. Blount - Innovation in Outer Space: International and African Legal Perspective

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Mahulena Hofmann (ed.), P.J. Blount (ed.)

Innovation in Outer Space: International and African Legal Perspective

Series: Luxemburger Juristische Studien - Luxembourg Legal Studies

Volume 15 2018

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Fabio Tronchetti Environmental Law Aspects S. 137-152

„… Environmental Law Aspects Fabio Tronchetti* Abstract Environmental considerations have gradually …” „… . 1 For a description of the evolution of environmental space law see L. Viikari, The environmental …” „… regulation (2005), p. 121ff. Environmental Law Aspects 141 International initiatives to mitigate the …”

Olga Stelmakh-Drescher Global Space Governance for Space Sustainability S. 65-90

„… which consensus has already been reached are shaped as a directive for policy- and law-makers to promote …” „… is interpreted through prism of environmental governance which is complemented by consideration of …” „… of Air and Space Law has been called upon to “initiate, compile and disseminate an international …”

Paschal Agbim The Nigerian Space Legislation S. 313-326

„… & Space Law, Leiden University. 1 M. Indabawa, ‘National Space Legislation: Future Prospects and …” „… Challenges for Space Law in Nigeria’ (Adv.LLM Thesis, University of Leiden,2016.). 313 By 1999, pursuant to a …” „… think fit. 8 CAP 28 L.F.N 2004. 9 CAP C20 L.F.N 2004. 10 CAP F28 L.F.N 2004. 11 T. Brisibe, “Law and …”

Ganiy Ishola Agbaje Space and Telecommunications Activities in Africa: Organisational, Legal and Regulatory Aspects S. 231-256

„… law is still at its infancy. Its space activities are regulated through ASAL. The few laws (decrees …” „… continent from contributing/providing solutions to the local, regional, and global environmental and …” „… therefore must have access to the environmental information they need, when they need it, and in a format …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Registration of Non-GSO Constellations 121 Elina Morozova 5 Environmental Law Aspects 137 Fabio Tronchetti …” „… Workshops on Space and Satellite Communication Law Nomos Luxemburger Juristische Studien – Luxembourg …” „… edited by Faculty of Law, Economics and Finance University of Luxembourg Volume 15 BUT_Hofmann_4768-9 …”

List of Authors S. 327-334

„… space law, international environmental law, as well as international private law. Leopold Mantl is …” „… GE Americom. Previously, he had been a lawyer in GE Lighting and a City law firm in London. John …” „… ) and as Board Member of the European Centre for Space Law (ECSL). He was the single lawyer on the Panel …”

Mahulena Hofmann, P.J. Blount Innovation in Outer Space: International and African Legal Perspectives – Lessons Learned S. 9-18

„… – New Legal Developments,” in this book, p. 187 ff. 18 F. Tronchetti, “Environmental Law Aspects,” in …” „… international space law, points to the fact that African States created the greatest impact in the law-making …” „… performed by specialists attending two Luxembourg workshops on Space and Satellite Communication Law.1 In …”

Francis Lyall Reaction of International Law to Technical Developments S. 19-30

„… Law-Making, (Leiden: Sijthoff, 1972; reissued Leiden: Nijhoff, 2010); M. Lachs, ‘View from the Bench …” „… Law-Making, (Leiden: Sijthoff, 1972; reissued Leiden: Nijhoff, 2010). M. Lachs, ‘View from the Bench …” „… Reaction of International Law to Technical Developments Francis Lyall* Abstract International law …”

Timiebi Aganaba-Jeanty Realizing a Regional African Space Program S. 257-272

„… , implementing and contributing to the development of international space law. Introduction Space exploration …” „… ) International Law Research Program. 257 mon benefit.” In line with Article I of the Outer Space Treaty,1 common …” „… Space” 14:1 Astropolitics 1. 3 Henry Hertzfeld, Space Economic Benefits in Law and Policy, European …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845290256

- Environmental law and policy in Cameroon - Towards making Africa the tree of life | Droit et politique de l'environnement au Cameroun - Afin de faire de l'Afrique l'arbre de vie

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Oliver C. Ruppel, Emmanuel D. Kam Yogo

Environmental law and policy in Cameroon - Towards making Africa the tree of life | Droit et politique de l'environnement au Cameroun - Afin de faire de l'Afrique l'arbre de vie

Series: Recht und Verfassung in Afrika - Law and Constitution in Africa

Volume 37 2018

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INTRODUCING ENVIRONMENTAL LAW S. 75-92

„… resources. Thus, environmental concerns have become subject to multiple law-making processes. But why is …” „… http://www.saharareporters.com/article/us-appeals-court-dismisses-ogoni-lawsuit-againstshellno-corporate-liability-means-more-cor, accessed 5 November 2010. Kidd, M, 2008, Environmental law, Cape Town, Juta. Kiss, A & D …” „… SECTION 2 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW – INTRODUCTION AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK DROIT …”

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT UNDER CAMEROONIAN LAW S. 274-295

„… 274 CHAPTER 11: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT UNDER CAMEROONIAN LAW Christopher F. TAMASANG …” „… ASSESSMENT UNDER CAMEROONIAN LAW 275 significant environmental and social impacts, to ensure compliance …” „… evolution of defining environment in a holistic manner. The framework law on environmental management8 …”

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN THE AFRICAN UNION S. 119-137

„… 119 CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN THE AFRICAN UNION1 Oliver C. RUPPEL 1 Introduction The …” „… below. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN THE AFRICAN UNION (AU) 121 Figure 1: Structure of the …” „… . ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN THE AFRICAN UNION (AU) 123 Table 1: Important African environmental conventions Treaty …”

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CUSTOMARY LAW FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION IN CAMEROON S. 911-933

„… CHAPTER 41: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CUSTOMARY LAW FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION IN CAMEROON Andreas …” „… 914 agement are also referred to when discussing the environmental relevance of customary law2 in …” „… , Cameroon’s customary law is discussed from an environmental governance point of view. An increasing relevance …”

REDD+ IMPLEMENTATION IN CAMEROON’S ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: THE ROLE OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES S. 934-961

„… 934 CHAPTER 42: REDD+ IMPLEMENTATION IN CAMEROON’S ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: THE ROLE OF INDIGENOUS …” „… environmental law is examined to argue that the full and effective participation of IPLCs are unlikely to work …” „… : to what extent does Cameroon’s environmental law purporting to guide the implementation of REDD+ in …”

PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN CAMEROON S. 242-273

„… international environmental law compendium, the general orientations relating to the conservation and management …” „… expressions, we may be able to discern the substratum of that particular area of studies.2 Environmental law …” „… appraisal of the extent to which Cameroonian law relating to environmental management incorporates …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-31

„… Recht und Verfassung in Afrika | 37 Law and Constitution in Africa Environmental law and policy …” „… .] Environmental law and policy in Cameroon – Towards making Africa the tree of life Droit et politique de …” „… . [eds./dir.] Environmental law and policy in Cameroon – Towards making Africa the tree of life Droit et …”

INTERNATIONAL TRADE, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT S. 769-813

„… was stressed.50 Agenda 21 promulgated that international trade and environmental laws should be …” „… growth activities, environmental protection and social development, the triangular debate on these …” „… because it creates wealth that can be used for environmental improvement, and the efficiency gains from …”

CONSERVATION OF BUFFER ZONES, HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT UNDER CAMEROONIAN LAW S. 863-893

„… Chapter 33 of the Agenda 21 Plan of Action. However, the 1996 Law on Environmental Management in Cameroon …” „… this clairvoyance that most environmental legal instruments including the 1994 Forestry Law have been …” „… management law of Cameroon gives the government authority to define environmental politics of the nation and …”

BIOSAFETY LAW AND POLICY IN CAMEROON S. 518-534

„… of environmental law, particularly the implementation and enforcement of laws and regulations dealing …” „… National Environmental Management Plan closely followed this. In 1996, the Framework Law relating to …” „… LAW AND POLICY IN CAMEROON 519 increase crop productivity and reducing the environmental foot …”

ABBREVIATIONS / ABRÉVIATIONS S. 43-48

„… Disputes IEL International environmental law IPLCs Indigenous peoples and local communities depending …” „… l’information environnementale AEC African Economic Community AFLEG Africa Forest Law Enforcement and …” „… of environmental conformity CEEAC Communauté économique des États de l’Afrique centrale CEFDHAC …”

FOREWORD / AVANT-PROPOS S. 31-34

„… Environmental Law and Policy in Cameroon – Towards Making Africa the Tree of Life. I commend the legal and …” „… , Cameroon. This impressive book offers a multifaceted insight into environmental law and policy in Cameroon …” „… puts environmental law into a broader context of current and future societal needs, economic and …”

A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF BIODIVERSITY IN CAMEROON S. 433-461

„… , specifically under the Framework Law for Environmental Management.19 The Forest, Wildlife and Fisheries Laws20 …” „… management approaches that go beyond the forest sector. 3.3 Environmental protection Law No. 96/12 of 5 …” „… August 1996 on Framework Law on Environmental Management (FLEM) is the overarching legal instrument for …”

ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE LAW AND POLICY FROM AN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE S. 667-686

„… between environmental law, human rights law, the law of the sea and world trade law among others …” „… ancestors: challenges to customary and environmental law. Case studies from Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia …” „… Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, in: Ruppel, OC & K Ruppel-Schlichting, Environmental law and policy in …”

ABOUT THE AUTHORS / À PROPOS DES AUTEURS S. 39-42

„… holds a Ph.D in environmental law and is Associate Professor of Law, Faculty of Laws and Political …” „… expertise include environmental law and governance, climate justice and environmental politics. Kaspa K …” „… , Yaounde, Cameroon. Ordinarily, he is a Professor of public, commercial and international law at …”

: INTRODUCTION AU DROIT INTERNATIONAL DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT S. 93-118

„… , Dalloz. Kiss, A & D Shelton, 2004, International environmental law, New York, Transnational Publishers …” „… , Introduction to international environmental law, in : Ruppel, OC & K Ruppel- Schlichting (eds), Environmental …” „… , 55-64. Sands, P, 2003, Principles of international environmental law, 2nd edition, Cambridge, Cambridge …”

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / REMERCIEMENTS S. 35-38

„… platform for discussion and dialogue for those active in the field of environmental law and policy …”

THE STATE OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION IN CAMEROON S. 627-636

„… gaining worldwide, there is no renewable energy law in Cameroon so far. A renewable energy law was …” „… President. For the moment, one law supporting the renewable energies is the finance law of 2012 giving a …” „… value-added tax levy for importers of solar and wind-related equipment. Also, the private investment law of …”

: LE CAMEROUN ET SON ENVIRONNEMENT S. 163-180

„… SECTION 3 GENERAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN CAMEROON ASPECTS GENERAUX DU DROIT DE …” „… des accords bilatéraux comme celui issu du processus Africa Forest Law Enforcement and Governance …”

CAMEROON IN A NUTSHELL – HUMAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT, HISTORICAL OVERVIEW AND LEGAL SETUP S. 49-74

„… ____________________ 9 Kouega (2007). 10 Cf. Law No. 96/06 of 18 January 1996 to amend the Constitution of 2 June 1972 …” „… . Certainly, environmental protection did not play a primary role during the colonial era. Interestingly …” „… should be treated national or foreign under state law. Although the colonies were not considered foreign …”

: DROIT ET POLITIQUE DE GESTION DES CATASTROPHES ET RISQUES AU CAMEROUN S. 312-332

„… , in: Ruppel, OC & K Ruppel-Schlichting (eds), 2016, Environmental law and policy in Namibia, 3rd …” „… territoriale et de la décentralisation. Picard, M & E Powrie, 2016, Disaster risk management law and policy …”

: JUSTICE CLIMATIQUE AU CAMEROUN S. 750-768

„… the “haves” come out ahead: speculations on the limits of legal change, 9 (1) Law & Society Review …” „… : Andrianos, LA, JW Sneep & KS Kenanidis (eds), Ecological Theology and Environmental Ethics. Vol 2 …”

: ENVIRONNEMENT ET DROITS DE L’HOMME AU CAMEROUN S. 837-862

„… environment, in: Ruppel, OC and K Ruppel-Schlichting, 2016, Environmental law and policy in Namibia. Towards …” „… ressemble quelque peu à la place de l’équité en droit Common Law. Concernant les autres aspects liés aux …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845294360

Oliver C. Ruppel, Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting - Environmental Law and Policy in Namibia

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Oliver C. Ruppel (ed.), Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting (ed.)

Environmental Law and Policy in Namibia

Series: Recht und Verfassung in Afrika - Law and Constitution in Africa

Volume 43 2022

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Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting Introducing Environmental Law S. 49-64

„… law-making processes. But why is law needed to conserve our environment? Given that environmental …” „… 49 Chapter 2: Introducing Environmental Law Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting 1 Terminology At the …” „… outset, it is important to explain the term environmental law, as there is more than one one valid …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Introduction to International Environmental Law S. 111-132

„… on, with a focus on their implications for environmental law-related concerns. 3.1 International …” „… PART II: INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 111 Chapter 5: Introduction to …” „… International Environmental Law Oliver C. Ruppel 1 Introduction This Chapter deals with several aspects of …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Environmental Law in Namibia – an Overview S. 75-108

„… Environmental Law Environmental crimes include violations of environmental laws attracting criminal sanctions …” „… 75 Chapter 4: Environmental Law in Namibia – an Overview Oliver C. Ruppel 1 Introduction The …” „… environmental law.1 It should be noted that the subsequent chapters will then provide a more in-depth legal …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Environmental Law and Policy in the African Union S. 133-154

„… 133 Chapter 6: Environmental Law and Policy in the African Union Oliver C. Ruppel 1 Introduction …” „… with the law as outlined in the following sections. Environmental Law and Policy in the African Union …” „… issue of environmental protection by explicitly incorporating a human right to Environmental Law and …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Environmental Law and Policy in the Southern African Development Community S. 155-188

„… 155 Chapter 7: Environmental Law and Policy in the Southern African Development Community Oliver C …” „… / Ruppel-Schlichting (2017b) and Ruppel-Schlichting / Ruppel (2011). Environmental Law and Policy in the Southern …” „… the region among Member Environmental Law and Policy in the Southern African Development Community …”

Elize Shakalela Instituting an Environmental Court or Tribunal: An Option for Namibia? S. 677-692

„… training and expertise in environmental law and to whom environmental cases are assigned formally or …” „… proposes the establishment of an ECT. In the amid of institutions involved with enforcing environmental law …” „… environmental law cases.17 Namibia could consider establishing this EC model, perhaps as a gini pigi (as a …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Chapter 25: Environmental Justice and Litigation S. 663-676

„… response to non-compliance) are essential in the field of environmental law, in which prevention is the …” „… administra-tive measures such as permits, licences, notices and directives. Statutory environmen-tal law provides …” „… environmental statutes. Specific examples of li-cences under statutory environmental law include the following …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-36

„… Recht und Verfassung in Afrika | 43Law and Constitution in AfricaEnvironmental Law and Policy in …” „… (Eds.)Environmental Law and Policy in NamibiaTowards Making Africa the Tree of Life4th EditionNomos The content of …” „… , Katharina Environmental Law and Policy in NamibiaTowards Making Africa the Tree of LifeOliver C. Ruppel …”

Bibliography S. 789-839

„… ”. 17(3) Vermont Journal of Environmental Law: 345-371. At https://www.jstor.org/stable/vermjenvilaw …” „… (eds). Knowledge Lives in the Lake. Case Studies in Envi-ronmental and Customary Law from Southern …” „… of Environmental Affairs and Others [2017] ZAGPPHC 58 (2017) 65662/16”. 13 Law, Environment and …”

Meyer van den Berg, Peter Koep Chapter 18: Mining Law and Policy in Namibia S. 455-466

„… PART VII: MINING AND ENERGY 455 Chapter 18: Mining Law and Policy in Namibia Meyer van den Berg …” „… and Peter Koep Mineral and petroleum exploitation inevitably result in pollution and environmental …” „… degradation.1 The environmental aspects of mineral and petroleum exploitation are therefore important …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Human Rights and the Environment S. 767-788

„… , thus leading to a ‘greening’ of human rights law. Another possi-bility for dealing with environmental …” „… environmental rights in Section 24 thereof apply to all laws in the country and is obligatory for all the organs …” „… achieving compliance with environmental laws and thus promoting environmental human rights in Namibia …”

Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting Pollution Control and Waste Management S. 209-228

„… International Law A broad range of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) are pertinent to pol-lution …” „… the body of international environmental law related to pollution and waste. One example in-cludes one …” „… of the most prominent international environmental law cases, namely the Trail Smelter Arbitration (US …”

Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting Chapter 8: Environmental Management in Namibia S. 191-208

„… framework legislation, covering all sectors of environmental law. The objec-tive of the Act is laid down in …” „… Section 3(2) and reflect the general principles of environmental law as already developed on …” „… Commissioner’s decision to grant the appellant an environ-mental clearance certificate is a question of law …”

Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting The Ombudsman and the Environment S. 693-706

„… environmental issues, such as workshops on environ-mental law in Namibia, have been performed recently in order …” „… lawful and that he does not have adequate and sufficient grounds in law and fact to recommend to the …” „… respect of the State for the rights of the individual citizen, to promote the rule of law, and to promote …”

Felicity F. Owoses Land-Use Planning and the Environment S. 407-434

„… addressed by various policies, plans and legislation. Under common law, environmental considerations were …” „… implementa-tion of any law and decisions relating to environmental protection,88 which includes land-use planning …” „… 2021, the Namibian courts have endorsed the importance of environmental considerations when activities …”

Manfred O. Hinz, Oliver C. Ruppel Chapter 10: Legal Protection of Biodiversity in Namibia S. 231-246

„… biodiversity conservation under environmental law in Namibia.1 The aim of this overview about the legal …” „… environmental law in Namibia. But how can legal science contribute to the conservation of biodiversity in …” „… effec-tiveness of the different legal instruments in place. 3 International Environmental Law Pertinent to …”

Oliver C. Ruppel, Anielle von Finckenstein Chapter 15: Land, Soil and Agriculture from a Namibian and International Law Perspective S. 379-406

„… 1990, the Constitution is the law above all laws. Therefore, all legislation ought to be consistent …” „… training of lawyers and law students in the subject of soil protection and law can promote the need for any …” „… International Law Perspective Oliver C. Ruppel and Anielle von Finckenstein 1 Introduction This chapter …”

Manfred O. Hinz Chapter 23: Customary Law and the Environment S. 609-642

„… on customary environmental law is a rather recent focus. So far, customary en-vironmental law has not …” „… been of much concern to authors of textbooks on environmen-tal law or legal anthropological treatises.2 …” „… In Namibia, the interest in customary environmental law developed when, after In-dependence, the …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Climate Change de Facto and de Jure: Legal and Regulatory Aspects Relevant to Namibia S. 561-606

„… regulations as found in the Chapter on SADC environmental law in this volume.65 Namibia’s first Nationally …” „… , administrative law, environmental law, water law, criminal law, the law of nuisance, the law of delict, insurance …” „… law and even tax law. This scale ranges from environmental law (with its multiple sub-branches such as …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Chapter 28: Trade, Environment and Sustainable Development S. 709-766

„… stressed.58 Agenda 21 promulgated that international trade and environmental laws should be mutually …” „… the link between economic growth activities, environmental protec-tion and social development, the …” „… for the environment because it creates wealth that can be used for environmental improve-ment, and the …”

Clemens C.C. von Doderer, Jonathan M. Kamwi, Oliver C. Ruppel Forestry Related Law and Policy S. 435-452

„… provisions, Article 144 must be pointed out as the constitutional link to international environmental law …” „… customary law of traditional communities; and • the Environmental Management Act No. 7 of 2007. A variety of …” „… Constitution, the latter is the law above all laws. Therefore, all legislation ought to be consistent with the …”

Willem Odendaal Namibia’s Wildlife Crime Legislation S. 247-270

„… (NCO), one of the nation’s principal legislation regarding environmental conservation and wildlife …” „… Namibian Constitution, national law, national policies and duties under international agreements, the …” „… Independ-ence on 21 March 1990, Namibia has recognised the value of environmental protection within the context …”

Detlof von Oertzen Energy Law and Policy in Namibia S. 467-508

„… this provision, or contravenes any law on the prevention of environmental damage, and such failure or …” „… according to the envi-ronmental laws and the appropriate regulations. The Energy Bill envisages that the …” „… laws relating to health, safety and environmental stand-ards.129 The Act establishes the Electricity …”

Pieter Heyns, Shirley Bethune Chapter 12: Water Related Policy and Statutory Law S. 273-340

„… Water Related Policy and Statutory Law 279 abstraction and environmental pollution from wastewater …” „… . In these fundamental principles, many general principles of environmental law are echoed, such as the …” „… PART V: WATER ENVIRONMENT 273 Chapter 12: Water Related Policy and Statutory Law Pieter Heyns …”

Pieter Heyns The Okavango River Basin – Resolving the Dichotomy Between Development and Environment S. 341-358

„… environmen-tal policy or law in place that required and made environmental assessments compul-sory, but the …” „… identified development options without compromising the environmental integrity of all ecosystems. In the …” „… water law, territorial sovereignty, and transboundary water resources management. However, Namibia only …”

Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting Namibia and its Environment S. 65-74

„… animal health. Environmental law can substantially contribute towards reducing these negative effects …” „… for the abstraction of water in order to avoid the over-abstraction of water. Environmental law, an …” „… Environmental Concerns in Namibia To quite some extent, Namibia faces environmental problems that are similar to …”

Clinton Hay Fisheries Related Statutory Law and Policy in Namibia S. 359-376

„… 359 Chapter 14: Fisheries Related Statutory Law and Policy in Namibia Clinton Hay 1 Introduction …” „… ). Fisheries Related Statutory Law and Policy in Namibia 361 along the Zambezi and Chobe Rivers with …” „… . Inland fish-eries also have a much lower environmental footprint compared to agriculture. Very little …”

Oliver C. Ruppel, Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting Namibia and its Legal Setup S. 39-48

„… unitary state founded on the principles of democracy, the rule of law and justice for all.”25 3 The Laws …” „… the more complex legal issues in the environmental domain. The Constitution of the Republic of Namibia …” „… , which was drafted and adopted in 1990, is the fundamental and supreme law of the land.20 It is hailed by …”

Eliamani Laltaika Western Intellectual Property Rights Regimes and Traditional Knowledge Protection Systems in Africa S. 643-660

„… international organisations. Using aspects of customary law to protect TK/TCEs will make such laws more …” „… holistic approach that puts environ-mental protection and community welfare at the centre of the …” „… Biosafety are illustrative:15 ____________________ 9 It is submitted that intellectual property law regime …”

Isaac Mapaure Chapter 21: Review of the Climate Change Situation in Namibia: Projected Trends, Vulnerability and Impacts S. 533-560

„… following: • National policies and laws related to global change challenges and environ-mental management …” „… Tourism (MEFT) through the Directorate of Environmental Affairs (DEA), Division of Multilateral …” „… Environmental Agreements, is responsible for overseeing the coordination of climate change issues in Namibia …”

Detlof von Oertzen Namibia’s Electricity Sector S. 509-530

„… satisfy specific minimum threshold requirements, including environmental, land, com-mercial and legal …” „… August 2020. 58 Kruger et al. (2019). 59 Ibid. 60 The environmental review examined approvals, while …” „… environmental impacts than the Epupa site that had been considered before.91 Current estimates suggest that …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748933564

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Hans Petter Graver, Ola Mestad, Christoph Vedder - Agreement on the European Economic Area

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Finn Arnesen (ed.), Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen (ed.), Hans Petter Graver (ed.), Ola Mestad (ed.), Christoph Vedder (ed.)

Agreement on the European Economic Area

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2018

Results in this title

Ernst Nordtveit, Sigrid Eskeland Schütz Introduction to EEA environmental law S. 713-715

„… Chapter 3: Environment Introduction to EEA environmental law Chapter 3 on the Environment is …” „… Part V of the Agreement: Horizontal provisions relevant to the four freedoms. Certain environmental law …” „… Law, pp. 621-622. Introduction to EEA environmental law Nordtveit/Schütz 713 1 2 3 ciple, which …”

Ernst Nordtveit, Sigrid Eskeland Schütz Article 73 [Object and purpose of EEA environmental law] S. 715-721

„… in international and national environmental law, are not mentioned in Art. 73. However, it is stated …” „… ’ environmental law obligations must be interpreted on the basis of the general development of the principles and …” „… ambitions of international environmental law, and they must give consideration to new environmental problems …”

Ernst Nordtveit, Sigrid Eskeland Schütz Article 74 [Protective measures] S. 721-737

„… States cannot challenge the EU legislator’s choice to fully harmonise environmental law-related matters …” „… the fact that the precautionary principle, as a principle of EU environmental law, follows …” „… environmental law.1 At the time when the EEA Agreement was concluded, the body of EC environmental law consisted …”

Ernst Nordtveit, Sigrid Eskeland Schütz Article 75 [More stringent national measures] S. 737-740

„… EU legislator’s choice to fully harmonise environmental law-related matters based on Art. 114 TFEU …” „… delimitation between internal market-related environmental law and environmental law matters without such …” „… Agreement considerably limits the leeway of the EEA States. Stricter environmental norms in national law …”

Berte-Elen R. Konow Article 72 [Provisions on consumer protection] S. 691-713

„… Economic Area 712 Konow 83 84 85 Chapter 3: Environment Introduction to EEA environmental law Chapter 3 on …” „… the four freedoms. Certain environmental law questions specific to one of the four freedoms are dealt …” „… Institutions, 2004, p. 202. 4 See Norberg et al., EEA Law, pp. 621-622. Introduction to EEA environmental law …”

Martin Hennig Article 76 [Cooperation in the field of statistics] S. 740-742

„… for describing and monitoring all relevant economic, social and environmental aspects of the EEA. 2 …” „… includes “all relevant economic, social and environmental aspects of the EEA”. Essentially, the obligation …” „… environmental aspects of the EEA.1 Art. 76(2) instructs the Contracting Parties to develop and use harmonised …”

Index S. 1125-1141

„… agreements II 127 26 EEA environmental law – geographical scope II 74 2 – level of protection II 73 15 …” „… 60 EU environmental law – coherent II 74 3 – consistency II 74 11 – integrated II 74 3 EU external …” „… , 17 ff. – derogations II 119 14 ff., 16 – to the EEA Agreement: overview I EEA law 44 ff. – to the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XXXVI

„… environmental law, consumer protection, labour law, public procurement etc., and institutional questions revived …” „… ..................................Article 72 691 Chapter 3: Environment Introduction to EEA environmental law …” „… ............................................... 713 Object and purpose of EEA environmental law .................Article 73 715 Protective measures …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 112 [Safeguard measures] S. 883-888

„… Article 112 [Safeguard measures] 1. If serious economic, societal or environmental difficulties of a …” „… safeguard measures in cases of serious economic, societal or environmental difficulties of a sectorial or …” „… . 17-19. 1 However, a number of sector-specific safeguard clauses also exist in EU law and transitional …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 13 [Exemptions] S. 301-311

„… Substantive Law of the EU, p. 415. See for example, concerning environmental measures, Case C-2/90, 9.7.1992 …” „… . Introduction Art. 13 mirrors the provision of EU law now found in Art. 36 TFEU, and makes clear that the free …” „… EFTA Court’s reception of the ECJ’s case law. This is, in particular, important in regard to judge-made …”

Simen Hammersvik Article 65(1) [Public procurement] S. 612-641

„… Generally on objectives of EU policy and measures on public procurement, see Arrowsmith, The Law of Public …” „… procuring bodies governed by public law, implying that entities not having an industrial or commercial …” „… transparency’, European Law Review (2009) pp. 720-737; Arrowsmith, The Law of Public and Utilities Procurement …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 111 [Dispute resolution in the EEA Joint Committee] S. 865-883

„… its own position as the supreme authority on Community law,3 in particular because the EEA Court would …” „… law. As the decisions by the EEA Court would be binding on the Community institutions, including the …” „… , 14.12.1991. 3 See, i.a., T. Hartley, ‘The European Court and the EEA’, International and Comparative Law …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen EEA law in and beyond the text of the Main Part of the EEA Agreement S. 124-145

„… legal basis for the precautionary principle in environmental law as well as the principle that the …” „… consumer protection,80 environmental protection81 and company law.82 74 Annex U to the EFTA Convention. 75 …” „… underlying reason for the EU law interpretation. Nevertheless, for lawyers accustomed to the hierarchy of EU …”

Christian Jordal, Gjermund Mathisen Article 61 [Prohibition of state aid, exemptions] S. 585-598

„… , European state aid law recognises a plethora of just causes for granting state aid. This is why the second …” „… out how ESA interprets the definition of state aid. The guidelines are based on case law and practice …” „… competition law and state aid law.3 The EFTA Court has aligned its interpretation of the notion of an …”

Christian Jordal, Gjermund Mathisen Article 62 [Review of State aid through the ESA and the Commission] S. 598-605

„… CCS was not covered by the ESA guidelines on state aid for environmental protection (OJ No L 144 …” „… , 10.6.2010, p. 1). The current ESA guidelines on state aid for environmental protection and energy 2014-2020 …” „… the liberalisation of an activity by EEA law, they are not considered as existing aid after the date …”

Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Introduction to EEA cooperation outside the four freedoms S. 751-753

„… auditors and audit firms), environmental issues in the annual accounts and reports of companies …” „… wide range of areas. 1 Norberg et al., EEA Law, pp. 639 and 648. 2 Norberg et al., EEA Law, p. 640 …” „… achievement by the EFTA States during negotiations of the EEA Agreement.1 1 Norberg et al., EEA Law, p. 647 …”

Thomas Chr. Poulsen Article 125 [The EEA Agreement and national systems of property ownership] S. 942-945

„… identical in substance for the purpose of the case at hand, the case law of the ECJ on Article 295 EC is of …” „… relevance when interpreting Article 125 EEA. 62 It follows from the case law of the ECJ on Article 295 EC …” „… environmental perspective. Hydropower makes up 99 per cent of the electricity produced in the country and is …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Preamble S. 150-171

„… EEA Agreement of key parts of EU environmental law.82 The reference to the precautionary principle in …” „… the context of environmental law probably also eased the EFTA Court’s development of a similarly …” „… public international law perspective that withdrawal from the EU cannot automatically entail withdrawal …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 1 [Object and purpose] S. 171-176

„… , equally importantly, which parts of EEC/EC/EU law fall outside its scope.2 With its reference to (all of …” „… existing internal mar- 1 Norberg et al., EEA Law, p. 96. 2 See further the comments on Art. 1(2) found in …” „… second and third recitals of the Preamble to the TEUF. 7 For an overview, see Craig and de Búrca, EU Law …”

Convention establishing the European Free Trade Association EFTA Convention S. 1103-1125

„… instruments of co-operation; Recognising the need for mutually supportive trade and environmental policies in …” „… Member State, by law or in practice, controls or appreciably influences imports from, or exports to, the …” „… rights, in so far as the application of these provisions does not obstruct the performance, in law or in …”

Christian Jordal, Gjermund Mathisen Article 63 [Specific provisions on State aid] S. 605-609

„… and ESA Art. 62(2) is a specific expression in the field of state aid of the EEA law principle of …” „… workers and for workers with disabilities, aid for environmental protection, aid to make good the damage …” „… is another expression of the homogeneity principle in EEA law, dealing specifically with uniform …”

Martin Hennig Article 47 [Scope of application] S. 500-517

„… to 206/2016 of 30 September 2016. 8 Norberg et al., EEA law, p. 478. 9 St.prp. nr. 100 (1991-92), p …” „… . 205. 10 Norberg et al., EEA law, p. 478. PART II: The Agreement on the European Economic Area 500 …” „… thrust of the general rules of EEA and EU law. As stressed by Greaves in the context of the EU, the …”

Benedikt Pirker Switzerland and the EEA S. 80-101

„… organisation, are to be considered as law-making or require an implementation by means of federal laws are …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2. Parallel norms in EU law, the bilateral agreements, the EFTA Convention and EEA law …” „… . . . . . . . . . . 28 IV. The Relevance of EEA Law for Switzerland …”

Christian Frommelt Liechtenstein and the EEA S. 35-59

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 IV. Other agreements with the EU . . . . . . . . . 23 V. EEA law in the Liechtenstein legal order …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 VI. Implementation of EEA law by Liechtenstein …” „… . Implementation of EEA law . . . . . . . 43 3. Application of EEA law . . . . . . . . . . . 48 VII …”

Peter-Christian Müller-Graff Article 77 [Provisions on company law] S. 742-751

„… covers a three-year period, from 2017 to 2019.6 Chapter 5: Company law Article 77 [Provisions on company …” „… law] Annex XXII contains specific provisions on company law. I. The function of Art. 77 Art. 77 …” „… serves as a turntable to Annex XXII which incorporates specific provisions of secondary EU law on company …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 11 [Quantitative restrictions on imports and measures having equivalent effect] Quantitative restrictions on imports S. 289-299

„… Economic Area’.1 It is well known that the case-law of the ECJ concerning the free movement of goods formed …” „… , HOB Vín II, para. 27. 18 Norberg et al, EEA Law, p. 326. 1 See also the comments by Arnesen and …” „… State? Art. 30 and the European Constitution: Economic Freedom and Political Rights, European Law …”

Introduction S. 1-13

„… and the first twenty years of its existence’, in: Baudenbacher (ed.), Handbook of EEA Law, pp. 3-42 …” „… Directive;23 and the acceptance of EEA law incursions into criminal law through the incorporation of the …” „… Environmental Crime Directive.24 19 The same applies to Finland, who opted for EU membership as soon as the …”

Pål Wennerås Article 6 [Homogeneity] S. 209-248

„… rights and obligations of individuals and economic operators under EEA law. The inclusion of the droit …” „… prejudice to future developments of case law, the provisions of this Agreement, in so far as they are …” „… ., EEA Law, at p. 103. Article 5 The droit d’évocation in the EEA Council and Joint Committee Tynes 209 1 …”

Christian Franklin Article 3 [Principle of loyalty] S. 180-196

„… the principle of loyalty, or sincere cooperation, under EEA law. The very wording of the provision …” „… will be immediately familiar to those acquainted with EU law, as largely mirroring the specific duties …” „… law principle of pacta sunt servanda – such as where Art. 3 is used to play a “gap-filling” role in …”

Fredrik Bøckman Finstad Norway and the EEA S. 59-80

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4. The legal position of EEA law under Norwegian law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5 …” „… of EEA law and consequences for the Norwegian style of legislation 36 7. The question of EEA …” „… relations. The EEA Agreement is the main mechanism of translating EEA relevant EU law into binding Norwegian …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 31 [Freedom of establishment] S. 400-420

„… conditions laid down for its own nationals by the law of the country where such establishment is effected …” „… has been made part of national law in dualistic Iceland and Norway (Liechtenstein is a monist system …” „… ), beneficiaries should be able to rely on the Article when faced with incompatible provisions of national law. II …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845275796

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