Jump to content
Armed Reprisals from Medieval Times to 1945 / Chapter Three. Legal Doctrine confronting State Practice, 1848–1912
Armed Reprisals from Medieval Times to 1945 / Chapter Three. Legal Doctrine confronting State Practice, 1848–1912
Contents
Chapter
Expand
|
Collapse
Page
1–18
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
1–18
Details
19–48
Introduction
19–48
Details
I. Outline of a Burning Issue
Details
1. Contextualisation of a Remark by Karl Strupp
Details
2. Blurry Line between Armed Reprisals and War
Details
3. Pre-1919 Practice
Details
II. Leading Question
Details
III. State of Research
Details
IV. Research Hypotheses
Details
V. Sources
Details
VI. Structure
Details
49–98
Chapter One. From Regulation to Deregulation up to the End of the Eighteenth Century
49–98
Details
I. Introduction
Details
II. Elaboration of the Medieval Law of Reprisals
Details
1. Emergence and Development of Reprisals in the Early and High Middle Ages
Details
2. Theory: Bartolus de Saxoferrato’s Tractatus Represaliarum
Details
(a) Significance for the Law of Reprisals
Details
(b) Justification of Reprisals
Details
(c) Conditions
Details
i) Superior’s Consent
Details
ii) Just Cause
Details
(d) Execution
Details
3. Risks of Abuse
Details
III. Politicisation of Reprisals (XVIth–XVIIIth c.)
Details
1. Transition from Private to Public Reprisals
Details
(a) Diplomatic Interposition of the Sovereign
Details
(b) Progressive Exclusion of Private Individuals from the Execution
Details
2. Public Character of Reprisals
Details
(a) General Aspects
Details
(b) Blurring of the Line between War and Peace
Details
(c) Vattel’s Pertinent Remark
Details
IV. Interim Conclusion
Details
99–152
Chapter Two. Shaping of a Prerogative, 1831–1863
99–152
Details
I. Introduction
Details
II. Asymmetric Power Relation
Details
1. Portrait of Target Countries
Details
(a) Preliminary Observation: ‘Reprisal Clause’ in Bilateral Treaties
Details
(b) Characteristics of Inferiority
Details
2. Informal Imperialism through Reprisals
Details
(a) Issues of Commercial Nature
Details
(b) Assertion of National Dignity: ‘Civis Romanus Sum’, 1850
Details
III. Unrestricted Resort to Reprisals
Details
1. A Question of Political Opportunism: Palmerston’s Policy, 1847
Details
2. Eluding Legal Requirements
Details
(a) Denial of Justice debated in the British Parliament, 1850
Details
(b) Preventive Recourse to Amicable Means of Settlement
Details
i) The Principle laid down in the 23rd Paris Protocol of 1856
Details
ii) The Cagliari affair, 1857–1858
Details
iii) The Prince of Wales case: British Reprisals against Brazil, 1862–1863
Details
IV. On the Questionable Edge of Peace
Details
1. Disproportionate Use of Force
Details
(a) Standard of Proportionality versus Efficacy
Details
(b) Widening of the Category of Reprisals
Details
2. Confusion between War and Peace
Details
3. A Right in Vertical Power Relations
Details
V. Interim Conclusion
Details
153–226
Chapter Three. Legal Doctrine confronting State Practice, 1848–1912
153–226
Details
I. Introduction
Details
II. Precursors of the Doctrinal Debate on Armed Reprisals: Wurm and Hautefeuille
Details
III. Building the Legal Theory of Pacific Blockade
Details
1. Rising Interest and Controversy, 1849–1887
Details
2. Examination by the Institute of International Law
Details
(a) First Contact at The Hague, 1875
Details
(b) The Heidelberg Declaration of 1887
Details
i) Triggering Event: The French Blockade of Formosa, 1884
Details
ii) The Work of the Institute
Details
(c) Reception of the Institute’s Declaration
Details
3. Departing State Practice: The Blockades of Siam (1893) and Crete (1897–1898)
Details
4. A Custom of International Law?
Details
(a) “Mais si la doctrine proteste, la politique agit”
Details
(b) Dialogue of the Deaf
Details
(c) Opinio Juris
Details
IV. The Larger Issue of Armed Reprisals
Details
1. Twilight Zone
Details
(a) Variety of Armed Reprisals
Details
(b) The Uncertain Dividing Line between Peace and War
Details
(c) State of Reprisals
Details
2. The Blockade of Venezuela (1902–1903) as Breaking Point
Details
(a) Background
Details
(b) The Venezuelan Preferential Claims
Details
(c) The Drago-Porter Convention of 1907
Details
i) Previous Efforts of Prevention of Armed Reprisals in International Law
Details
ii) The Drago Doctrine as Corollary of the Monroe Doctrine
Details
iii) From Political Policy to Norm of International Law
Details
iv) Second Hague Peace Conference, 1907
Details
v) Mixed Impact of the Second Hague Conference on Armed Reprisals
Details
V. Interim Conclusion
Details
227–288
Chapter Four. Culmination of Antagonism: Peace-Building and Armed Reprisals in the Interwar Period
227–288
Details
I. Introduction
Details
II. State of Mind: The Peace Treaty of Versailles and Reprisals
Details
1. Enforcement of War Reparations: The Ruhr Occupation, 1923–1925
Details
2. Question of the Legality of the Ruhr Occupation
Details
(a) Right of Acting Unilaterally
Details
(b) Allowed Measures
Details
3. Outlook: The Unlikely Limitation of Armed Reprisals
Details
III. Loophole in the Ius ad Bellum Mechanism of the League of Nations
Details
1. System of the Covenant
Details
(a) Organisation of the League of Nations
Details
(b) Dispute Settlement Procedure
Details
(c) Deficiency Regarding Armed Reprisals
Details
2. Baptism of Fire for the Covenant: The Italian Bombardment and Occupation of Corfu, 1923
Details
(a) The Facts
Details
(b) Discussion in the Council
Details
(c) Armed Reprisals Questioned
Details
i) Interpretation of the Covenant by the Special Commission of Jurists
Details
ii) Renewal of the Doctrinal Debate
Details
iii) Opinion of the Small Member States
Details
3. The Spectre of Armed Reprisals Looming over the League
Details
(a) The Greek-Bulgarian Incident, 1925
Details
(b) Japan’s Invasion of Chinese Manchuria
Details
IV. Involvement of the Institute of International Law
Details
1. Session of Paris, 1934
Details
2. Criticisms
Details
V. Epilogue
Details
1. An Insoluble Issue?
Details
2. Prohibition of the Use of Force under the UN-Charter
Details
VI. Interim Conclusion
Details
289–292
Conclusion
289–292
Details
293–336
Bibliography
293–336
Details
Durchsuchen Sie das Werk
Geben Sie ein Keyword in die Suchleiste ein
CC-BY
Access
Armed Reprisals from Medieval Times to 1945 , page 153 - 226
Chapter Three. Legal Doctrine confronting State Practice, 1848–1912
Autoren
Christophe Wampach
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748921110-153
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-7718-1
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-2111-0
Chapter Preview
Chapter Preview
Share
Current chapter
Complete document
Download citation
RIS
BibTeX
Copy DOI link
doi.org/10.5771/9783748921110-153
Share by email
Video schließen
Share by email Nomos eLibrary
Recipient*
Sender*
Message*
Your name
Send message
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google
Privacy Policy
and
Terms of Service
apply.
