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Henning Riecke (ed.)

Partners for Stability

Series: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 2013

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Victor Korgun The Afghan Problem in Light of Russian National Interests S. 81-88

„… 81 The Afghan Problem in Light of Russian National Interests by Victor Korgun Russia has a vested …” „… of Russian national interests as well as those of the USA. The civil war or, actually, struggle …” „… dollars in Afghan debt.1 Russia’s interests Russia’s national interests and its growing role in the …”

Syed Mohammad Ali The Afghan Drug Problem and its Implications for Pakistan S. 47-54

„… attention to vested interests/suspicions while forging programs of collaboration/partnership between …” „… dangerous trend further destabilizing the region. The analysis will identify Pakistan’s specific interests …” „… both the specific circumstances of the region in general and the interests of Pakistan in particular …”

Enrico Fels The Role of the SCO in Afghanistan S. 235-250

„… national security institutions, coordinate joint staff training, and Heads of State Council (HSC) Heads …” „… ) Council of National Coordinators (CNC) Non-Governmental Organizations SCO Interbank Consortium SCO …” „… , Energy Club Afghanistan Contact Group Permanent National Representatives to SCO Secretariat …”

Shanthie Mariet D’Souza India’s Role in post 9/11 Afghanistan and the Af-Pak Strategy S. 89-100

„… its national agenda, with little or no attempt at understanding of Afghan priorities and interests …” „… 9/11, India’s interests in Afghanistan are intertwined with its concerns over terrorism emanating from …” „… with Afghanistan in the context of its energy and trade interests in Central Asia. India’s …”

Henning Riecke Partners for Stability: Afghanistan’s Neighbors and Regional Cooperation S. 9-22

„… Afghanistan? What interests guide transatlantic cooperation with regard to Afghanistan’s neighbors? Where are …” „… society. In the light of this historical experience—that competing interests of strong neighbors and …” „… outside powers have fueled internal conflicts—Afghanistan itself has a vital interest in a regional …”

Shao Yuqun China’s Role in Afghanistan’s Reconstruction Process S. 73-80

„… continues to see China as a potential enemy and challenges China’s core national interests. President …” „… interests in the region. So far, it is still not clear how much influence the military surge by American …” „… States in Central Asia has caused a number of countries in the region to lose interest in the SCO …”

Kamoludin Abdullaev Tajikistan facing the Drug Problem in Afghanistan S. 35-46

„… Soviet Central Asian states, Tajikistan has by far the strongest vested interest in the outcome of the …” „… Tajik interests and strategies in countering the drug trade, both domestically and in the region …” „… and Afghanistan are conflict-prone weak states with fragile economies, lack of national unity, and …”

Eva Gross Regional Approaches in Afghanistan: the EU’s Role S. 225-234

„… . Although neighboring countries have not always played a constructive role, they also have an interest in …” „… individual national decision-making—have yet to be fully developed. The following sections analyze and …” „… level in both individual national capitals and EU institutions in Brussels. To date, neither the EU nor …”

Șaban Kardaș Turkey’s Regional Approach in Afghanistan: A Civilian Power in Action S. 251-266

„… level, Turkey’s interest in Afghanistan issues is justified with reference to cultural and historical …” „… erupted after the withdrawal of Soviet forces, Turkey underscored the need for a national reconciliation …” „… war. Turkey’s non-interference policy and the emphasis on national reconciliation earned it sympathy …”

Ahadhon Najmitdinov Central Asian States and Afghanistan’s Stabilization S. 177-190

„… continuous, despite sharing an interest in establishing peace and stability in the region), China, and India …” „… , in light of their economic interests in the region, closely observe developments in the war and …” „… Afghanistan’s Stabilization 183 China than it is to India. China also has strong commercial interests in the …”

John K. Wood The United States and Regional Cooperation on Afghanistan S. 199-212

„… helping Pakistan to attain these objectives. In short, it is in the national interest of the United …” „… national consensus hoped for by President Hamid Karzai. President Barack Obama summed up the situation …” „… disputes above mutual economic interests. According to a June 2006 working paper by Nisha Taneja on …”

Egon Ramms A Country with Many Neighbors: Afghanistan and the Regional Approach S. 267-276

„… try to influence the development and politics of Afghanistan out of narrow self-interest. This is …” „… long run inevitable for Pakistani self-interest to commence this fight. Until now, General Kayani has …” „… routes through Pakistan have until now not put the supply of the ISAF or any national troops in danger …”

Marco Overhaus NATO and Afghanistan’s Neighbors: Difficult Partners for Stabilization and Reconstruction S. 213-224

„… share common interests with NATO allies and Afghanistan’s government. The rise of terrorism, militancy …” „… ISAF-contributing countries have reached out to Afghanistan’s neighbors.3 Despite common interests and good …” „… international military forces to the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) ought to be completed. By that time …”

Muhammad Amir Rana Afghanistan and Pakistan: A Common Security Perspective S. 101-110

„… stability in their country. Security analysts are skeptical that the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF …” „… (Reporting Afghanistan and Pakistan), (9/3/2012). 3 On Indian interests …” „… interest and justify their presence in Pakistan’s tribal territories, the fighters from Afghanistan …”

Vanda Felbab-Brown Still Knee-Deep In Poppy: The Evolution of Counter-Narcotics Policies in Afghanistan S. 55-72

„… still-entrenched Taliban from NATO’s International Security Assistance Force to Afghan National Security Forces …” „… alienated from the national government and the country’s other power arrangements. They are profoundly …” „… , eradication alienated the local population from the national government as well as from local tribal elites …”

Massoumeh Torfeh Iran in Afghanistan: Political Designs and Regional Games S. 111-124

„… would be more in line with the national interests of the Islamic Republic.”39 However, Iran’s ambitions …” „… interest in Afghanistan is best understood in the context of its ambitions as a major regional power. It …” „… line: “The greedy global powers are pursuing their own interests in the region, but now the situation …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Problem in Light of Russian National Interests 81 by Victor Korgun India’s Role in post 9/11 …”

Nasser Saghafi-Ameri International Approaches and Solutions to the Afghan Drug Problem: An Iranian Perspective S. 23-34

„… Iran? 2. What are Iran’s specific interests and policies toward Afghan drugs and how does Tehran …” „… should also be in the self-interests of others, especially Europe, whose populations are suffering from …” „… national, regional, and international security. Due to the complexity of the problem, the different …”

Saeed Parto Entrepreneurial Activity and Conflict: The Case of Afghanistan S. 125-136

„… Efficacy of Reforms: Policy Tinkering, Institutional Change and Entrepreneurship (The National Bureau of …” „… for infrastructure development, at a national level. Afghanistan has never had fully developed …” „… specific issues of interest, cannot be underestimated or dismissed 16 Cf. Anna Paterson, James Blewett …”

Michael Renner Water as a Trans-border Problem of Afghanistan S. 151-166

„… available for a country at a given moment. b Water resources originating from outside the national territory …” „… National boundary 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 km 50 100 150 mi Amu Darya Northern Harirod-Murghab Hilmand Kabul …” „… (Indus) None-Drainage Area River Basins: National capital Claimed land boundaries 2012 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845238777

Stefan Meister - Economization versus Power Ambitions

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Stefan Meister (ed.)

Economization versus Power Ambitions

Series: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 2013

Results in this title

Vladislav L. Inozemtsev Russia’s national interest: What does it (and what should it) mean for post-Soviet countries? S. 35-46

„… Russia’s national interest: What does it (and what should it) mean for post-Soviet countries? By …” „… analysts in Novo-Ogaryovo on February 6th, 2012. Russia's national interest: What does it mean for …” „… still not incorporated in other blocks. “National interests” in foreign policy documents The Russian …”

Stefan Meister Conclusion S. 135-144

„… integrate and to cooperate with post-Soviet states is part of Russia’s so-called national interest. But …” „… : 14.5.2013). Conclusion 137 The terminus “Russian national interest” becomes a platitude as long as foreign …” „… but not the country. For Vladislav Inozemtsev, Russia’s “true” national interest consists of political …”

Igor Torbakov Understanding Moscow’s conduct: The analysis of the domestic politics-foreign policy nexus in Russia S. 19-34

„… the elites define and pursue Russia’s “national interests.” Indeed, what is the relationship between …” „… does the notion of “national interests” actually mean? The latter, being externally projected, “are …” „… such interests if national identity itself is defined.”6 Yet the thing is that the post-Soviet Russia’s …”

Alex Nice Playing both sides: Belarus between Russia and the EU S. 73-90

„… independence from Russia—as a direct threat to its own national interests and identity. Sovereignty …” „… corrupt transnational network inclined to privilege corporate interests over national priorities. Thus …” „… other’s external governance in the country as illegitimate and threatening to its interests. The paper …”

Stefan Meister Introduction S. 7-18

„… interest” driven by the Russian leadership. Important parts of the national interests promoted by the …” „… insecurity and costs to Russia. Russia’s “true” national interest is a modernization of its economic and …” „… interests of the elites and traditional great power policy as a source of legitimization of the regime which …”

Arkady Moshes marriage of unequals: Russian-Ukrainian relations under President Yanukovych S. 59-72

„… and sacrifices of national interests were forgotten even faster than they were made at the altar of …” „… tend to pursue a course that is aimed at securing their personal and national interests (sometimes the …” „… attributes of national sovereignty in order to avoid a complete band-wagoning of the “elder brother” either …”

Vasily Fedortsev The EU and the Eurasian Union: Partnership instead of competition? S. 105-116

„… post-Soviet space in line with its interests. The Russian plan stands in direct opposition to the EU’s Eastern …” „… pragmatic interests.1 The EaP’s con- 1 Kristi Raik, Talking democracy, thinking geopolitics. The EU’s …” „… Russia’s “Strategy for National Security by 2020,” in which the increased cooperation with CIS countries …”

Andrey Makarychev Russia—EU: Competing logics of region building S. 117-134

„… international conflicts “regionally” is used, as the National Security Strategy suggests, to avoid unwelcome …” „… interests in the Caucasus and Central Asia. The possible counter-balance to an expanding West is believed to …” „… . Regional international systems exist as long as their constitutive members share common interests that make …”

Jarosław Ćwiek-Karpowicz Limits to Russian soft power in the post-Soviet area S. 47-58

„… policy makers as a threat to its interests in the post-Soviet neighborhood as well as a failure of …” „… the rights of Russian minorities, as well as pushing Russia’s national agenda in neighboring countries …” „… implementation of the interests of the Russian Federation in post-Soviet countries.”27 The Russo-Georgian War …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… policy nexus in Russia 19 by Igor Torbakov Russia’s national interest: What does it (and what should it …”

Hiski Haukkala The EU and Russia and their “common neighbourhood”: Can the two finally move from competition to cooperation? S. 91-104

„… reforms (including aligning significant parts of national legislation with the EU acquis), the EU will …” „… itself. Of concrete and most immediate interest to the citizens of the partner countries is the …” „… of the story. Indeed, and as Trenin himself admits as well, Russia still takes an acute interest in …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845241968

Ireneusz Pawel Karolewski, Thomas Mehlhausen, Monika Sus - Poland's EU-Council Presidency under Evaluation

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Ireneusz Pawel Karolewski (ed.), Thomas Mehlhausen (ed.), Monika Sus (ed.)

Poland's EU-Council Presidency under Evaluation

Series: German and European Studies of the Willy Brandt Center at the Wroclaw University

Volume 1 2014

Results in this title

Monika Sus Chapter 6: Common Foreign and Security Policy A back seat brokerage over issues of national interest S. 99-116

„… act rather like a prudent president because of the strong national interest in the European foreign …” „… neutrality, which was key to its self-conception of the Presidency. Despite the strong national interest …” „… Chapter 6: Common Foreign and Security Policy A back seat brokerage over issues of national …”

Thomas Mehlhausen, Ireneusz Paweł Karolewski Introduction How to analyse the rotating EU Council Presidency after the Lisbon Treaty? S. 9-26

„… tempting opportunity Chapter 1: Introduction 11 for the incumbent to advance its national interests through …” „… national interests are at stake, it should seek another, more neutral broker to ensure impartiality during …” „… self-interestedly (e.g. Tallberg 2006; Bunse 2009) or even list the pursuit of national interest explicitly as one …”

Ireneusz Paweł Karolewski, Thomas Mehlhausen, Monika Sus Chapter 10: Mission satisfactorily accomplished The Polish EU Council Presidency as an efficient service provider with moderate results S. 163-176

„… position strategically to promote its national interests or, alternatively, in which context it is likely …” „… others, as decisive determinants the salience of the national interests in the Council across issues, the …” „… assumed that the lower the intensity of national interests, the more likely the adherence to community …”

Mario Kölling Chapter 9: Testing the limits of being an honest broker The Polish EU Presidency and the negotiation of the Multiannual Financial Framework 2014–2020 S. 147-162

„… alternatively tried to take advantage of the opportunity to pursue its national interests. It sets out to …” „… neutrality during its term or overtly defending its national interest, thereby breaking the Mario Kölling 152 …” „… regarding the future Cohesion Policy which were partly contrary to Poland’s national interests, which are …”

Anne Lauenroth, Nicolai von Ondarza Chapter 3: Playing the service provider, gaining in trust Institutional aspects of the Polish Council Presidency S. 43-66

„… Council was also free to pursue its own national interests at the summits rather than filling the role of …” „… , which suited its national interests of diversifying its security frameworks (Mahony 2011). At the end of …” „… better pursue its own national interests and pool energy into those areas that it deems as important …”

Ernest Wyciszkiewicz Chapter 5: Between honest broker and self-centred president Energy and climate Policy during the Polish EU Council Presidency S. 85-98

„… contradictory expectations; that is, putting aside national interests to act as honest broker and simultaneously …” „… important thoughts from the perspective of national interests into these documents, inter alia an emphasis …” „… . Poland stood behind such a solution, but at the same time it fought for national interests, namely …”

Paweł Tokarski Chapter 7: Turning “yesterday’s business” into a key political priority Polish Presidency and the EU Single Market S. 117-130

„… as a neutral broker or rather as an interest-driven national representative. It would be naive to …” „… the Presidency after Lisbon had a large scope for action. Nevertheless, the interest of the general …” „… promotion of the single market was not an option, not only because of vested interests in this area, but …”

Piotr Maciej Kaczyński Chapter 2: Coping with multiple challenges Overview of the general performance of the Polish Council Presidency S. 27-42

„… with their most trusted allies their national interests, so that those states will de facto represent …” „… promoting national interests – as opposed to being the honest broker. The second elections-related risk …” „… campaign replaced the interest of the national media in the Presidency affairs. The focus was on the …”

Notes on Contributors S. 177-181

„… Zaragoza in Public Law. His research interests are EU negotiations, federalism and the Spanish Autonomous …” „… interests are theories of international relations, European Union enlargement and Polish-German relations …” „… national populists, Internationale Politik, Winter, 2007. 178 Anne Lauenroth is head of Institutional …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… A back seat brokerage over issues of national interest 99 Monika Sus Chapter 7: Turning “yesterday’s …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845246413

Marjan Malesic, Gerhard Kümmel - Security and the Military between Reality and Perception

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Marjan Malesic (ed.), Gerhard Kümmel (ed.)

Security and the Military between Reality and Perception

Series: Militär und Sozialwissenschaften | The Military and Social Research

Volume 46 2011

Results in this title

Riaz Ahmed Shaikh Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan: Politicians, the Military and the Media Debating the Country’s National Interests S. 211-220

„… the Country’s National Interests Riaz Ahmed Shaikh 1 Introduction With a population of …” „… government of surrendering to U.S. pressure and compromising national interests. Lengthy debates followed in …” „… by debating the issue of ‘National Interests’ (Monthly Herald, 216 Karachi, 2009). The debates on …”

José A. Olmeda, Consuelo del Val Public Opinion on Armed Forces in Spain: Security Threats, Foreign Policy and the Military S. 135-161

„… when compared with public interest in national or local politics. As shown in Table 2, public opinion …” „… perceptions of Spanish citizens with regard to defense policy and its relationship to national security and …” „… analyzed. Subsequently, the paper reviews perceptions of threats to national security and attitudes …”

Marjan Malesic Cross-National Comparisons of Public and Media Attitudes towards Security and the Military S. 9-14

„… 9 Cross-National Comparisons of Public and Media Attitudes towards Security and the Military …” „… development of research within the association: Common cross-national research projects, research projects …” „… commissioned by national and international institutions, and global networking. All this enables scientists …”

Sabine Collmer The Afghanistan Conundrum: Troop Surge or Civilian Capacity Building? German Public Opinion towards a Difficult Mission S. 15-31

„… vital than ever. This chapter aims at analyzing national and international policies towards this …” „… national product (World Bank 2010). By the same token, due to the heightened activities of insurgent …” „… National Security forces) training (Whitehouse 2009). While the former U.S. concept had favored a combined …”

Barbara Jankowski French Public Support for Military Operations: The Challenge of the War in Afghanistan S. 43-55

„… 1985/1986 and in 1995/1996, or against French interests or citizen abroad since the end of the 1990s. 5 …” „… de Libération Nationale Corse) has perpetrated more than 900 bombings since its creation in 1976 till …” „… 2001, took a great interest in French regulation and institutional organization. Indeed, France was …”

Philippe Manigart, Mathias Bonneu Images, Roles and Missions of the Belgian Defense: A Comparison of Civilian and Military Views S. 95-117

„… also (subsample 16 – 24 year olds) their possible interest for a job in the armed forces. By …” „… and the degree of information and interest of the Belgian public toward NATO, its policies and …” „… ; defense of the territory even remains the ultimate justification for national armed forces. Nonetheless …”

Karen D. Davis Media, War and Gender: Considering Canadian Casualties in Afghanistan S. 63-79

„… poll that was commissioned by the Department of National Defence, and conducted in November 1977 …” „… the Department of National Defence because the question did not clearly articulate that such roles …” „… . During this time, the National Action Coalition (NAC) on the Status of Women in Canada, an umbrella …”

Janja Vuga Public Perceptions of Casualties in Peace Operations: The Effects of Potential Casualties on Public Support in the Case of Slovenia S. 79-94

„… into account, primarily the national interest that may not always be easily comprehensible for the …” „… probably led to a greater public interest in and knowledge of security and defence politics. By 2005 …” „… number of SAF troops deployed outside the national borders was the highest, public support of peace …”

Steven Ekovich Reporting the War in Vietnam: Challenging the Myth S. 179-195

„… consensus required that the West defend its interests and institutions not only at national borders. The …” „… factions and powerful individuals within government advanced their interests by mobilizing favorably …” „… participants’ „roles and interests, readings of and responses to domestic political pressures, and outlooks on …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… Military and the Media Debating the Country’s National Interests Riaz Ahmed Shaikh 211 …” „… Preface 7 Cross-National Comparisons of Public and Media Attitudes towards Security and the Military …”

Marjan Malesic Public Opinion on the Military: Between Trust and Indifference S. 161-178

„… 162 national security; and military personnel should subordinate their institutional and personal …” „… interests to the legitimate civilian authority. The military should also be constantly aware of the mutual …” „… indicator of civil-military relations in society. Kuhlmann (2003: 93f.), in a cross-national comparative …”

Yagil Levy How the Press Impairs Civilian Control over the Armed Forces: The Case of the Second Lebanon War S. 195-211

„… Military and the Media Debating the Country’s National Interests Riaz Ahmed Shaikh 1 …” „… politically-shaped national priorities. Defense Minister Peretz failed because he did not act as a statesman but as …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845232720

Kristina Charrad - Participants or Observers in European Governance?

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Kristina Charrad

Participants or Observers in European Governance?

Series: International Civil Society

Volume 4 2010

Results in this title

Summary: What national experience and what expectations do the CEE interest groups bring to Brussels? S. 90

„… stakeholders. 4.6. Summary: What national experience and what expectations do the CEE interest groups bring …” „… umbrella organisations also hindered the development of effective interest intermediation structures. In …” „… tradition or the demands of autonomous interest organisations as was the case in Western democracies …”

The vertical dimension: Multi-level governance S. 45-49

„… supranational (Hooghe 1995a). Domestic actors can articulate their interests starting from the sub-national …” „… interest representation are even more asymmetrically distributed than in the national systems and that only …” „… claims, ‘distributive justice may suffer’ (Sidenius 1999: 176). National interest groups have at least …”

The normative perspective: Legitimacy and interest groups S. 27-31

„… policies. As such, the policy outcomes cannot negatively affect national interests or any social groups …” „… representation in the EU, it should be noted that, while interest representation on the national level is tightly …” „… implementation of interests is a legitimate means in the framework of democratic decision making on the national …”

Overview of results S. 159-167

„… interests within these large organisations. IX. Passivity due to weak support from the national …” „… environment and fragile civil societies on the national level hinder effective and efficient interest …” „… and again that, on the national level, not all interests are equally represented and some interests …”

Europeanisation as a process challenging governance S. 52-55

„… European policy making. Through the second, ‘externalisation’, national interest groups directly contact …” „… are institutionalised. With the fourth, ‘transnationalisation’, national interest groups are …” „… of the CEE countries, the interest here is how the national interest groups act to ‘upload’ their …”

Implications for the democratic legitimacy of European governance S. 167-169

„… ). Nevertheless, the research also emphasises again and again that, on the national level, not all interests are …” „… with well-functioning interest representation systems and established lobbying scenes on the national …” „… interest representation strategies at the regional, national and European levels and solving the long-term …”

Summary: Why are the Visegrád organisations passive on the European level? S. 156-158

„… organisation on the national level hinders the establishment of coherent interest representation and the …” „… national interest representation and interest intermediation systems in the Visegrád countries are not …” „… from more efficient communication in the issue network and more effective lobbying for their interests …”

Summary: What interest intermediation system exists in the EU and how are interests promoted in this system? S. 55-56

„… , ‘externalisation’, national interest groups directly contact European policy actors in order to influence European …” „… , ‘transnationalisation’, national interest groups are transformed into transnational actors, going beyond the borders of …” „… national interest groups act to ‘upload’ their preferences to the European level. The assumption is that …”

Outlook: Recommendations for the organisations and future perspectives S. 169-171

„… interest representation strategies at the regional, national and European levels and solving the long-term …” „… funding problems, to name just the main issues. If the interest representation efforts of lobbyists on the …” „… European level are not supported by local, regional and national civil society organisations, they will …”

Applicability to the EU interest intermediation system S. 39-43

„… above-described models of interest intermediation is suitable for explaining national interest intermediation …” „… the huge diversity of interest groups is much more complex than in the national state. Various studies …” „… 392.2.4. Applicability to the EU interest intermediation system For most polities, one of the …”

Bibliography S. 174-190

„… . & Streeck, W. (1991): From National Corporatism to Trans-national Pluralism: Organised Interests in the …” „… . (1994): From National Corporatism to Transnational Pluralism. Organised Interests in the Single Market …” „… Introduction. In: Aspinwall, M. & Greenwood, J. (eds): Collective Action in the European Union: Interests and …”

The horizontal dimension: Network governance S. 49-52

„… 1999: 176). National interest groups have at least three possible strategies at their disposal: direct …” „… national strategy, indirect supranational strategy, and direct supranational strategy (see Furtak 2005: 77 …” „… their own government via actions on the national level or influencing the country’s permanent …”

Affiliation with organised civil society S. 147-150

„… national organisations. 150vocating similar interests, but rather as competitors trying to take influence …” „… representatives do not perceive themselves as a group with the same interests, although in the issue observed they …” „… indeed had the same interest. In terms of co-operation with actors from other EU countries, only the …”

Perception of mission and functions S. 136-139

„… include bringing input from national organisations, ensuring the representation of the interests of their …” „… discussion on interest groups and European governance in Chapter 2 showed that organised civil society …” „… local, regional and national organisations on the European level, and actively shaping the formation of …”

Research questions and research design S. 21-24

„… the national level should be more apt to extend the interest representation also to a supranational …” „… dependencies of interest groups on the national level should offer less support for the direct participation of …” „… take into account the interplay between the national and European level and its impacts on the interest …”

Organisational form and history S. 133-136

„… , ensuring the representation of the interests of their local, regional and national organisations on the …” „… questions: general questions about the organisation, questions about involvement in the issue, interest …” „… the combined resources of several organisations, those of national confederations, and those using …”

Financial reasons S. 151-155

„… 151views. And he has the whole analysis done! But the people on the national level do not …” „… understand it. They don’t work in this way on the national level yet, that they would cooperate with some …” „… activities and represents business and research and technology development interests from their country …”

Complying with the EU S. 88-90

„… 88 ganisations were registered in Hungary’s Registry of National Interest Groups and Social …” „… stakeholders. 4.6. Summary: What national experience and what expectations do the CEE interest groups bring …” „… were granted candidate country status. This brought changes into national politics: the Aquis …”

Personnel resources S. 155-156

„… under an umbrella organisation on the national level hinders the establishment of coherent interest …” „… time able to maintain relations with the organisations on the national level (‘at the grassroots’). The …” „… countries and lack strong links with the national political and societal contexts and the organisations …”

Accreditation and transparency S. 60-65

„… dialogue with interest groups, emphasising its openness for such a dialogue and self-regulation of the …” „… , professional conduct (revealing earlier contacts in the Commission); • Avoidance of conflict of interest …” „… indicated below was later replaced by the Register of Interest Representatives. Civil society organisations …”

How many lobbyists really work in Brussels? S. 57-60

„… growing numbers of interest groups, European public affairs professionals, and peak organisations with …” „… missions, European trade federations, national federations, individual firms, small and medium-sized …” „… enterprises, European and national NGOs, international organisations, etc. (cf. Van Schendelen 2005: 50 …”

What added value do lobbyists bring into the system? S. 43-45

„… national sectoral level, the Domestic Encompassing Interest is involved. For the European Encompassing …” „… from private actors in order to develop their proposals. At the same time, interest groups seek …” „… influence over regulations, implementation of their interests, and funding; however, only those interest …”

Attitude to lobbying in the Visegrád countries S. 150-151

„… 150vocating similar interests, but rather as competitors trying to take influence from each other …” „… . The lack of unity on the national level is transferred also to the European level and is not conducive …” „… to coalition building, although this is an indispensable lobbying strategy, at least among interest …”

Interest intermediation systems in the Visegrád countries S. 86-88

„… ganisations were registered in Hungary’s Registry of National Interest Groups and Social Organisations31 …” „… 86 4.4. Interest intermediation systems in the Visegrád countries Interest intermediation is one of …” „… the cornerstones of functioning democratic states. To build up interest representation channels that …”

Policy networks: Focus on complex relationships S. 34-39

„… developed for the analysis of interest intermediation on the national level in response to the neglect on …” „… above-described models of interest intermediation is suitable for explaining national interest intermediation …” „… the huge diversity of interest groups is much more complex than in the national state. Various studies …”

A lack of networking in the multilevel system S. 142-147

„… governance model is multilevel governance with two dimensions: vertical, including the national and European …” „… basis, with the stakeholders from their own countries and the respective national Permanent …” „… as possible. Motivated by the nature of their national economies, the governmental actors from all …”

Conclusion S. 171-173

„… consumers. They therefore should put significant efforts into generating expertise within their national …” „… European institutions seek to reflect the diversity of interests throughout Europe and are open to a wide …” „… range of interests. For instance, they apply geographical and proportionality rules and encourage civil …”

Pluralism: Competition among equal interests S. 31-33

„… developed three main theoretical approaches to conceptualise interest intermediation on the national level …” „… 312.2. Interest intermediation systems: Who is involved? State and interest group relations are …” „… among the most central and broadly researched themes in political science in the national context. In …”

Council of Ministers S. 68-69

„… . The EESC consists of representatives from national socio-economic interest groups, all experts in …” „… point, better chances exist at the national level. When the lobbyists follow the national influence …” „… their own fields, organised in three groups: (I) Employers, (II) Employees, and (III) Various Interests …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… 4.6. Summary: What national experience and what expectations do the CEE interest groups bring to …” „… information exchange 19 1.2. Research questions and research design 21 1.3. Methods 24 2. Interest …” „… Intermediation and the European Union 27 2.1. The normative perspective: Legitimacy and interest groups 28 2.2 …”

Lobbying strategies and resources S. 69-72

„… EESC consists of representatives from national socio-economic interest groups, all experts in their own …” „… fields, organised in three groups: (I) Employers, (II) Employees, and (III) Various Interests. The …” „… , which makes it of interest to lobbyists (Guéguen 2006: 94). The COR ‘scores high on representativeness …”

Advisory Bodies S. 69

„… EESC consists of representatives from national socio-economic interest groups, all experts in their own …” „… fields, organised in three groups: (I) Employers, (II) Employees, and (III) Various Interests. The …” „… , which makes it of interest to lobbyists (Guéguen 2006: 94). The COR ‘scores high on representativeness …”

Actors on the national level are not conscious of European politics S. 139-142

„… discussion on the Directive on services are described in the following. 6.3.1. Actors on the national level …” „… to follow up the European political developments at the national level. As the CE-BRE’s …” „… representative pointed out, ‘the biggest problem is to get positions and analyses of the national associations …”

Corporatism: Structured interest intermediation S. 33-34

„… interest intermediation on the national level in response to the neglect on the part of both the pluralist …” „… competing interests (Fraenkel 1979: 42). In this context, Fraenkel spoke about the need for minimum rules to …” „… be adhered to by the interest groups themselves, so that they recognise the limits of their …”

Civil society: Normative and analytical dimensions S. 15-19

„… number of interest organisations moving to Brussels and assigning themselves to the broad and …” „… institutions and interest groups from the new member countries of the European Union, which acceded in 2004 …” „… ), but left out the effects on interest intermediation (Smismans 2006: 312). Even after ten new countries …”

Appendix 1: Questionnaire S. 191-197

„… regarding services of general interest)? [ ] Strong interest [ ] Weak interest [ ] No interest 3. Could …” „… position [ ] Collaborated with other organisations with interest in this topic [ ] Organised conferences …” „… public participation and of Enterprises of General Economic Interest CEEP European Citizen Action Service …”

Appendix 3: Interview guide S. 198-200

„… …interests, is it right? Do you understand yourself as civil society organisation? What are the main tasks of …” „… Eurogroups? How important is European representation, compared to the lobbying at the national level, and …” „… compared to the other activities of your group? How you develop strategies on the national level, have you …”

Stakeholders and their interests S. 102-107

„… was a lot of controversy over services of general interest, which include public services such as …” „… Commission published its Green Paper on Services of General Interest on 21 May 2003 (COM (2003)270 final …” „… ), followed by the White Paper on Services of General Interest (COM (2004)374 final) a year later. Many civil …”

Summary: What is a good lobbyist? S. 72-74

„… development of the interest groups on the national level and their characteristics, the topic of the next …” „… balanced views • Targets information • Gives practical solutions • Mobilises other interest groups • Does …” „… capacities of individual actors to reflect and act on their interests and preferences. The personal qualities …”

Appendix 2: List of interview partners S. 197-198

„… guide First questions are about your organisation: … is representing …interests, is it right? Do you …” „… representation, compared to the lobbying at the national level, and compared to the other activities of your …” „… group? How you develop strategies on the national level, have you brought any experiences from the …”

New beginnings S. 76-82

„… the political life of their states, to join organisations voluntarily, and to voice their interests …” „… sector is that infrastructure through which the citizens’ attitudes and interests are transferred up to …” „… the development and functioning of the interest intermediation system. These weaknesses came to light …”

Selection of interview partners S. 130-133

„… any other actors from the Visegrád countries that had interest in this issue but were not included in …” „… the network analysis because they had no activity on the issue, although they had interest in one of …” „… the organisation, questions about involvement in the issue, interest representation strategies and …”

What did stakeholders do in order to change the proposal of the directive? S. 107-110

„… employers’ associations but also a private consultant, a tri-national chamber based in Brussels and acting …” „… interests’ (Fazi & Smith 2006: 67). 5.4.2. What did stakeholders do in order to change the proposal of the …” „… organise an event or conduct research, even though they all had the same interest in this issue, namely a …”

Interview guide S. 133

„… questions: general questions about the organisation, questions about involvement in the issue, interest …” „… the combined resources of several organisations, those of national confederations, and those using …”

Czech Republic: Divided and invisible S. 82-83

„… society and shaped its relations with the national government. These particularities are highlighted in …” „… the pluralist model and lobby for their interests and some prefer the ‘middle course of building the …”

Data collection techniques S. 95-97

„… inquired about the intensity of the interest of the organisation in the issue and their evaluation of their …” „… , other organisations, Permanent Representations, and national organisations. The pre-test also allowed …”

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