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Bernd Kuzmits - Borders and Orders in Central Asia

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Bernd Kuzmits

Borders and Orders in Central Asia

Reihe: Weltregionen im Wandel

Band 15 2013

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New States: Soviet Union and Independent Afghanistan S. 97-98

„… separated continued to change several more times. 3.2.4. New States: Soviet Union and Independent …” „… the Basmachi movement, an early and amorphous liberation struggle against Soviet rule78, operated from …” „… fight against Bukharan Communists and Soviet troops. The Russian historian Vladimir Boyko suggests that …”

From Friendly Buffer State to Battlefield S. 104-107

„… the Soviet Union and Afghanistan (Dupree 1980: 424). While the northern border was thus finally fixed …” „… this conflict, the Soviet Union opened supply routes through the northern border based on the transit …” „… agreement of 1950. But only after Stalin’s death did the Soviet Union seek more actively to restore …”

State Building and the Fostering of the Soviet–Afghan Border S. 98-103

„… customs officer in Sher Khan Bandar, Afghanistan (8 October 2006). 99 collapse of the Soviet Union, the …” „… modernize his country by counterbalancing his powerful neighbours, the Soviet Union and British India, a …” „… strategy that was to be employed after World War II as well. In March 1926, the Soviet Union and …”

Withdrawal from Afghanistan and Upheaval in Soviet Central Asia S. 107-110

„… depended on Soviet financial and military support and revenues from the export of gas to the Soviet Union …” „… ). Eventually, the war in Afghanistan altered the position of the bordering Central Asian Soviet Union republics …” „… and their populations within the Soviet Union. Many Central Asians served in the Soviet army as …”

Ruptures in the Sociocultural Structure of Soviet Central Asia S. 103-104

„… , more than two million people from the front regions in the European parts of the Soviet Union found …” „… ) the official border between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan (Dupree 1980: 424). While the northern …” „… border with Afghanistan in the course of this conflict, the Soviet Union opened supply routes through the …”

New States and New Borders S. 116-120

„… of the Soviet Union, the character of the borders changed again. New state borders emerged between …” „… former Soviet Union republics from mere administrative lines which before had hardly any effect on …” „… on-the-ground demarcation. Just before the break-up of the Soviet Union, the Geographical Institute of the …”

Arrangements in the post-Soviet Realm S. 259-264

„… dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991.334 However, dissolution did not lead to international …” „… summer, when it was needed to leach and irrigate the fields downstream. The Soviet Union built hydropower …” „… Soviet Union, the regional system of energy–water swaps as well as the whole regional irrigation …”

‘Who Are We – And If So, How Many?’ The Ethnic Ascriptions of the Population S. 113-116

„… Siberia, and birth rates among the titular nations were rising. The demise of the Soviet Union accelerated …” „… and New Borders With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the character of the borders changed again …” „… . New state borders emerged between former Soviet Union republics from mere administrative lines which …”

Summary S. 110-112

„… ‘[t]he Soviet Union collapsed without its Muslims making a lot of trouble’ (Khalid 2007: 117). In the end …” „… , it was a complex mixture of reasons that contributed to the demise of the Soviet Union; its …” „… Soviet Union, see among others Carrère d’Encausse (1992), Hough (1997), Lapidus et al. (1992), Roeder …”

Summary: The State of Regionalism in Greater Central Asia S. 311-318

„… processes are designed in dissociation from the previous empires of Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union as a …” „… 311 from the European Union and Central Asia in September 2008 that ‘for Tajikistan, stability in …” „… countries. First, there is infrastructural interdependence. Post-Soviet Central Asia experienced the …”

Bibliography S. 347-388

„… Former Soviet Union in International Trade. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Brookings Institution. 2006 …” „… Isolation: Border Controls in the Soviet Union and its Successor States. 1917-1993. London: McGill-Queen’s …” „… Bilateralism in the Former Soviet Union. In International Politics 34(4): 417–48. Darden, Keith Alexander. 2008 …”

Borders as Markers of Sovereignty – the Power-related Narrative S. 319-326

„… networks remained vital. The border grew adolescent with the consolidation of the Soviet Union and vigorous …” „… transnational character dominated by the north, i.e., from the Soviet Union. With the Soviet invasion of …” „… integrated into the system. With the break-up of the Soviet Union, the new independent states had to build up …”

Acknowledgements S. 5-10

„… . Empires Reloaded: the ‘Great Game’ and the River as Border 95 3.2.4. New States: Soviet Union and …” „… Independent Afghanistan 97 3.2.5. State Building and the Fostering of the Soviet–Afghan Border 98 3.2.6 …” „… . Ruptures in the Sociocultural Structure of Soviet Central Asia 103 3.2.7. From Friendly Buffer State to …”

Abbreviations and Acronyms S. 11-14

„… (Tajikistan 1997-2000) CP Communist Party CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union CSATT Central and South …” „… and Development ECO Economic Cooperation Organization EU European Union FD Foreign Direct …” „… Asia SSR Socialist Soviet Republic TaASSR Tajik Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic TASSR …”

Failed States and War Economies S. 120-125

„… 120 Another border-related change occurred as the Soviet Union passed on its external boundaries to …” „… state-building processes. The border between the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China (PRC), based on …” „… Cross-Border Dimension of Wars in Afghanistan and Tajikistan The break-up of the Soviet Union and the creation …”

State and Nation Building in Central Asia S. 136-140

„… in Central Asia that survived the Soviet Union (Collins 2006, 2003, 2002). This concept fits only …” „… Central Asian countries after independence. 4.4.2.1. Historicising (Post-)Soviet Identities for Nation …” „… tensions between the ethnic majority (or ‘titular nation’ in the Soviet jargon) and the national minorities …”

Between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan S. 159-164

„… Surkhondaryo during the Soviet Union have meanwhile left. A considerable Tajik minority remained, most of them …” „… councils are still called SelSoviet (abbreviation of Sel’skiy Soviet), just as they were in the Soviet …” „… Union. They are directly subordinated to the district administration, the hokimiyat. Subordinate to the …”

Summary: Drivers of and Constraints on Cross-Border Interactions S. 338-346

„… developed from the mere administrative line it was before the breakdown of the Soviet Union to an adult …” „… Tajikistan was an early catalyst of this development. As the Soviet Union’s southern frontier to a country at …” „… peculiarity. Almost any border section of the Soviet Union ran through formerly homogenous settlement areas …”

Water and Energy Interdependence S. 264-270

„… summer. Together with the Soviet Union, the regional system of energy–water swaps as well as the whole …” „… agriculture, especially in the downstream areas. In Soviet times, upstream republics (Kyrgyz SSR and Tajik …” „… reservoirs in spring and summer, when it was needed to leach and irrigate the fields downstream. The Soviet …”

Empires Reloaded: the ‘Great Game’ and the River as Border S. 95-97

„… the states it separated continued to change several more times. 3.2.4. New States: Soviet Union and …” „… . Fighters in the Basmachi movement, an early and amorphous liberation struggle against Soviet rule78 …” „… Bukhara in his short fight against Bukharan Communists and Soviet troops. The Russian historian Vladimir …”

Summary S. 222-238

„… . With the collapse of the Soviet Union, subsidies ground to an abrupt halt. During the civil war, the …” „… the completion of new ones, some of which had already been planned during the Soviet Union. The Tajik …” „… well as at institutions of higher education elsewhere in the Soviet Union. Nowadays, government …”

Why Study Borders? S. 15-21

„… came into being only after the demise of the Soviet Union, whereas the Amu Darya had marked a state …” „… . This situation changed when the Soviet Union started to fortify the border in the 1930s and literally …” „… Japan, the European Union (EU) and Norway, will replace a ferry that commuted between the Tajik village …”

State and Nation Building in Uzbekistan S. 146-153

„… . Summary: The Production of States and Borders With the break-up of the Soviet Union and the creation of …” „… well-established control infrastructure from the Soviet Union. External entities from Afghanistan that targeted …” „… Uzbeks and Kyrgyz that took the same course until Soviet troops stopped the clashes (Bisig 2002). 147 …”

Between Uzbekistan (Surkhondaryo) and Tajikistan (RRS and Dushanbe) S. 165-176

„… addition, Afghans who studied in the Soviet Union are more likely to foster their connections in Tashkent …” „… something to lose, as they were elites connected to the Soviet Union.181 They came from all over Afghanistan …” „… Afghanistan. Azizi Hotak studied in the Soviet Union and is very well connected in the former Soviet republics …”

The Bigger Players – USA, Russia and China S. 239-247

„… the country after the breakup of the Soviet Union under a mandate by the Commonwealth of Independent …” „… frontier states of the former Soviet Union gained momentum. Russian President Medvedev and his Tajik …” „… , regionalism seems much more pronounced in post-Soviet Central Asia, although initiatives that include …”

The Degree of Regionalisation: Higher in the Mountains S. 333-338

„… Russia and the Soviet Union, as a move towards psychological disintegration. Thus, nation building …” „… post-Soviet realm, i.e., with China, India and Iran, but also with and through Afghanistan. As vectors of …” „… transnational strategic state–business groups, which continue to be more developed within the post-Soviet realm …”

Summary S. 288-290

„… CACO more on Kazakhstan). However, practically all of the unions created since 1991 have similar or …” „… Soviet boundaries linking the CARs with Af- 379 ibid. 380 ibid. 289 ghanistan and other countries, as …” „… 2008 also demonstrated the distribution of military power on the rim of the post-Soviet realm. Thus …”

Study Outline S. 21-24

„… consolidation of the Soviet Union in conjunction with vigorous state-building endeavours including fortification …” „… measures along the river. Ultimately, with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the border became a frontier …” „… dates back to their joint past as Soviet peoples but has decreased steadily and significantly. Overall …”

State and Nation Building in Tajikistan S. 140-146

„… language Russification was already beginning to surface in the last years of the Soviet Union. But beneath …” „… 140 this reasoning, Soviet policies and institutions in Central Asia had not only created and …” „… power asymmetries would continue to dominate decision making in the post-Soviet period. Although the …”

Summary: The Production of States and Borders S. 153-158

„… 153 4.5. Summary: The Production of States and Borders With the break-up of the Soviet Union and …” „… well-established control infrastructure from the Soviet Union. External entities from Afghanistan that targeted …” „… between the former Soviet republics in Central Asia that had been only sluggishly controlled changed in …”

Between Tajikistan and Afghanistan S. 181-204

„… remote regions of the Soviet Union eventually became a special feature of Stalinist borderland policies …” „… Soviet Union. The border post is quite busy as people travel to spend this holiday with relatives. At 5 …” „… often competed in the Soviet Union, where he made contacts. In 1994, he came to Tajikistan, where he has …”

Regional Players S. 247-257

„… prominently, Russia cancelled 90% of Afghanistan’s Soviet-era debt in August 2007, worth about USD 10 billion …” „… during Soviet times (1988) and basically halted until an Iranian engineering company contracted for the …” „… the Afghan anti-Soviet Jihad of the late 1970s and 1980s relative to the Pakistan border area was the …”

Economic Initiatives with Central Asian Roots S. 270-272

„… the Cholpon-Ata Treaty of April 1994. Initially called the Central Asian Economic Union (CAEU), and …” „… ostensibly modelled after the European Union, this organisation was renamed the Central Asian Economic …” „… Central Asian Union (CAU) in April 2007. The union was planned to consist of all five CARs and to promote …”

Between GBAO (Tajikistan) and Badakhshan (Afghanistan) S. 212-220

„… by Moscow. Thus, the breakdown of the Soviet Union had a significant economic impact on the region …” „… administrative structure of Tajikistan. It is a Soviet-era distinction granted in recognition of the separate …” „… identity of the Pamiri people and the specific character of the region as a Soviet frontier outpost in a …”

… between Tajikistan and Afghanistan S. 309-311

„… within which this thesis is written, in Kabul, September 2008. 311 from the European Union and Central …” „… interdependence. Post-Soviet Central Asia experienced the fragmentation of formerly integrated transport systems …” „… after the split of the Union. This joint infrastructure that might have served as a potential driver for …”

Impediments to Enhanced Regional Trade? S. 290-305

„… the rim of the post-Soviet realm. Thus, security concerns are the major driving force for cooperation …” „… Union (Pomfret 2006: 190). However, Central Asian regional organisations have made no attempt, for …” „… Asian region, i.e., the post-Soviet ‘Stans’. Since the start of transition, the excessive degree of …”

Migration S. 128-130

„… people – teachers, journalists, and physicists – who had at least an affinity to the Soviet Union and the …” „… Yet the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1989, and later the overthrow of the Najibullah regime, had …”

Producing and Reproducing Borders S. 30-38

„… , since the river changes course from time to time. In 1946, the Soviet Union and Afghanistan agreed on …” „… also the case in the post-Soviet realm. In the absence of post-independence border agreements by the …” „… map-shaking events of Soviet and Yugoslavian disintegration, rigid adherence to this principle has also been …”

Regional Organisations Exceeding the post-Soviet Space S. 272-276

„… 272 6.2.4. Regional Organisations Exceeding the post-Soviet Space Similar to the organisations …” „… that cover the post-Soviet space, most regional organisations with Central Asian memberships that go …” „… and foremost to contain U.S. influence in the region, expanded more recently by the European Union …”

Borders, Orders and States S. 38-56

„… while the external borders were weakened. The collapse of the Soviet Union alone created more than …” „… dynamics of the European Union, internal borders were eliminated while external borders were gradually …” „… states. 30 In some regions, most prominently in the European Union, this has created a vibrant …”

Excursion: Drug Traffic in Central Asia S. 281-288

„… of Soviet wheat subsidies, which further impoverished the peasantry (Rubin 2000). Taken together …” „… different members (EurAsEC on Russia and CACO more on Kazakhstan). However, practically all of the unions …” „… organisations increasingly transcend the former Soviet boundaries linking the CARs with Af- 379 ibid. 380 ibid. …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845245362

Concha Maria Höfler - Boundaries and Belonging in the Greek Community of Georgia

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Concha Maria Höfler

Boundaries and Belonging in the Greek Community of Georgia

Reihe: Border Studies. Cultures, Spaces, Orders

Band 2 2020

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Transformations: The end of the Soviet Union as a turning point S. 173-208

„… Chapter 6: Transformations: The end of the Soviet Union as a turning point In this Chapter, I will …” „… Citizen. The primacy of Time in this Chapter, with its focus on the end of the Soviet Union, reflects how …” „… consultants establish it as a moment of rupture, a temporal boundary. The transformation from the Soviet Union …”

Historical background S. 27-46

„… (the Soviet Union) to the Georgian nation state (I.), and the Greek migrations from the post-Soviet …” „… after the demise of the Soviet Union. Crucially, the Russian Empire also recognized them not only as …” „… “fellow Orthodox Christians” but as “Greeks”, a categorization later adopted by the Soviet Union (cf …”

Discussion S. 277-288

„… focus is not limited to the Soviet Union – it also reveals traces of the Russian Empire’s categorization …” „… them, thereby establishing the end of the Soviet Union as a temporal threshold. This threshold is …” „… differences consultants perceive between Today and Yesterday make the Soviet Union the most important temporal …”

Bibliography S. 295-313

„… language planning 1917-53. InKirkwood,Michael, ed., Language Planning in the Soviet Union, Houndmills etc …” „… the Soviet Union. Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer. Gugushvili, Dimitri (2017): Lessons from Georgia’s …” „… , ed., Language Planning in the Soviet Union, Houndmills etc.: Macmillan, pp. 123–144. Hionidou …”

Conclusion S. 289-290

„… of belonging, was explored in Chapter 6. The investigation showed that the end of the Soviet Union …” „… must be understood as a liminal phase of profound uncertainty; that the Soviet Union is established as …” „… different from the Soviet Yesterday; and that the end of the Soviet Union is spoken about in terms of a …”

Introduction S. 19-26

„… Byzantines’, ‘Greeks of the Soviet Union’, ‘Rōssopontii’, ‘Ellēnopontii’, ‘Rōmii’, ‘Urumebi …” „… since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Numbering around 100,000 in 1989 (Geostat, 2013), only 5,500 …” „… Soviet Union has had for my consultants’ Belonging to Georgia. The third question focuses particularly on …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-18

„… : Historical background 27 A. Migrating from the Ottoman to the Russian Empire 28 B. The Soviet Union …” „… 166 Chapter 6: Transformations: The end of the Soviet Union as a turning point 173 A. How to avoid …” „… talking about the end of the Soviet Union 179 B. The end of the Soviet Union as “Family Breakdown” 190 I …”

“Language” as a resource for positioning S. 93-172

„… Russian, which became the language of inter-ethnic communication at the latest during the Soviet Union, as …” „… , certainly until the end of the Soviet Union. 40 First published in Höfler (2016, p. 220). 130 B. Standard …” „… attested for minority languages in the post-Soviet space that consultants give as rodnoy yazyk not their …”

(Un)Making boundaries S. 209-276

„… of the analysis. The end of the Soviet Union as a (if not the) major turning point in the lives of my …” „… drawn by Others In the previous Chapter we saw that the end of the Soviet Union led to the massive …” „… , with and without my prompting. If the Soviet Union in many ways functions as the historical point of …”

Data collection and analysis S. 79-92

„… life was during the Soviet Union, the changes in the years since the end of the Soviet Union and …” „… : the end of the Soviet Union, the civil war and turmoil of the early 1990s in Georgia, experiences of …” „… powerful literary collages of interviews people narrate their lives in the Soviet Union and afterwards …”

Researching identification, belonging, and the (un)making of boundaries S. 47-78

„… , while Chapter 6 explores the social changes after the end of the Soviet Union, it is their temporal …” „… every time they are invoked.31 Establishing the Soviet Union as a “family”, as featured 29 This means …” „… metaphor for the Soviet Union. For an appeal to extend MCA beyond the realm of establishing and positioning …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845290508

Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg / IFSH - OSCE Yearbook 2008

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Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg / IFSH (Hrsg.)

OSCE Yearbook 2008

2009

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S. Neil MacFarlane Frozen Conflicts in the Former Soviet Union – The Case of Georgia/South Ossetia S. 23-34

„… 23 S. Neil MacFarlane Frozen Conflicts in the Former Soviet Union – The Case of Georgia/South …” „… international relations of “frozen” conflicts in the former Soviet Union. The Russian invasion and …” „… ” Conflict1 in the Former Soviet Union During and immediately after the collapse of the USSR, several …”

Michael Merlingen, Manuel Mireanu, Elena B. Stavrevska The Current State of European Security S. 91-120

„… and defence capabilities, for Russia the collapse of the Soviet Union meant a dramatic loss of power …” „… a huge gap between the global influence once exercised by the Soviet Union and Russia’s ability to …” „… successor states of the Soviet Union later in the same month, with Georgia joining as the twelfth member in …”

Ursel Schlichting Foreword S. 13-22

„… . South Ossetia and Abkhazia.2 Four conflicts on the territory of the former Soviet Union have been …” „… supra-regional and even global significance: For the first time since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia …” „… . This event cannot be considered in isolation from the secession conflicts in the former Soviet Union …”

Kilian Strauss Economic and Environmental Security Should Remain Key Components of the OSCE’s Core Mandate S. 311-324

„… Europe and the former Soviet Union, as well as the United States and Canada, making the OSCE the …” „… remains an important player in today’s Europe, including in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The …” „… post- Soviet area, the Organization has field operations in every state, allowing it to play an …”

P. Terrence Hopmann The Future Impact of the OSCE: Business as Usual or Revitalization? S. 75-90

„… into escalating violence for the second time since the break-up of the Soviet Union. It also proved to …” „… Russia as a stabilizing force throughout the former Soviet space, leading to the perception that Western …” „… movement towards greater political centralization. In other post-Soviet states where democratization and …”

David Aprasidze State-Building and Democratization in Georgia: Have the Limits Been Reached? S. 63-74

„… Revolution: Delayed Transition in the Former Soviet Union, Aldershot 2005. 5 According to the …” „… remnants of the Soviet era, incapable of facing modern challenges. A group that became known as the …” „… Facto States in the Post-Soviet Space, in: Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the …”

Hansjörg Eiff The OSCE Mission to Georgia and the Status of South Ossetia S. 35-44

„… stronger legal and political position than it had ever enjoyed in the Soviet Union or previously. In …” „… : the reintegration into the Georgian state, on the one hand, and independence from Georgia and union …” „… Soviet Army from Central Europe, Western Europeans in contact with Russian diplomats and military …”

Gabriel Leonte, Saba Nordström Promotion of Security and Co-operation through Water Management Activities S. 295-310

„… Soviet Union, the existing infrastructure for the management of water resources (reservoirs, pumps, pipes …” „… , decrees, codes, and regulations. Many regulatory documents dating from the former Soviet Union are still …” „… depend on the quality of land and water resources. During Soviet times, infrastructure development did …”

Elena Kropatcheva Russia’s Response to Georgia’s Military Operation in South Ossetia S. 45-62

„… , Russian Prime Minister Putin argued as follows: “When the Soviet Union was formed, these territories, by …” „… and the West to the post-Soviet region, but also their bilateral problems – the Cold War legacies of …” „… in the Russian-led Collective Security Treaty, which was designed to become a military union of the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… in the Former Soviet Union – The Case of Georgia/South Ossetia 23 Hansjörg Eiff The OSCE Mission …” „… co-operation with Jonathan Dean, Ambassador ret., Union of Concerned Scientists, Washington Pál Dunay …”

Frank Evers OSCE Co-operation with China: Relevance, Benefits, and Downsides S. 369-386

„… the Soviet Union) and the US have a deterring effect on China. In multilateral organizations such as …” „… happened in the Soviet Union, perhaps with the exception of the late Gorbachev period. In addition …” „… change, just as happened with the Helsinki Final Act in the former Soviet bloc. Seen from this …”

Arnaud Amouroux The OSCE Media Freedom Representative Turns Ten: Current and Future Challenges to Press Freedom in the OSCE Region S. 331-338

„… States and the European Union. Reino Paasilinna, a Finnish Member of the European Parliament, explored …” „… post-Soviet countries as unsatisfactory. Aleksey Simonov, President of the Glasnost Defence Foundation …”

Hans-Joachim Heintze The OSCE – a Club of “Dyed-in-the-Wool Democrats”? S. 253-262

„… ruins of the Soviet Union dependent upon – among other things – their respecting the UN Charter, the …”

Margit Hellwig-Bötte Kazakhstan’s OSCE Chairmanship – The Road to Europe? S. 175-190

„… its disentanglement from the Soviet Union and transformation into an independent state. Since 1999 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845213866

Alexander Badenoch, Andreas Fickers, Christian Henrich-Franke - Airy Curtains in the European Ether

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Alexander Badenoch (Hrsg.), Andreas Fickers (Hrsg.), Christian Henrich-Franke (Hrsg.)

Airy Curtains in the European Ether

Reihe: Historische Dimensionen Europäischer Integration

Band 15 2013

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Andreas Fickers Cold War techno-diplomacy: Selling French Colour Television to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe S. 77-98

„… the Soviet Union. In setting Pompidou’s activity within the course of a European policy “from the …” „… between France and the Soviet Union in a high technology domain. In addition and by focussing on the …” „… Gaulle had considered a new partner for the SECAM affair: the Soviet Union. It was clearly this vision …”

Mari Pajala Intervision song contests and Finnish television between East and West' S. 215-270

„… complex. After losing the war to the Soviet Union, Finland did not participate in the Marshall Plan …” „… Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance with the Soviet Union formed an important basis for Finnish …” „… foreign policy. In the agreement, Finland promised to oppose any attempts to attack the Soviet Union …”

Jennifer Spohrer Threat or Beacon? Recasting International Broadcasting in Europe after World War II S. 27-50

„… Eastern European countries liberated by the Soviet Union, American and British officials began to view …” „… , 1959), pp. 71-72. Jennifer Spohrer 34 including the Soviet Union, although many reserved the right …” „… stations based in Munich: Radio Liberation/Liberty, for listeners in the Soviet Union, and Radio Free …”

Christian Henrich-Franke, Regina Immel Making Holes in the Iron Curtain? – The Television Programme Exchange across the Iron Curtain in the 1960s and 1970s S. 175-214

„… (GDR) and Estonia (Soviet Union). For economic reasons there was a strong demand for television …” „… Fernsehen der DDR (DFF),8 the Polish Telewizja Polska (TVP) and the Television of the Soviet Union (TSS …” „… Soviet Union's television station was the key influencer within the socialist bloc, while Poland is …”

James Schwoch “Removing Some of the Romantic Aura of Distance and Throwing Merciless Light on the Weaknesses of American Life”: Transatlantic Tensions of Telstar, 1961-1963 S. 271-294

„… Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (hereafter USSR), Yugoslavia did in fact participate in the …” „… Affairs, USSR is instructed to state that Soviet Union naturally will not take any actions which might …” „… beep-beep signal of Sputnik was receivable by scientists beyond the Soviet Union, including in the USA. In …”

Alexander Badenoch, Andreas Fickers, Christian Henrich-Franke Airy Curtains in the European Ether: Introduction S. 9-26

„… countries and by the Soviet Union during the Cold War remain rare,22 recent scholarship on the two …” „… ; Eugene Parta (eds.): Cold War Broadcasting. Impact on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (Budapest …” „… : Central European University Press, 2010). 22 Roth-Ey, Kristin, Moscow prime time : how the Soviet Union …”

List of Acronyms (Organizations) S. 7-8

„… Committee for Radio and Television in the Soviet Union GPO General Post Office IARC International Amateur …” „… Soviet Military Administration in Germany TSS Television of the Soviet Union TVP Polish Telewizja …” „… Europe DLF Deutschlandfunk EBU European Brodcasting Union EEC European Economic Community ESC …”

Nelson Ribeiro Undermining a Dictatorship: International Broadcasts to Portugal, 1945-1974 S. 51-76

„… . Caetano who asked if there were Catholic priests in the Soviet Union, how they lived and if they have …” „… listened, the station usually reported visits to the Soviet Union by Portuguese persons. Such was the case …” „… expectations. Now I understand why there are more outstanding young pianists in the Soviet Union than in any …”

Christoph Classen Jamming the RIAS. Technical Measures against Western broadcasting in East Germany (GDR) 1945–1989 S. 321-346

„… broadcasts into a powerful tool for the “systematic implementation of socialism“25. The Soviet Union had …” „… the Soviet Union. For the first time the dynamism of the electronic media in times of revolutionary …” „… previous experiences in Germany and the Soviet Union, this model offered the occupying forces the …”

Dana Mustata Geographies of Power: The case of foreign broadcasting in dictatorial Romania S. 149-174

„… against the Soviet Union and won itself the admiration of the West. These extreme swings in the exercise …” „… . He resumed the process of derussification and the policy of independence from the Soviet Union that …” „… County, near the Soviet Union border, 75% of households had bad reception of Romanian television, while …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… techno-diplomacy: Selling French Colour Television to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Andreas Fickers 77 …” „… television between East and West' Mari Pajala 215 To control the world’s information flows – Soviet …”

Trever Hagen Calling Out to Tune in: Radio Free Europe in Czechoslovakia S. 123-148

„… Hill, “Jamming [of RFE] was done by the Soviet Union continually from within the first 10 minutes of …” „… . Thus, the Czechoslovak government's following of Soviet precepts were aligned more toward addressing …” „… factors affected the increase in RFE listeners after the Soviet-led invasion, two main content-related …”

Karin Bijsterveld Eavesdropping on Europe: The tape recorder and East-West relations among European recording amateurs in the Cold War era S. 99-122

„… the Soviets had quashed the Prague Spring uprisings had been a much contested proposal within the …” „… international ideals of the European Broadcasting Union, see Badenoch, Alexander, ‘Die europäische Wiedergeburt …” „… of Mavrino special prison, a fictional Soviet camp in Alexander Solzhenitsyn’s novel The First …”

Alexander Badenoch Between Rock and Roll and a Hard Place: ‘Pirate’ radio and the Problems of Territory in Cold War Europe S. 295-320

„… advance its aims of counteracting what it saw as the increasing presence of the Soviet Union in European …” „… the added dimension of the perspective of the European Broadcasting Union. 13 Schwoch, James Global …” „… Broadcasting Union (IBU). Starting in 1927, building on technical innovations of their engineering chief …”

Alexander Badenoch, Andreas Fickers, Christian Henrich-Franke Broadcasting and the Cold War: Some preliminary results S. 359-374

„… certain extent during the Second World War). The emergence of the International Broadcasting Union in …” „… International Broadcasting Union (IBU) broke up, and the two separate organizations for East and West, the OIRT …” „… the European broadcasting space were often the result of US and Soviet propaganda, while European …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845236070

Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg / IFSH - OSCE Yearbook 2011

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Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg / IFSH (Hrsg.)

OSCE Yearbook 2011

2012

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Timur Dadabaev The Evolution of Japanese Diplomacy towards Central Asia since the Collapse of the Soviet Union S. 441-458

„… of the Soviet Union Central Asian states’ relations with Japan have always had a great deal of …” „… potential. Even during the era of the Soviet Union, a majority of the population in Central Asian republics …” „… immediately after the collapse of the Soviet Union, people with a practical interest in the region, scholars …”

Payam Foroughi Politics and Human Rights in Tajikistan: Squandered Opportunities, Uncertain Future S. 107-122

„… . Prior to the formation of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan existed neither in name nor in its current …” „… : Christopher Walker (ed.), Nations in Transit 2011: The Authoritarian Dead End in the Former Soviet Union …” „… Future Background A black hole in Eurasia. That’s how Tajikistan, a post-Soviet Central Asian …”

Elena Kropatcheva Presidential Election in Belarus in 2010: The Winner Takes It All? S. 87-107

„… post-Soviet period, Belarus was a model of economic growth and stability in comparison to many former Soviet …” „… demonstrate to Russia its independent and sovereign spirit and to the European Union (EU) its (temporary …” „… difficult, often unpredictable, and unreliable partner for Russia. Belarus, like some other post-Soviet …”

Carel Hofstra Police Development Activities of the OSCE in Armenia S. 151-167

„… structures in the former Soviet Union: a high degree of centralization and hierarchy, a deficiency in the …” „… enforcement co-operation with many newlyindependent countries of the former Soviet Union. In the course of …” „… Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union has had to this policing philosophy. The European or North …”

Arne C. Seifert The Political Process in Central Asia and the System Question S. 181-199

„… model of government have been responsible for the character and course of the transition from Soviet …” „… transformation of ownership in the entire post-Soviet space and the typical behaviour of elites in the …” „… Soviet elements: the socially exclusive and essentially undemocratic clan hierarchy. “The old historical …”

Adam Bodnar, Eva Katinka Schmidt Rule of Law and Judicial Independence in Eastern Europe, the South Caucasus, and Central Asia S. 289-303

„… the Former Soviet Union, sections 1 to 3; Keith Henderson/Violaine Autheman (for International …” „… or another. Much of the legal culture of these countries is a legacy of the Soviet legal tradition …” „… ., 2000, p. 4. For more on “instrumentalism”, see Kathryn Hendley, Are Russian Judges Still Soviet? In …”

Rita Marascalchi, Oleksandr Pavlyuk The OSCE and Change in the South Mediterranean: A New Opportunity for the OSCE Mediterranean Partnership? S. 423-441

„… during the era of the Soviet Union, a majority of the population in Central Asian republics had highly …” „… Soviet Union, people with a practical interest in the region, scholars, and the general public in Japan …” „… . Even before the collapse of the Soviet Union, Japanese archaeologists and historians displayed an …”

Christian Strohal More Must Be Done. The OSCE and the Protection of Human Rights after the Astana Summit S. 241-257

„… transformation has slowed down, especially in some parts of the former Soviet Union. One must therefore ask how …” „… , whose attitudes are still influenced by the legacy of the Soviet Union, are uncomfortable with the …” „… parts of the former Soviet sphere of influence, especially since 1989. More recently, however, this …”

Ian Kelly The Abiding US Regional Engagement through the OSCE S. 77-87

„… appeared further east, with some countries of the former Soviet Union adhering to a more vertical and …” „… Europe against the Soviet threat. Today, Europe is more democratic, largely unified, and is America’s …” „… rights of Soviet dissidents who could not find a voice for themselves. Today, ODIHR supports those in …”

Snježana Bokulić, Assia Ivantcheva ODIHR and Civil Society: 20 Years of Promoting Human Rights in the OSCE Area S. 359-379

„… the process of democratization in the former Soviet Union. These and subsequent processes and …” „… : Partnership and Support Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, many new participating …” „… optimism of the 1990s, following the democratic wave that swept Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… of Japanese Diplomacy towards Central Asia since the Collapse of the Soviet Union 441 Annexes …” „… Dean, Ambassador ret., Union of Concerned Scientists, Washington Pál Dunay, Geneva Centre for …”

Abbreviations S. 505-511

„… International Development USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics UTO United Tajik Opposition VD Vienna …” „… ASRC Annual Security Review Conference ATU Action against Terrorism Unit AU African Union BISS …” „… Security Treaty EU European Union EUMM European Monitoring Mission EurAsEC Eurasian Economic Community …”

Pál Dunay Kazakhstan’s Unique OSCE Chairmanship in 2010 S. 49-65

„… gain credit in the post-Soviet space by backing up former Soviet republics that were willing to …” „… Presidency of the European Union. See Response to Kazakhstani Foreign Minister Kanat Saudabayev, cited above …” „… (Note 7), and Spanish Presidency of the European Union, OSCE Permanent Council No. 789, Vienna,. 14 …”

Liane Adler National Human Rights Institutions in the OSCE Area: Taking Stock of an Innovative Concept S. 379-393

„… newly independent states of the former Soviet Union and the former Yugoslavia, all NHRIs have been set …” „… , the vast majority of NHRIs in the OSCE area – particularly in the territories of the former Soviet …” „… Union and the former Yugoslavia – process complaints from individuals as a key part of their mandate …”

Pavel Chacuk ODIHR’s Contribution to Human Rights Education in the OSCE Area S. 347-359

„… engage in HRE in Eastern Europe and the countries of the former Soviet Union. Translated into Russian36 …” „… the process of democratization in the former Soviet Union. These and subsequent processes and …” „… transformation. Along with the UN, the Council of Europe, and the European Union and concomitant new structures …”

Claus Neukirch From Confidence Building to Conflict Settlement in Moldova? S. 137-151

„… structures in the former Soviet Union: a high degree of centralization and hierarchy, a deficiency in the …” „… agreed, during consultations in Odessa, to invite the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) to …” „… Union and the United States. 2 Cf. Claus Neukirch: Managing the Crises – Restarting the Process: The …”

OSCE Selected Bibliography 2010/2011 S. 485-505

„… OSCE Electoral Assistance in the Former Soviet Union, in: Security and Human Rights 1/2011, pp. 9-18 …” „… Tiger? In: Richard Youngs (ed.), The European Union and Democracy Promotion, Baltimore 2010, pp. 78-98 …” „… Counter-Terrorism and Non-discrimination Assessment in the European Union, in: Security and Human Rigths 2/2011 …”

Jos Boonstra, Natalia Shapovalova, Richard Youngs Reviving OSCE Democracy Support S. 409-422

„… two documents with the activities of other organizations, foremost among them the European Union …” „… particular to the European Union and NATO, which sought a formulation of democracy criteria with a view to …” „… Union (EU) is also active in promoting democracy in the OSCE area and often refers to OSCE …”

Marc Perrin de Brichambaut Six Years as OSCE Secretary General: An Analytical and Personal Retrospective S. 21-49

„… emanated from the French Presidency of the European Union, which was keen to promote EU operations, rather …” „… business of the post-Soviet conflicts remains a central OSCE responsibility. The conflict epitomized the …” „… Chairmanship of firsts: the first Central Asian state, the first former Soviet state, the first coun- 33 try …”

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